大黄素、维生素C及其配伍对团头鲂感染嗜水气单胞菌后生理生化指标的影响

为综合评价大黄素、高剂量维生素C及其配伍对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)抗嗜水气单胞菌感染能力的影响,选取1 200尾健康的团头鲂,体质量为(133.44±2.11)g,随机分成4组,其中1组为对照组,投喂基础日粮,另外3组在基础日粮中分别添加60mg/kg大黄素、700 mg/kg维生素C、60mg/kg大黄素+700mg/kg维生素C(配伍组).饲养60 d后,经腹腔注射感染嗜水气单胞菌,并在攻毒前后检测团头鲂血液和肝脏的生化指标以及肝脏2种热休克蛋白70s(HSP70s)mRNA的表达水平;另从各池中取10尾鱼进行同样的攻毒试验,统计攻毒后各时间点鱼的累积死亡率.结果表明,攻毒后,与对照组相比,大黄素、维生素C组不同程度地提高了血清总蛋白(TP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的水平,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性以及HSC70和HSP70 mRNA的表达水平,降低了血清皮质醇(COR)、血糖(GLU)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、甘油三酯(TG)以及肝脏丙二醛(MDA)的水平;配伍组中,这些指标的变化趋势虽与上述类似,但大多与对照组的差异不显著(P＞0.05),且未表现出协同增效作用.此外,各组鱼血清胆固醇(CHOL)的含量在攻毒前后的差异均不显著(P＞0.05).统计也表明,大黄素和维生素C组鱼的累积死亡率在攻毒后24 h、48 h均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),而配伍组试验鱼的累积死亡率与对照组差异均不显著(P＞0.05).由此可见,在基础日粮中添加大黄素60 mg/kg或维生素C 700 mg/kg,可提高鱼体的非特异性免疫力、抗氧化能力以及2种HSP70s mRNA的表达水平,增强鱼体抗病原菌感染的能力.二者配伍则效果不佳.     

酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长和生长轴基因表达、营养品质及抗病力的影响

为探讨酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长、肌肉营养品质和抗病力的影响,以初始体质量为(1.75±0.01)g的团头鲂为研究对象,采用二因素三水平实验设计在基础饲料(Se含量为0.08 mg/kg)中分别添加酵母硒(按硒计)3个水平(分别为0、0.25和0.50mg/kg),茶多酚3个水平(分别为0、50和100 mg/kg),进行排列组合后得到9组饲料.连续投喂60 d后,检测团头鲂生长、肌肉营养成分、血液和肝脏生化指标以及生长相关基因的表达水平,并统计团头鲂感染嗜水气单胞菌后的成活率,以综合评价酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂的作用效果.结果表明:饲料中添加酵母硒和茶多酚均显著提高了团头鲂幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率以及肌肉中粗蛋白含量,降低了饵料系数(P＜0.05),酵母硒和茶多酚交互作用也显著提高增重率和特定生长率,显著降低饵料系数(P＜0.05),表现出协同增效作用.酵母硒和茶多酚均可以通过诱导下丘脑—垂体—生长轴相关基因表达来提高生长性能,不同的是,酵母硒主要上调脑垂体MaGH和肝脏MaIGF-I基因的mRNA表达,茶多酚主要上调脑垂体MaGHR2基因而显著下调肝脏MaIGF-Ⅰ基因的mRNA表达(P＜0.05),结果表明,饲料中添加酵母硒显著提高团头鲂血清中GH和IGF-Ⅰ的含量(P＜0.05),而茶多酚显著降低血清中IGF-Ⅰ的含量(P＜0.05).攻毒实验表明,酵母硒和茶多酚均能提高攻毒后鱼的成活率,且两者交互作用明显.综合生长性能和抗病力分析,团头鲂幼鱼饲料中酵母硒和茶多酚配伍的适宜添加量为0.50 mg/kg酵母硒和50 mg/kg茶多酚.     

