Identification of Molecular Markers Linked to the Wilt Resistance Gene FuJ7（t） in Flax

A cross between wilt resistant flax variety Jinya7 and susceptible variety Jinyal was made for mapping wilt resistance gene(s). The inoculation test of F1 and F2 progeny proved that the resistance of Jinya7 to wilt is controlled by two dominant genes. With 48 EcoRⅠ /MseⅠ primer combinations, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) analysis was performed on two parents and their F2 resistance and susceptibility bulks. A total of about 3 300 distinguishable bands were amplified, of which three bands had stable differences. The genetic linkage analysis of the three polymorphic DNA fragments with the resistance gene(s) was made in the F2 segregating population derived from the cross between Jinya7 and Jinyal. The DNA fragment AG/CAG was found closely linked to one of the wilt-resistant genes, which with a genetic distance of 5.2cm, was tentatively named FuJ7(t). The cloned fragment AG/CAG was sequenced and then converted successfully to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker, which can be used more conveniently in the identification and marker-assisted selection for the wilt resistance gene FuJ7(t) to flax wilt.     

Inheritance of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） and Development of an AFLP Marker for Resistance Detection

Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew. The joint analysis of multiple generations and AFLP technique has been applied in this study. The best model is the one with two major genes, additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, plus polygenes with additive, dominant, and epistatic effects （E-l-0 model）. The heritabilities of the major genes varied from 64.26% to 97.82%, and susceptibility was incompletely dominant for the two major genes in the three crosses studied. The additive effects of the two major genes and the dominant effect of the second major gene were high, and the epistatic effect of the additive-dominant between the two major genes was the highest in cross I . In cross II, the absolute value of the additive effect, dominant effect, and potential ratio of the first major gene were far higher than those of the second major gene, and the epistatic effect of the additive-additive was the highest. The genetic parameters of the two major genes in cross III were similar to those in cross II. Correlation and regression analyses showed that marker E25/M63-103 was linked to a susceptible gene controlling powdery mildew resistance. The marker could account for 19.98% of the phenotypic variation. When the marker was tested on a diverse set of 29 cucumber lines, the correlation between phenotype and genotype was not significant, which suggested cultivar specialty of gene expression or different methods of resistance to powdery mildew. The target DNA fragment was 103 bp in length, and only a small part was found to be homologous to DNA in the other species evaluated, which indicated that it was unique to the cucumber genome.     

AFLP and SCAR Markers Associated with Peel Color in Eggplant （Solanum melongena）

Peel color is an important breeding objective for eggplant. Dark purple and purplish red are the most common colors in commercial eggplant cultivars. A co-dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） marker which was associated with the peel color （each in coupling phase to dark purple and purplish red） was found in studying the genetic diversity in 58 eggplant accessions （contained cultivars and wild relatives）. The maker bands were sequenced and converted to SCAR marker, this polymorphism in sequence was from an inserted/deleted （indels） mutation. And DNA from 136 eggplant materials （inbred lines, F1, and wild relatives） were amplified with the designed SCAR primers as template, high correlation between the SCAR marker and peel color （dark purple and purplish red） was found. Then, bulked line analysis （BLA） combined with AFLP was further used to identify polymorphic fragments, and another six AFLP markers were tested and verified to be associated with peel color, which demonstrated that BLA was an useful method for identifying molecular markers of interested traits. In conclusion, these markers will facilitate the MAS （maker-assisted selection） of eggplant breeding for peel color.     

NBS Profiling Identifies Potential Novel Locus from Solanum demissum That Confers Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Phytophthora infestans

Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is the most serious disease of potato worldwide. The adoption of varieties with resistance genes, especially broad-spectrum resistance genes, is the most efficient approach to control late blight. Solanum demissum is a well-known wild potato species from which 11 race-specific resistance genes have been identified, however, no broad-spectrum resistance genes like RB have been reported in this species. Here, we report a novel reisistance locus from S. demissum that potentially confer broad-spectrum resistance to late blight. A small segregating population of S. demissum were assessed for resistance to aggressive P. infestans isolates（race 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11）. This coupled with nucleotide binding site（NBS） profiling analyses, led to the identification of three fragments that linked to the potential candidate resistance gene（s）. Cloning and sequence analysis of these fragments suggested that the identified resistance gene locus is located in the region containing R2 resistance gene at chromosome 4. Based on the sequences of the cloned fragments, a co-segregating sequence characterized amplified region（SCAR） marker, RDSP, was developed. The newly identified marker RDSP will be useful for marker assisted breeding and further cloning of this potential resistance gene locus.     

