土壤掩埋对辽东栎幼苗出土和生长的影响

以黄土高原天然次生林辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica）种子为对象,采用双因素（覆土厚度和播种时间）完全随机试验的方法,研究土壤掩埋对辽东栎幼苗出土和生长的影响。结果表明：① 覆土厚度对辽东栎种子的出苗率有显著影响(P<0.05),出苗率随着覆土厚度的增加而增加,覆土厚度为10 cm时,出苗率达到最大值,分别为（53.2±20.7）%和（42.0±0.7）%;覆土厚度对幼苗的生长影响不显著。② 播种时间对0~3 cm覆土播种的出苗率影响显著(P<0.05),由于温度的差异,11月1日播种的种子出苗率高于12月10日,出苗率分别为（11.9±1.2）%~（53.2±20.7）%和（1.5±0.8）%~（42.0±0.7）%;播种时间对覆土播种的幼苗生长无显著影响,对地表播种的幼苗叶面积影响显著（P<0.05）。可见,土壤掩埋有利于辽东栎幼苗的出土,土壤掩埋对幼苗的生长影响不大。     

鹅观草种子萌发及出苗特性

在实验室和温室条件下研究不同温度、光照、水势、盐分对鹅观草种子萌发以及埋土深度对鹅观草出苗的影响。结果表明,鹅观草种子萌发的昼/夜温度范围为20℃/10℃~35℃/25℃,最适昼/夜温度为25℃/15℃;黑暗条件下,鹅观草种子萌发率较光照下略有提高,说明鹅观草萌发不需要光照;鹅观草种子对水势胁迫较敏感,水势从0下降至-0.8 MPa时,发芽率从93%直线下降至0;鹅观草种子对盐分胁迫具有一定耐受性,当NaCl浓度≤50 mmol/L时,种子均能保持80%以上的萌发率。50%萌发抑制率时的水势和NaCl浓度分别约为-0.4 MPa和100 mmol/L。埋土深度为0.5 cm时,鹅观草出苗率最高,埋土深度≥3 cm时出苗率显著下降。表明鹅观草种子萌发具有较强的环境适应性,通过耕作将其种子带入4 cm以下土层,可有效抑制鹅观草的危害。     

土层深度对三种麦田禾本科杂草出苗及生长的影响

为明确小麦田禾本科杂草在不同土层深度的出苗及生长情况,选取雀麦Bromus japonicas、节节麦Aegilops tauschii和野燕麦Avena fatua三种小麦田常见禾本科杂草,采用盆栽法系统研究不同土层深度对杂草出苗及生长的影响。结果表明,小麦田禾本科杂草雀麦、节节麦和野燕麦出苗和生长与不同土层深度密切相关,在浅土层中均有较好的出苗率,且后期生长也正常。从出苗时间来看,雀麦和野燕麦集中出苗时间在播种后5～11 d,节节麦略晚于这2种杂草;从最适出苗土层深度来看,雀麦最适出苗土层深度为0.5～3.5 cm,出苗率在76.0%～87.0%之间,节节麦的最适出苗深度为0.5～8.0 cm,出苗率在66.7%～79.3%之间,而野燕麦的最适土层深度为0.5～18.0 cm,出苗率达84.2%～94.4%;从出苗后生长影响来看,0～20 cm土层对野燕麦后期生长没有显著影响,土层深度大于10.0 cm对节节麦生长有显著抑制作用,大于6.0 cm即对雀麦有显著影响。研究表明通过深翻土地可以对雀麦和节节麦达到一定的控制作用,但对野燕麦控制效果相对略差。     