饲料VC 对草鱼生长、肌肉品质及非特异性免疫的影响

采用维生素C(Vc,以Vc磷酸酯为Vc源)添加量分别为50mg/kg、100mg/kg、150mg/kg、200mg/kg、300mg/kg饲料的配合饲料,喂养体质量(42.4±5.0)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)60d,以不添加Vc的基础饲料饲喂组为对照,探讨vc对草鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和非特异性免疫的影响.结果表明,饲料中添加Vc能显著提高草鱼增重率,降低饲料系数,当Vc添加量为150～200mg/kg时,草鱼生长性能最佳:随Vc添加量增加,肌肉失水率、肌纤维直径和肌原纤维耐折力呈增加趋势;肌肉胶原蛋白含量和肝脏Vc含量随Vc添加量的增加而增加;Vc添加量为150mg/kg及以上水平时,各实验组草鱼血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性比对照组显著提高(p＜0.05);Vc添加量达到300mg/kg后血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活性比对照组显著提高(P＜0.05);各组间血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性差异不显著(P＜0.05).上述研究表明,饲料中添加Vc能促进草鱼生长,改善肌肉品质,增强非特异性免疫力.适宜的Vc添加量为150mg/kg饲料.     

肌醇对氨氮应激下团头鲂幼鱼免疫的影响

为了研究氨氮应激下肌醇对团头鲂幼鱼免疫的影响,实验选择初均重为(3.40±0.07)g的健康团头鲂幼鱼450尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含肌醇0、101.2、202.3、404.8、809.1和1 616.4 mg/kg的精制饲料,实验期为90 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,氨氮应激前,404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组显著提高了团头鲂幼鱼淋巴细胞百分比、补体3、补体4和血液呼吸爆发活性(P0.05);氨氮应激12 h,404.8和809.1 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血液白细胞、红细胞、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白和血清补体3、补体4水平显著升高(P0.05),皮质醇水平显著降低(P0.05),202.3和404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血细胞呼吸爆发活性显著提高(P0.05);氨氮应激72 h,404.8 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血液白细胞、红细胞、淋巴细胞百分比、血红蛋白、血清补体3和血细胞呼吸爆发活性显著升高(P0.05),皮质醇水平显著下降(P0.05),809.1 mg/kg肌醇添加组的血清补体4水平显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加适量的肌醇(404.8 mg/kg)即可增强团头鲂幼鱼的免疫力,对团头鲂幼鱼抗氨氮应激起到了一定的保护作用。     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对草鱼组织中谷胱甘肽沉积和抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)至0 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg和500 mg/kg,分别投喂草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼8周,草鱼幼鱼体质量(4.09±0.01)g,观察GSH在草鱼组织中沉积以及对草鱼抗氧化功能的影响.结果表明,饲料中添加外源GSH对草鱼生长影响不显著(P＞0.05),实验组肌肉中GSH含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肝脏中GSH含量在GSH添加水平为200 mg/kg时显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肝脏和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)在GSH添加水平为300 mg/kg组达到最低,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).添加GSH对血清中GSH和MDA影响不显著(P＞0.05).草鱼肝脏中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力在400 mg/kg组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肌肉中GR活力有增高趋势但差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝脏和肌肉中γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)均高于对照组,分别在300 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组达到显著水平(P＜0.05);肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)能力不同程度升高,均在200 mg/kg组达到最高,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);血清GSH-PX活力和T-AOC有增高趋势但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);血清和肝脏中活性氧(ROS)含量分别在400 mg/kg和300 mg/kg组达到最低,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,饲料中添加GSH能够促进草鱼肝脏和肌肉中GSH的沉积,提高肝脏及肌肉中GR和γ-GT活力,以及肝脏中GSH-PX和SOD活力与总抗氧化能力,减少肝脏中MDA含量,降低肝脏及血清中ROS含量,因此GSH在水产饲料中具有广泛的应用前景.     