Development of an STS Marker Linked to Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes PmLK906 and Pm4a by Gene Chip Hybridization

Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） line Lankao 90（6） carries a recessive powdery mildew resistance gene temporarily named PmLK906 on chromosome 2AL. Near PmLK906 there is another known powdery mildew resistance gene locus Pm4. To track the two powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat breeding program by marker assisted selection （MAS）, a linked molecular marker was developed in this study. Wheat gene chip hybridization combined with bulked segregant analysis （BSA） was used to develop an sequence-tagged sites （STS） marker for PmLK906 and Pm4. A new 2 125 bp full-length cDNA clone （GenBank accession no. EU082094） similar to csAtPR5 ofAegilops tauschii was isolated from Lankao 90（6） 21-12, and temporarily named TaAetPR5. Specific products could be amplified from cultivars or lines possessing Pm4a, Pm4b and PmLK906 with primers p9-7pl and p9-7p2 derived from TaAetPR5. TaAetPR5 was linked to PmLK906 at a genetic distance of 7.62 cM, and cosegregated with Pm4a. The p9-7p1 and p9-7p2 could be used as an STS marker for these resistance genes in wheat breeding. Because this marker was cosegregated with Pm4a, it can be used in map-based cloning of the alleles at Pm4 locus also.     

Identification of QTLs Related to Bolting in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis （syn. Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis）

A genetic linkage map of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis was constructed with 186 AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） markers by using a doubled-haploid （DH） population with 183 individuals. The individuals were derived from F1 which was developed by crossing a bolting resistant DH line Y-177-12 and an easy bolting DH line Y195-93a. AFLPs were generated by the use of restriction enzymes EcoR Ⅰ and Mse Ⅰ . The segregation of each marker and linkage was analyzed by using JoinMap version 3.0. Mapped markers were aligned in ten linkage groups which covered 887.8 cM with an average marker interval of 4.47 cM. Markers showing skewed segregation ratio were clustered in six LGs. Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were mapped for bolting resistance by using MAPQTL 4.0 package. Four QTLs explaining from 7.0 to 9.4% of the total variation were detected, all of them increase bolting resistance. These mapped QTLs could be used to develop a marker assisted selection programme for bolting resistance breeding.     

An Integrated QTL Map of Fungal Disease Resistance in Soybean （G/ycine max L. Merr）： A Method of Meta-Analysis for Mining R Genes

Diseases caused by fungal pathogens account for approximately 50% of all soybean disease losses around the world. Conflicting results of fungal disease resistance QTLs from different populations often occurred. The objectives of this study were to： （i） evaluate evidence for reported fungal disease resistance QTLs associations in soybean and （ii） extract relatively reliable and useful information from the ＂real＂ QTLs and mine putative genes in soybean. An integrated map of fungal disease resistance QTLs in soybean was established with soymap 2 published in 2004 as a reference map. QTLs of fungal disease resistance developed from each of separate populations in recent 10 years were integrated into a combinative map for gene cloning and marker assisted selection in soybean. 107 QTLs from different maps were integrated and projected to the reference map with the software BioMercator 2.1. A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 23 ＂real＂ QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained from 12 linkage groups （LG）, respectively. Two published R genes were found in these ＂real＂ QTLs intervals. Sequences in the ＂real＂ QTLs intervals were predicted by GENSCAN, and these predicted genes were annotated in Goblet. 228 resistance gene analogs （RGAs） in 12 different terms were mined. The results will lay the foundation for a bioinformatics platform combining abundant QTLs, and offer the basis for marker assisted selection and gene cloning in soybean.     

Resistance to the Whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae） and SSR Marker Identification in Advanced Populations of the Hybrid Manihot esculenta subsp.Manihot flabellifolia

Genes resistant to Aleurotrachelus socialis were transferred to the F 1 from the interspecific hybrid wild species of Manihot flabellifolia to M.esculenta and two advanced generations of backcrosses（BC 1 and BC 2）.We characterized the resistance of A.socialis transferred to BC 2 parents（CW67-160,CW67-130,CW67-44）,MTAI-8（BC 1）,resistant（CMB9B-73） and susceptible（CMB9B-104） genotypes from contrasting pools,and resistant（MEcu-72） and susceptible（CMC-40） genotypes.Whitefly demography and biology were evaluated.SSR molecular markers associated with a phenotypic response of plant resistance were detected in segregating populations（BC 2）.Results showed that although female survival time was similar on all hosts,the lowest averages of longevity,fecundity and oviposition rate were observed in the resistant control MEcu- 72,only being significantly similar to the parent CW67-130.When the BC 1 and BC 2 populations were compared,it was found that A.socialis fecundity was eight times lower on CMB9B-73 progeny than on CW67-130,expressing the highest levels of resistance to the whitefly.Ten genotypes of CMB9A and CMB9B family had the best segregation.A total of 486 microsatellite primers were evaluated using bulked segregant analysis（BSA）,11 showed polymorphism between the contrasting pools and only one showed significant differences between resistant and susceptible individuals.In conclusion,fecundity was the parameter that impacted most on the intrinsic rate of A.socialis population growth.     