光对入侵性植物黄顶菊种子萌发及植株生长的影响

入侵性杂草黄顶菊原产南美,2003年在我国河北省衡水湖首次报道。采用室内控制试验,对光与黄顶菊种子发芽及植株生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明：黄顶菊种子属光敏型,种子需要光刺激才能发芽。但其萌发对光强要求不严,1 000 lx光照强度30 ℃培养6、12 h和24 h转入暗培养,5 d后黄顶菊种子发芽率分别为67.0%、88.0%和95.8%。黄顶菊种子出苗与光照关系密切,播种在土壤表面、0.5 cm和1 cm深土层的种子出苗率分别为96.0%、8.0%和0。随光照强度减弱,植株的生物量及繁殖力显著降低。黄顶菊在35%自然光强下生长时其生物量、结实数比自然光强下分别降低55.0%和55.6%。上述结果为预测黄顶菊的适生区域及制订有效的防除策略提供了科学依据。     

芦蒿繁殖方法

芦蒿 (Artemisiaselengensis) ,又名萎蒿、水蒿等 ,属菊科多年生宿根性草本植物。现作为 1a生蔬菜 ,规模栽培 ,冬春季盛产。芦蒿以鲜嫩茎杆供食用 ,清香、鲜美 ,脆嫩爽口 ,营养丰富。又因其抗逆性强 ,很少发生病虫害 ,所以是一种无污染的绿色食品 ,深受广大消费者欢迎。芦蒿的繁殖可分为种子繁殖 (有性繁殖)和营养器官繁殖 (无性繁殖 )。1　种子繁殖3月上、中旬将芦蒿种子与 3～ 4倍干细土拌匀直接播种 ,采用撒播、条播匀可。条播行距 30cm左右 ,播后覆土并浇水 ,一般 3月下旬即可出苗 ,出苗后及时间苗、匀苗 ,缺苗的地方移苗补栽。用种子…     

野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum种子的萌发条件

为明确野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum种子的休眠特性及萌发适宜的环境条件,采用培养皿法和盆钵法研究野老鹳草种子萌发和出苗适宜的条件,记录种子萌发数,计算种子萌发率、平均萌发时间及萌发指数。结果显示,野老鹳草具有较长的休眠期,新采集的野老鹳草种子在室温干储210 d后可以解除休眠;在10~25℃的恒温条件下种子萌发率均在93.8%以上;有无光照及光周期的长短对种子的萌发无影响;对酸碱度不敏感,在pH 4~10范围内种子萌发率均在91.3%以上;对水势具有一定耐受力,抑制50%种子萌发率所需的水势为-0.42 MPa;盐分对野老鹳草种子萌发具有一定抑制作用,当盐浓度达到160 mmol/L时基本不能萌发;此外,种子在土壤垂直深度5 cm以内时仍然可以出苗,对播种深度适应性较强。表明野老鹳草种子具有较长休眠期,土壤层积可解除种子休眠;而且野老鹳草种子对温度、光照、土壤酸碱度、播种深度适应性较强,水势及盐分对种子萌发有一定影响。     

腾格里沙漠南缘3种一年生植物出苗率对沙埋和GA_3的响应

以腾格里沙漠南缘3种一年生植物沙米((Agriophyllum squarrosum)、碟果虫实(Corispermum patelliforme)和五星蒿(Echinopsilon divaricatum)为材料,对种子进行1g/L赤霉素(GA3)处理和不进行GA3处理的沙埋对比实验,探索其在种子进行GA3处理前后出苗率随沙埋深度的变化规律。结果表明:①无论种子进行GA3处理与否,3种一年生植物种子的出苗率都随着沙埋深度的增加呈现下降趋势。②种子不进行GA3处理,3种一年生植物最佳沙埋深度是0.5cm;种子进行GA3处理,最佳沙埋深度依次是0.5～1cm,0.5～2cm和0.5～3cm。③种子GA3处理后,3种一年生植物的出苗率变化受植物种类和沙埋深度影响;沙米出苗率最大的深度为0.5cm,增加量3.2%;碟果虫实为0.5cm,增加量18.4%;五星蒿为2cm,增加量为27.4%。④种子GA3处理后,3种一年生植物出苗率的沙埋深度分别是沙米0.5～1cm,碟果虫实0.5～5cm和五星蒿0.5～5cm。     