植物甾醇对团头鲂生长、血脂和肝胰脏抗氧化功能的影响

选取体质量(74.52±1.03)g的团头鲂480尾,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂添加0(对照组)、20mg/kg(试验Ⅰ组)、40mg/kg(试验Ⅱ组)和80mg/kg(试验Ⅲ组)植物甾醇的配合饲料,进行为期81d的饲养试验。试验结果表明,40、80mg/kg植物甾醇可提高团头鲂质量增加率及特定生长率(P0.05),其中40mg/kg组效果更佳,对肌肉粗蛋白含量影响不显著,对肌肉粗脂肪含量有一定提高(P0.05);添加40mg/kg植物甾醇显著降低了81d血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,添加40mg/kg植物甾醇效果最佳。     

团头鲂PGC1α分子特征及其对营养限制、高糖饲料和葡萄糖负荷的响应

为探究过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorγcoactivator 1α,PGC1α)基因在团头鲂糖代谢中的作用,实验从团头鲂肝脏中克隆获得了PGC1α基因的片段序列,并对其开展了生物信息学分析;同时研究了饥饿、高糖(糖水平:45%)饲料及葡萄糖负荷对团头鲂脑和肝脏PGC1α表达的影响。结果显示,获得的团头鲂PGC1α基因c DNA片段长为2 566 bp,其中包含1 404 bp的开放阅读框并编码467个氨基酸,与草鱼的同源性为96.79%;与正常投喂组相比,饥饿10 d组鱼脑和肝脏中PGC1α的mRNA水平显著升高,饥饿再投喂1 h后恢复至对照组的表达水平。饲喂高糖饲料(12周)后,与对照组相比,鱼脑和肝脏中PGC1α的mRNA水平显著降低。此外,葡萄糖负荷后,脑和肝脏中PGC1α的mRNA水平在2 h内显著降低至最小值,随后逐渐升高至基础水平。研究表明,PGC1α在团头鲂糖代谢过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

饲料中添加锌对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、生理生化指标和机体抗氧化的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,以七水硫酸锌为锌源,在基础饲料中分别添加锌0、50、100、150、200、400mg/kg,配制成6种等氮等能的精制饲料,饱食投喂初始体重为62.89±0.51g的星斑川鲽幼鱼66d,探讨饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、血液生理生化指标和机体抗氧化功能的影响.结果表明,添加150～400mg/kg饲料锌显著提高了星斑川鲽幼鱼的增重率(WGR)(P<0.05),且WGR的最大值及饲料系数(FCR)的最小值均出现在150mg/kg锌饲料组.添加100～200mg/kg饲料锌显著提高了试验鱼血液红细胞数量(P<0.05),0mg/kg锌饲料组的血细胞比容和血红蛋白含量均显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).血清蛋白含量不受饲料锌添加量的影响(P>0.05).血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随着锌添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),在锌添加量为150mg/kg时达最高值;当添加量高于150mg/kg时,LSZ活力变化不显著(P>0.05).0与50mg/kg锌饲料组的血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活力显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).0和50mg/kg锌饲料组肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),以150mg/kg锌饲料组最低(P<0.05).建议星斑川鲽幼鱼精制饲料中锌的适宜添加量为150mg/kg.     

饲料锌对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,七水硫酸锌(Zn SO4·7H2O)为Zn源,分别配制成7种Zn含量(7.4 mg/kg、20.3 mg/kg、32.1 mg/kg、51.0 mg/kg、84.4 mg/kg、169.7 mg/kg、332.4 mg/kg)的半纯化饲料,投喂初始体重为(3.6±0.1)g团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)12周,考察Zn对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响,确定团头鲂幼鱼对饲料Zn的需要量。结果表明,随着饲料Zn含量增加,团头鲂增重率、特定生长率和全鱼Zn含量呈先增加后稳定的趋势;全鱼水分含量显著降低(P0.05),粗蛋白含量显著增加。饲料Zn含量对团头鲂饲料系数无显著影响。饲料中添加Zn显著影响血清总蛋白、尿素氮、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇以及甘油三酯含量,而对血清白蛋白含量和碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响。随着饲料中Zn含量的增加,团头鲂肝丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05),而肝过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性在各处理间均无显著差异。折线回归分析表明,团头鲂幼鱼(体重3.6~26.7 g)获得最佳生长时对饲料Zn需要量为32.6 mg/kg,获得最大鱼体Zn含量时Zn的需要量为47.6 mg/kg。本研究旨在确定团头鲂幼鱼对饲料中Zn的需要量,为配制团头鲂高效环保饲料提供科学依据。     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对吉富罗非鱼生长、组织生化指标和非特异性免疫相关酶的影响