Identiifcation and Molecular Mapping of the RsDmR Locus Conferring Resistance to Downy Mildew at Seedling Stage in Radish （Raphanus sativus L.）

Downy mildew （DM）, caused by the fungus Peronospora parasitica, is a destructive disease of radish （Raphanus sativus L.） worldwide. Host resistance has been considered as an attractive and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. However, the genetic mechanisms of resistance in radish to the pathogen remain unknown. To determine the inheritance of resistance to DM, F1, F2 and BC1F1 populations derived from reciprocal crosses between a resistant line NAU-dhp08 and a susceptible line NAU-qtbjq-06 were evaluated for their responses to DM at seedling stage. All F1 hybrid plants showed high resistance to DM and maternal effect was not detected. The segregation for resistant to susceptible individuals statistically iftted a 3：1 ratio in two F2 populations （F2（SR） and F2（RS））, and 1：1 ratio in two BC1F1 populations, indicating that resistance to DM at seedling stage in radish was controlled by a single dominant locus designated as RsDmR. A total of 1 972 primer pairs （1 036 SRAP, 628 RAPD, 126 RGA, 110 EST-SSR and 72 ISSR） were screened, and 36 were polymorphic between the resistant and susceptible bulks, and consequently used for genotyping individuals in the F2 population. Three markers （Em9/ga24370, NAUISSR826700 and Me7/em10400） linked to the RsDmR locus within a 10.0 cM distance were identiifed using bulked segregant analysis （BSA）. The SRAP marker Em9/ga24370 was the most tightly linked one with a distance of 2.3 cM to RsDmR. These markers tightly linked to the RsDmR locus would facilitate marker-assisted selection and resistance gene pyramiding in radish breeding programs.     

Genetic Analysis of the Resistance to Aspergillus flavus Infection in Maize （Zea mays L.）

Maize （Zea mays L.）, one of main crops in the world, is easily susceptible to Aspergillusflavus （Link： fr） infection, resulting huge loses worldwide. Breeding for A. flavus resistance has been proved an efficient way to solve the problem of aflatoxin contamination. Genetic analysis of the sources of resistance to A.flavus in maize is necessary for this purpose. The complete diallel crosses of 6 inbred lines with different resistance to A.flavus infection were implemented. Inoculation categorical data of each cross were analyzed with the additive-dominant and additive-dominant-epitasis genetic models. Results indicated some crosses fitted the 2 major genes with additive-dominant-epitasis genetic model. Others fitted the major gene and polygene mixed model. Moreover, the additive, dominant, and epitasis effects varied in crosses. The A.flavus resistance was controlled by both major gene and polygene.     

Development of Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Primers for the Detection of Resistance to Sporisorium reiliana in Maize

Head smut of maize (Zea mays L.), which was caused by Sporisorium reiliana, occurred in most of the maize growing areas of the world. The purpose of this study was to develop SCAR markers for map-based cloning of resistance genes and MAS. Two sets of BC3 progenies, one (BC3Q) derived from the cross Qi319 (resistance)x Huangzao 4 (susceptible),the other (BC3M) from Mol 7 (resistance)x Huangzao 4 (susceptible), were generated. Huangzao 4 was the recurrent parent in both progenies. A combination of BSA (bulked segregant analysis) with AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) method was applied to map the genes involving the resistance to S. Reiliana, and corresponding resistant and susceptible bulks and their parental lines were used for screening polymorphic AFLP primer pairs. One fragment of P13M61-152 was converted into SCAR (sequence charactered amplified fragment) marker S130. The marker was mapped at chromosome bin 2.09, the interval of a major QTL region previously reported to contribute to S. Reiliana resistance.Furthermore, S130 was highly associated with resistance to S. Reiliana, and could be useful for marker-assisted selection and facilitate map-based cloning of resistance genes.     