不同环境因素对节节麦萌发的影响

节节麦Aegilops tauschii Coss.是麦田难治杂草,研究环境条件对节节麦发芽的影响对预测其适生区域及综合治理有重要意义。以采自陕西、山东和河南的3个节节麦种群为对象,通过室内和室外萌发试验研究了水势、pH、盐分和播种深度与节节麦萌发的关系。结果表明,3个节节麦种群在不同的环境条件下表现出相似的萌发及出苗特性,其萌发对水势敏感,发芽率随水势的下降而降低,当渗透势小于-1.0 MPa时,种子不萌发;节节麦萌发对pH要求不高,在pH 3～10条件下发芽率均超过70%;其萌发具有一定的耐盐性,盐浓度为0 mmol/L时,发芽率最高,盐浓度大于420 mmol/L时,节节麦不能萌发;节节麦出苗率随播种深度的增加而降低,播种在土壤表面时,出苗率最高,播种深度大于10 cm时,未发现节节麦出苗。3个节节麦种群发芽对上述不同环境因子的反应差异不显著。     

油菜地鼬瓣花的生物学特性

鼬瓣花(Galeopsis bifidaBoenn)为一年生双子叶杂草,种子繁殖。全生育期135 d左右。出苗期约40d,5月上中旬出土的苗占总数的76.7%,最适出苗深度为1.0~3.0 cm;花期54 d左右,果期60 d左右。单株结籽量平均约322粒。种子有休眠习性。鼬瓣花在油菜4叶期至结角期与油菜竞争强烈。植株的N、P2O5、K2O含量比油菜高3.41%~94.08%。     

吡虫啉包衣对黄瓜瓜蚜的防治效果及包衣后药剂在植株体内的分布

为探讨吡虫啉包衣对黄瓜瓜蚜的防治效果及包衣后吡虫啉在黄瓜植株体内的分布动态,以不同剂量的40%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂包衣处理黄瓜种子,并测定了不同时间内其对瓜蚜Aphis gossypii Glover的防治效果,同时使用HPLC检测了瓜苗出土后不同时期吡虫啉在黄瓜植株各部位的分布量。结果表明,100 kg黄瓜种子用吡虫啉(有效成分)240 g、480 g和960 g的处理在瓜苗出土35 d后,瓜苗上所接瓜蚜的校正虫口减退率仍分别达到89.2%、92.0%和97.7%。经过吡虫啉包衣处理后的黄瓜种子在出苗后 3~14 d内,植株体内的吡虫啉含量逐渐增加,14 d时达到峰值后逐渐减少; 黄瓜植株不同地上部位中吡虫啉的含量不均匀,其中下部叶片药剂含量最高,其次是上部叶片,茎部最低。     

Seed production and subsequent seed germination of Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) grown alone or in autumn-sown crops

Senecio vulgaris is a common weed of agriculture in the UK, but is also of food value to invertebrates and birds. Thus, it may be beneficial to retain it within agricultural ecosystems to enhance overall biodiversity. A less intensive approach to weed management requires a sound understanding of weed population dynamics so as to avoid unacceptable population growth. Experiments were carried out in 2003 and 2004 to assess seed production, and subsequent germination, by S. vulgaris growing alone, in winter wheat, or in winter field beans. Plant and seed samples were collected during May and June. There was a strong allometric relationship between capsule number and plant weight, irrespective of the year or the presence of crop competition. Numbers of seeds/capsule varied slightly from 51 to 66 seeds per capsule. Plants growing alone were estimated to produce 8471 to 12 887 seeds per plant, whilst those in wheat only 923 to 2156. Germination tests in Petri dishes in incubators showed that virtually all seeds were viable and germinated under daily alternating light:dark conditions within 10 days. Seeds in continuous dark germinated less readily, reaching only 30% after 21 days. On the basis of this and other published work, it would appear that the retention of S. vulgaris in arable fields will not pose a major threat to the long-term viability of crop production.     