为研究饲料中添加谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)生长性能、组织生化指标和非特异性免疫相关酶活性的影响,实验选用720尾体质量为(3.27±0.04)g的罗非鱼,随机分为6组,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和5种添加80、160、240、320和400 mg/kg GSH的试验饲料,养殖期为7周。结果显示,与对照组相比,320 mg/kg组罗非鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质沉积率(PDR)和肝脏RNA/DNA比值分别显著升高,饲料系数显著降低;各添加组罗非鱼肝体比高于对照组,但差异不显著。160～320mg/kg组罗非鱼粗蛋白和240～300 mg/kg组粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组,均在240 mg/kg组达到最高值。320 mg/kg组血清尿素氮(UN)含量与对照组相比显著降低。160～400mg/kg组血清和肝脏类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)显著高于对照组和80 mg/kg组。240～400 mg/kg组血清溶菌酶(LZM)、320～400 mg/kg组肝脏LZM活性分别显著高于其它各组;与对照组相比,320 mg/kg组血清一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性显著升高;各添加组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酚氧化酶(PO)、肝脏AKP、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和NOS活性均高于对照组,但差异不显著。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的谷胱甘肽能显著提高吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的生长性能,提高全鱼粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量、血清和肝脏IGF-Ⅰ水平以及非特异性免疫相关酶活性。以增重率为评价指标,计算出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中谷胱甘肽的最适添加量为355.13 mg/kg。     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Hatchability, and Growth of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus,Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

盐化幅度、速度及方式对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长和存活率的影响

本研究测定了盐化幅度(3/d、6/d、9/d、12/d和15/d)、盐化速度(1、3、6、12和18 h/次)和盐化方式(前期盐化、中期盐化、后期盐化和间隔盐化)与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)仔虾生长发育、活力和存活率的关系。研究结果显示,不同盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式均显著影响盐化标粗过程中仔虾的生长发育、活力和存活率(P<0.05)。综合考虑生长性能、苗种活力和存活率等因素,最适盐化幅度为3~6/d,在该盐化幅度范围内,仔虾存活率可达74.07%~78.83%;盐化幅度超过9/d时,仔虾存活率显著下降(P<0.05),其中,盐化幅度达到15/d时,存活率仅为43.37%。过快的盐化速度导致存活率和活力显著下降,盐化速度>1 h/次时,仔虾死亡率接近50%;随着盐化速度的放缓,仔虾生长速度加快,盐化速度为6~18 h/次时,生长速度维持稳定,日增重量为1.48~1.51 mg。在盐化方式方面,后期盐化和间隔盐化时,苗种的质量和存活率优于前期盐化和中期盐化,仔虾活力表现为间隔盐化>后期盐化>中期盐化>前期盐化。综合考虑,仔虾的最适盐化幅度为3~6/d,最佳盐化速度为6~12 h/次,后期盐化和间隔盐化更有助于仔虾保持较好活力和较高存活率。本研究通过探讨凡纳滨对虾苗种盐化标粗的最适盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式,丰富了凡纳滨对虾高盐环境抗逆性研究,为凡纳滨对虾苗种的盐化标粗生产实践提供了理论支持。     

Meristics and Morphometrics of Golden Shiner,Notemigonus crysoleucas,Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus,and Their Reciprocal F1 Hybrids

Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus, a European minnow, has been hybridized with golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, in an attempt to produce sterile hybrids. If these hybrids are to be used as bait, easy means of differentiating the parental species and their hybrids is needed to ensure that no rudd are being sold. The scale pattern along the keel is the easiest and quickest way to distinguish the two species and their hybrids: the keel is raised and scaleless in the golden shiner, and it has 6-9 scales in the rudd; in hybrids, the keel is scaled, but the scales have different shapes and insertions than those in the rudd. No other phenotype can be used to positively identify these groups. No phenotype can be used to separate the reciprocal hybrids.     