Identification and molecular tagging of two Arabidopsis resistance genes to Botrytis cinerea

To map Arabidopsis resistance genes to Botrytis cinerea, Arabidopsis Col-0 ecotype resistant to B. cinerea BC18 isolate and Arabidopsis Ler ecotype susceptible to B. cinerea BC18 isolate were crossed. According to the resistant responses of the F₁, BC₁ and F₂ populations to B. cinerea, we identified two genes, named BC1 and BC2, responsible for the resistance of Arabidopsis Ler ecotype to B. cinerea. Through the method of map-based cloning, BC1 was linked to DNA markers CCR1 and DHS1 on the fourth chromosome of Arabidopsis with genetic distances of 1.2 cM and 1.6 cM for CCR1 and DHS1, respectively, and BC2 was linked to DNA markers CA72/NGA151 and NGA106 on the fifth chromosome with genetic distances of 1.4 cM and 2.4 cM for CA72/NGA151 and NGA106, respectively. Our results are beneficial for chromosome walking so that we can obtain the whole gene sequences, which will facilitate the understanding of their roles and manners of resistance to B. cinerea.     

玉米抗甘蔗花叶病毒SCAR分子标记开发

 【目的】玉米矮花叶病（由甘蔗花叶病毒引起）是中国和欧洲玉米产区的重要病害,开展分子标记辅助育种可以明显提高抗病育种效率。【方法】本文采用改进的BSA法（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）构建玉米抗感自交系DNA池,结合AFLP技术筛选多态性标记,转化后获得实用性强的SCAR标记,并借助100份自交系抗性鉴定结果对SCAR标记进行相关验证。【结果】获得了2个多态性稳定的AFLP标记P66M38-220和P55M51-240,其中将P66M38-220转化为SCAR112标记,此标记与甘蔗花叶病毒抗性高度相关。【结论】改良BSA法是一种发掘性状基因紧密连锁标记的有效方法;开发的SCAR112 标记可以用于玉米抗甘蔗花叶病毒的分子标记辅助选择。     

甘蓝抗枯萎病SCAR标记的开发

 【目的】开发与甘蓝枯萎病抗性基因紧密连锁的SCAR标记,利用该标记对甘蓝抗枯萎病基因跟踪、鉴定,为甘蓝抗枯萎病分子标记辅助选择奠定基础。【方法】以高抗枯萎病的甘蓝自交系8024与感病自交系6A为亲本构建F2代分离群体和相应F3代家系,通过F3代家系抗病性分离表现确认F2代单株的基因型,选择10株纯合基因型显性抗病单株和10株纯合基因型隐性感病单株,利用BSA法构建甘蓝抗感基因池,筛选出与甘蓝枯萎病抗性基因紧密连锁的AFLP标记,克隆测序后根据序列差异将其转化为SCAR标记,通过142株F2代分离群体连锁验证该标记与甘蓝枯萎病抗性基因的连锁关系,并利用两个不同的抗感分离F2群体共100株对SCAR标记的通用性进行验证。【结果】获得了1个以相斥相连锁的SCAR标记S46M48199,该标记在感病亲本中扩增出199 bp的单一条带,而在抗病亲本中无扩增条带,142株F2代分离群体连锁分析表明,其遗传距离为2.78 cM,在F66和C1两个F2群体中的通用性验证结果,与抗性鉴定结果的吻合率分别为81%和83%。【结论】开发的SCAR标记可用于甘蓝抗枯萎病的分子标记辅助育种。     

Molecular Mapping of Two Novel Stripe Rust Resistant Genes YrTp1 and YrTp2 in A-3 Derived from Triticum aestivum × Thinopyrum ponticum

Loss of variety resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp.tritici) is an important factor causing massive periodical epidemic of rust in wheat production. Creation and development of new races of rust pathogen have led to serious crisis of resistance loss in widely planted varieties. This has quickened the search for new resistance resources. Molecular marker could facilitate the identification of the location of novel genes. A line A-3 with high resistance (immune) to currently epidemic yellow rust races (CY29, 31, 32) was screened out in offspring of Triticum aestivum × Thinopyrum ponticum. Segregation in F₂ and BC₁ populations indicated that the resistance was controlled by two independent genes: one dominant and one recessive. SSR markers were employed to map the two resistant genes in the F₂ and BC₁ populations. A marker WMC477-_167bp located on 2BS was linked to the dominant gene with genetic distance of 0.4 cM. Another marker WMC364-_{208 bp} located on 7BS was linked to the recessive-resistant gene with genetic distance of 5.8 cM. The two genes identified in this paper might be two novel stripe rust resistant genes, which were temporarily designated as YrTp1 and YrTp2, respectively. The tightly linking markers facilitate transfer of the two resistant genes into the new varieties to control epidemic of yellow rust.     