苦豆子种子特性与种群扩展关系的研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子体积大,千粒重达21.6g。种皮较厚,制约了种子的萌发,采用浓硫酸浸种和机械磨损破坏种皮明显提高了萌发率。种子散布主要依靠自身重力,其散布格局是聚集型散布,多分布在母株周围,为该区域的种子库提供较多的种质资源。此外,还有动物散布和水力作用的散布,使种子能传播较远的距离,同时种子被采食后,通过消化道的磨损使种皮的通透性提高,促进了种子的萌发。     

大豆疫病的种子处理技术研究

本试验用不同浓度的瑞毒锰锌、杀毒矾和克露进行大豆种子处理试验，结果表明，５００ｐｐｍ瑞毒锰锌对大豆疫病具有很好的治疗作用，而用杀毒矾以种子重量０．４—０．５％的剂量闷种，能显著地抑制大豆疫霉菌的侵入     

Inter-population variabilities in seed mass and germination of Panicum turgidum and Pennisetum divisum in the desert of Kuwait

Understanding variability in seed germination among populations is essential for planning an effective germplasm collection for restoration and conservation purposes.The knowledge of germination and dormancy patterns among populations of desert grasses is crucial for determining the potential of the species and populations to be used for restoration and conservation as well as forage production.Variability in seed germination of Panicum turgidum Forssk and Pennisetum divisum(Gmel.)Henr.in the desert of Kuwait was evaluated in different populations in May 2017.Experiment of seed germination(25 seeds and 4 replicates)was conducted for each population at night/day temperatures of 15℃/20℃and 20℃/30℃under the following light condition:continuous darkness or 12 h/12 h light/dark.Results showed that seed masses of both species strongly varied according to their seed provenances,and both species produced heavier seeds in population with a higher soil electrical conductivity.Seed germination percentage considerably varied between two species,and the variation in P.turgidum was greater(17%–49%)than that of P.divisum(72%–93%).Germination percentage in P.turgidum was greater at high temperature(20℃/30℃)than at low temperature(15℃/20℃).However,temperature regimes had no effect on germination percentage of P.divisum seeds.Mean germination time of both species exhibited significant inter-population variability.This result is especially relevant to assure the selection of the best population of each species and the regeneration success of the species.Besides this,inter-population variability also provides valuable information for enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate seed germination and how they might be related to seed provenance.     

Assessment of the abrasion potential of pesticide-treated seeds using the Heubach test

During sowing of pesticide-treated seeds, pesticide-laden dust and abraded seed particles may be emitted to the environment, possibly leading to environmental contamination and posing health risks. In many countries there is currently no legislation concerning the acceptable amount of dust of treated seeds. This study aimed to gain insight in the abrasion potential of available pesticide-treated seeds and its associated factors. The abrasion potential of 45 seed samples of 7 different species (viz. sugar beet, oat, barley, wheat, spelt, pea, and maize) was determined using the Heubach test and amounts of dust were expressed as g 100 kg_seeds^?1, g 100,000 seeds^?1, and g ha^?1. The abrasion potential fell generally within the boundaries of maximum permissible values adopted by different countries. Species, seed treatment company, number of active ingredient (AIs) and combination of AIs had significant effects on the abrasion potential, whereas little or no effect of agitation and conservation was found. However, species were situated differently with respect to each other depending on the unit in which the abrasion potential was expressed. A standard unit that takes into account the species’ seed rate is suggested to give the fairest assessment of dust drift risk and would allow international comparison.     

Potential for endozoochorous seed dispersal by sheep and goats: Risk of weed seed transport via animal faeces

Endozoochory is known as an important mechanism for the spread of weeds. We carried out experiments to assess the fate of seeds of several weed species (Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta campestris, Rumex crispus, Hordeum spontaneum and Sorghum halepense) after passing through the gut of sheep and goat. Eighteen animals of both sheep and goat received diet mixed with seeds of the weed species or control with only wheat bran (five weed species + control × three replications). Results showed that a higher proportion of seeds were missing after passage through the sheep gut than in goats. In goats, a greater proportion of seeds were dead after passage, but the number of seeds collected from dung was also greater. Weed species differed, with the highest seed recovery and viability in Cuscuta campestris. Based on time of seed passages through the animal gut estimated for the different weed species, we recommend that sheep should be kept in a corral for 96 hr to minimise seed transportation via their faeces. For goats, if R. crispus and C. arvensis seeds could be excluded from the diet, then maintaining them for 96 hr in an animal stall would ensure little seed transportation via dung, but we found R. crispus and C. arvensis seeds to be present and viable in goat dung even 120 hr after feeding. Very large numbers of viable seeds can be found in goat and sheep dung, so the use of rotted manure is highly recommended to avoid transportation of viable seeds via manure fertilisers.     