Coral communities of Biscayne Bay,Florida and adjacent offshore areas: diversity,abundance, distribution,and environmental correlates

• 1. Hardbottom habitats of Biscayne Bay, a shallow lagoon adjacent to the city of Miami, Florida, USA, contain a limited number of coral species that represent a small subset of the species found at nearby offshore hardbottom and reef habitats of the Florida Reef Tract. Although the physical characteristics of this basin make it a marginal environment for coral growth, the presence of dense populations of Siderastrea radians and Porites furcata indicate that these, as well as other corals that are found at lower densities, are able to tolerate extreme and fluctuating conditions. Three factors, temperature, sedimentation, and salinity, appear to limit coral abundance, diversity, and distribution within Biscayne Bay.
• 2. Temperatures exhibit high frequencies of extreme high and low values known to cause coral stress and mortality elsewhere. Similarly, sedimentation rates are very high and sediment resuspension caused by currents, storms and boating activities commonly bury corals under sediment layers. Sediment burial was shown experimentally to influence growth and mortality of S. radians.
• 3. The salinity of Biscayne Bay is influenced by freshwater inputs from canal, sheetflow and groundwater sources that create a near‐shore environment with low mean salinity and high salinity fluctuation. Coral communities along this western margin have the lowest coral density and species richness. Chronic exposure to low salinity was shown experimentally to cause a decrease in the growth of S. radians.
• 4. The location of Biscayne Bay, downstream of a large restoration effort planned for the Everglades watershed, highlights the need to understand the relationship between the physical environment and the health of benthic communities. The data presented here provide the type of scientific information needed so that management decisions can take into account the potential impacts of human activities on the health of coral populations that are already near their tolerance limits for temperature, salinity, and sedimentation.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of density and background color to stress response, appetite, growth, and blind-side hypermelanosis of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

To study the relevance of density and background color to stress response, appetite, and growth in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared two duplicate groups of juveniles (total length 4.46 ± 0.06 cm, body weight 0.77 ± 0.03 g) in flat-bottom aquaria with dark-green (control) and white backgrounds for 120 days. We measured cortisol and glucose levels in blood and calculated the daily food intake, food conversion efficiency, survival rate, and growth rate. To study the relevance of density and background color to malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) on the blind side, we also compared malpigmented ratios and prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA activities in the brain between the dark-green and white background groups, as well as between a relatively lower density (60 days) and higher density (120 days). Although we measured relatively higher levels of cortisol and glucose in the white background group and over 200 % of coverage area [PCA]), the bright background failed to induce an acute stress response of more than 20 ng/ml cortisol and 40 mg/dl glucose both in 60 days and 120 days, but did enhance appetite and growth. Also, a bright background color delayed hyperpigmentation only at a low density below 200 % PCA, but did not inhibit malpigmentation at a high density of more than 200 % PCA. In addition, below 200 % PCA, expression of MCH mRNA was significantly higher in the white group, but the level was reversed and was lower in the white group at more than 200 % PCA. In conclusion, although did not induce a high stress response over 200 % PCA, the bright background color resulted in a moderate increasing of cortisol level in blood below 20 ng/ml and enhanced appetite and growth. Moreover, at a density below 200 % PCA, the bright color inhibited hypermelanosis with high MCH mRNA activity, but at more than 200 % PCA did not inhibit malpigmentation, and the fish showed low MCH mRNA activity, indicating that the inhibitory effect of a bright background color on hypermelanosis is density dependent.