4个黄瓜品种比较试验

对新津研4号、揭阳翠绿、绿冠胡瓜、津春4号等4个黄瓜品种进行品种比较试验。结果表明：揭阳翠绿大吊瓜茎粗、蔓长、叶面积、叶绿素都优于对照津春4号；但单瓜重、单株产量以绿冠胡瓜较大，揭阳翠绿大吊瓜较小；绿冠胡瓜可溶性固溶物少，含水量高，硬度较小，揭阳翠绿大吊瓜可溶性固溶物多，含水量低，总酸度、硬度大。     

马铃薯无性一代植株性状相关及通径分析

本文对马铃薯３０个杂交组合无性一代的１４个性状与单株产量的相关关系作了估算，其中无效生育期，播后７４天和９２天冠层覆盖度，平均冠层覆盖度，最高冠层覆盖度，有效生育期，单株块茎数，单块重８个性状与单株产量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。进而对影响单株产量的平均冠层覆盖度，有效生育期，单株块茎数，单个块茎重进行通径分析。结果表明，该４个性状决定单株产量变异的９４．６１％，说明这４个性状是影响单株产量的决定     

11个瓠瓜品种主要农艺性状的相关与通径分析

对11个瓠瓜品种的14个农艺性状进行相关与通径分析。结果表明，小区前期产量与雌花开花期、子房柱宽为极显著相关，相关系数依次为-0.83、0.73；小区产量与单瓜重、小区采瓜数、小区前期产量为显著相关，相关系数依次为0.76、0.85、0.65；通径与回归分析的结果表明，子房柱形指数对前期产量形成的贡献最大，直接作用系数为1.401 5，单瓜重对产量形成的贡献最大，直接作用系数为0.789 0。因此，在瓠瓜早熟性育种实践中，应注重选择雌花期早、子房粗短、瓜形比较短的类型；在丰产性育种实践中，应着重选择单瓜重、结瓜数多的类型。     

马铃薯无性一代植株性状相关及通径分析

本文对马铃薯30个杂交组合无性一代的14个性状与单株产量的相关关系作了估算,其中无效生育期、播后74天和92天冠层覆盖度、平均冠层覆盖度、最高冠层覆盖度、有效生育期、单株块茎数、单块重8个性状与单株产量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。进而对影响单株产量(y)的平均冠层覆盖度(x_1),有效生育期(x_2)、单株块茎数(x_3)、单个块茎重(x_4)进行通径分析。结果表明,该4个性状决定单株产量变异的94.61％,说明这4个性状是影响单株产量的决定因素。     

玉米新品种生态适应性研究

2005～2006年在新宁开展了玉米新品种生态适应性试验，结果表明：科玉2号、蠡玉23比对照临奥1号增产幅度较大，其农艺、经济性状较优，适宜该地作春玉米栽培品种推广；洛玉1号产量较高，生育期短，日产量高，其农艺、经济性状较好，适宜该地特别是干旱地区作春玉米栽培；东单57和渝单7号产量优势明显，但应注意中、后期的病害防治。     

2011―2020年国家审定黄河流域春棉品种产量及相关性状分析

研究棉花品种产量与相关性状的关系及演变规律，为棉花育种和生产提供借鉴。统计了2011―2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定的50个黄河流域春棉品种在区域试验中的产量及其相关性状表现，并对其演变情况和相关性进行了分析。结果表明，棉花品种株高、籽指和平均籽棉单产呈逐年上升趋势，年均分别增长0.13 cm、0.12 g和63.17 kg·hm^-2。相关分析表明，衣分、株高、第一果枝节位、单株结铃数、铃重、生育期和籽指均与籽棉单产呈正相关，其中单株结铃数、铃重和籽指与籽棉单产相关性达极显著水平。衣分、单株结铃数、铃重和籽指对籽棉单产均具有直接的正向效应，对籽棉单产的直接贡献表现为单株结铃数>籽指>衣分>铃重，衣分和铃重的直接作用系数较小；生育期通过株高对籽棉单产产生的间接负向效应最大。综合分析认为，此阶段黄河流域春棉品种籽棉单产提高的关键因素是籽指，单株结铃数的提高是棉花品种改良的重要方向。针对棉花的生育习性和黄河流域棉区环境条件，选育衣分40%左右、株高100 cm左右、第一果枝节位7左右、单株结铃18个左右、铃重6 g左右、生育期119 d左右...     

大豆品种鼓粒期田间抗旱鉴定

大豆鼓粒期缺水是制约大豆产量形成的重要因素之一。在鼓粒期对大豆品种进行抗旱性鉴定,可为大豆抗旱育种和抗旱节水栽培提供依据。选取不同地区育成的代表性品种（品系）46份,在鼓粒期田间干旱与灌水条件下,分析其产量、产量性状、生育期与形态性状、籽粒品质性状等指标,并且对其进行抗旱性鉴定。结果表明,干旱区46份材料平均产量1 759.6 kg/hm²,灌水对照区平均产量2 223.1 kg/hm²,46个品种平均耗水系数1.079 t/kg。干旱对三粒荚影响显著,对单株荚数、单株粒数、生物产量、单株粒重、百粒重影响极显著。干旱区的平均蛋白质含量极显著高于灌水区,比对照区提高幅度4.47 %;平均脂肪含量极显著低于灌水区,比正常灌水区降低幅度4.19 %。干旱条件下品种百粒重下降,生育期提早均属于品种抗旱性的适应反映,与抗旱性无关。适于呼伦贝尔的品种推荐为北豆14、黑河50、黑河43、华疆3、登科1号、蒙豆15、北豆37、黑河36、北豆38等。     

2010—2011年度黄淮冬麦区旱肥地中间试验

以黄淮冬麦区旱肥组参试品系为材料，对不同品系的生育期、茎蘖动态、抗逆性状、产量性状等指标进行了研究比较。结果表明衡06-6632产量最高，每667m^2达452．17kg；中山1号产量为433kg，居第2位；长5581产量为432．33kg，居第3位。这3个品系比对照增产显著，综合抗性较好，产量结构合理，建议升入生产试验或进行第二年的区试。     

山区旱地玉米新品种(系)穗粒性状与干物质累积特性研究

以宁夏南部山区审定的具有代表性的3个玉米品种(系)为参试材料,长城706为对照,对参试品种(系)农艺性状、穗部性状、产量、植株干物质累积量及灌浆速率进行了比较分析。结果表明:富农821和宁单20号9月20日成熟,且熟期相同,较对照长城706(生育期140 d)早熟6 d;宁单20号的百粒质量最高,参试的各个品种(系)之间产量达极显著差异(P0.01),其中华金5号产量极显著高于其他3个品种,且其他3个品种之间产量也达到极显著差异水平(P0.01)。     

密度对不同品种玉米产量及其农艺性状的影响

以富民985、泽玉501、泽玉8911、翔玉211、翔玉198、登海618、MC278、天和2号为种植材料,以品种为主区,以3个种植密度6万、7万、8万株/hm~2为副区进行裂区实验,对8个不同品种在3个不同密度下其主要农艺性状以及产量的差异性进行研究。结果表明,在合适的密度下翔玉211、翔玉198、登海618产量相对较高。综合因素分析,富民985、登海618两个品种呈现低密度且高产的趋势。试验数据得出,翔玉211在80 000株/hm~2处理下的产量最高,富民985在70 000株/hm~2处理下的产量次之,第3位的是登海618在80 000株/hm~2处理下的产量。试验结果表明,不同品种玉米在不同种植密度下产量不同,品种密度互作影响产量具有极显著差异。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.