Effects of individual plant phenology on dormancy of Rumex obtusifolius seeds at dispersal

In 1998–2000, the relationship was investigated between the time of bolting of shoots and the percentage of germinability in seeds from individual plants of Rumex obtusifolius . Each year, the date of bolting of shoots was recorded in 30–108 plants, which were then grown intact until maturation, and their seeds were collected before dispersal. The proportion of germinable seeds increased with the date on which the shoots bolted. The timing of shoot bolting and seed germinability for individual plants persisted over the years of observation. To discriminate between the effect of mother plant and timing of seed maturation, shoot bolting of another 40 (1998) and 50 (1999) plants was recorded, and their shoots were then cut in late June The shoots of cut plants regrew and matured nearly simultaneously, later than in intact plants, whereas overall seed germinability decreased. In individual plants, the seed germinability was still significantly correlated with the date when plants originally bolted.     

Burial rates of surrogate seeds in arable fields

The probability of seed consumption by surface-dwelling predators depends on the duration of seed exposure on the soil surface. We investigated seed burial using painted ceramic beads as surrogate seeds. Fifty beads of three size classes each were applied to small arenas within crop fields and their fates were followed from August to October. New sets of beads were applied as soon as most beads had disappeared from the soil surface. Bead availability on the soil surface declined immediately after placement, and then declined steadily over time, with increased loss during rain and management practices. Smaller beads were incorporated into the soil/litter matrix more easily than larger beads. Bead burial differed considerably among crop environments, with more burial in forage crops (red clover, lucerne) than in row crops (soyabean, maize). The fact that seed availability differed among crop environments suggests that it can be manipulated to maximise predation risk.     

甘肃河西制种区不同成熟期玉米杂交种贮藏期种子活力变化

选择先玉335、郑单958和吉祥1号三个杂交种制种田,于授粉后32 d每隔5 d采收果穗直到授粉后72 d,测定种子电导率、标准发芽率和冷浸发芽率,次年测定田间出苗率以及上述指标,对比分析不同收获期种子在贮藏过程中的变化及其贮藏特性。研究结果表明,随着收获期的推迟,玉米杂交种种子贮藏后标准发芽率和冷浸发芽率降幅减小,电导率的增幅也减小,并且收获后期种子的贮藏性高于前期收获的种子。在授粉后32~47 d、47~62 d、62~72 d采收种子的标准发芽率平均降低6.90%、4.99%、4.48%,前期发芽率的降低速率为中后期的3.75倍;冷浸发芽率依次降低9.70%、13.33%、10.78%,降低幅度明显高于标准发芽率,说明低温冷害后的贮藏性降低。对于不同基因型的玉米杂交种种子,其贮藏后标准发芽率、冷浸发芽率降低程度也不同,先玉335分别降低2%和6.8%,吉祥1号分别降低3.5%和6.9%,郑单958降低3.7%和15%,电导率却依次增大,分别为0.46μs·cm~(-1)·g~(-1)(先玉335)、0.56μs·cm~(-1)·g~(-1)(吉祥1号)、0.49μs·cm~(-1)·g~(-1)(郑单958),说明贮藏10个月后郑单958种子活力衰退幅度最大,贮藏性最差,其次为吉祥1号,先玉335最小,而在活力衰退最小范围内先玉335的适宜收获期为授粉后47~57 d,吉祥1号为授粉后52~57 d,郑单958为授粉后57~62 d,为获得高活力种子提供理论依据。