一个谷子新抗锈基因的AFLP标记

【目的】研究谷子抗源的抗锈遗传规律,寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记,为谷子抗锈病基因的定位、克隆和抗病育种等研究奠定基础。【方法】用谷子锈菌单胞菌系93-5接种十里香和豫谷1号及杂交后代F1、F2进行抗锈鉴定,并根据鉴定结果构建抗、感基因池;利用AFLP技术筛选128对EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ引物组合,从中寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记;根据AFLP分析结果进行抗锈基因连锁分析并进行SCAR标记转化。【结果】根据十里香×豫谷1号杂交后代F2群体(131株)抗感谷锈病分离比例,确定十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制。筛选获得3个与谷子抗锈基因Rusi1(暂命名)连锁的AFLP分子标记,经计算标记与该抗锈基因的遗传距离分别为7.4、9.2和27.4cM。将3个标记片段回收、克隆和测序,成功地将AFLP标记E+CTT/M+TAC-256转化为SCAR标记。初步构建了谷子抗锈基因Rusi1的遗传连锁图谱。【结论】谷子十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制,Rusi1是一个新发现的谷子抗锈基因。     

CRISPR/Cas系统对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及毒力基因的影响

【目的】了解金黄色葡萄球菌(以下简称“金葡菌”) Staphylococcus aureus中成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)的分布情况,分析其对抗生素耐药基因和毒力基因水平转移的影响。【方法】从公共数据库获取组装完整的金葡菌基因组575个,利用生物信息学方法,统计CRISPR结构的携带情况,菌株多位点序列分型(Multi-locus sequence typing,MLST)型别分布和菌株耐药基因、毒力基因的分布情况;对CRISPR结构阳性(CRISPR+)和CRISPR结构阴性(CRISPR-)的金葡菌耐药基因和毒力基因携带数目进行差异显著性分析。同时对实验室60株金葡菌二代测序数据进行分析,验证公共数据库分析结果。对实验室60株金葡菌中原噬菌体、接合质粒的携带情况进行统计,讨论CRISPR结构对菌株原噬菌体和接合质粒的影响。【结果】基因组组装完整的575株金葡菌中,有62株携带CRISPR结构(CRISPR+),513株不携带CRISPR结构(CRISP...     

甘蓝型油菜开花期的QTL定位及候选基因鉴定

为了解析油菜开花期性状的遗传机制，利用KN DH群体在冬性、半冬性和春性环境的开花期表型和KN 高密度遗传连锁图谱，通过Wincart 2.5软件的符合区间作图法对油菜开花期性状进行QTL定位及候选基因鉴定。结果显示，共鉴定到119个开花期QTL，单个QTL解释表型变异最大是qFT-13DL16-4 （25.96%），最小的是qFT-13ZY2-1（2.48%）。利用元分析的方法将初步鉴定的QTL整合为consensus QTL，共获得26个环境稳定表达QTL，包括7个开花期主效QTL。如cqFT-A2-3、cqFT-A2-4在春性环境稳定表达，cqFT-C6-4、cqFT-C6-7、cqFT-C6-12、cqFT-C6-13在冬性和半冬性环境稳定表达, cqFT-C6-14在冬性环境稳定表达QTL。主效QTL置信区间共鉴定到15个与成花诱导相关的候选基因，如 BnaA02g12260D（RGA1）、 BnaA02g15390D（AGL12）、 BnaA02g16710D（LKP2）和BnaC06g19930D（NUA）等，这些候选基因主要涉及赤霉素、光周期、生物钟、春化作用响应和花发育等功能。可见，油菜开花期主效QTL及其候选基因的鉴定为开花期基因的精细定位和图位克隆奠定基础，也为培育早熟、高产油菜品种提供指导。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Research of Genetic Diversity in Seven Kobresia by AFLP in Tibetan Plateau

This work analyzed the genetic diversity of Kobresia accessions at the molecular level, and further obtained the necessary information for breeding and germplasm evaluation. Genomic DNA of Kobresia was amplified with four E＋3 and M＋3 primer combinations with AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism）. AFLP analysis produced 164 scorable bands, of which 154 （93.96%） were polymorphic. The mean Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） was 0.2430, and the Shannon＇s information index （I） was 0.4012, indicating the abundant genetic diversity of Kobresia. The 11 Kobresia accessions from Tibetan Plateau, China, can be classified into five groups after cluster analysis based on the UPGMA （unweigbted pair group method arithmetic average） method. In general, there was abundant genetic diversity among Kobresia accessions resources, and the genetic coefficient was unrelated to their geographic latitude. Natural habitats influenced genetic differentiation of Kobresia.