青枯病快速检测研究概况

细菌性青枯病是由病原菌Ralstonia solanacearum引起的一种植物细菌性土传病害,广泛分布于世界各地,可侵染50多个科200多种植物。本文从青枯病原菌病原、致病机理以及分布危害等方面作了阐述,比较分析了运用不同检测方法在当今农作物以及林木青枯病原菌快速检测上的研究进展。     

山矾炭疽病的研究

山矾炭疽病菌是湖南省园林树种山矾的一个常见病害。作者研究了该病害的症状、病原和发生发展规律，确定病原为围小丛壳菌山矾型种（Glomerella cingulataf.sp.symplocos Cao Fuxiang)。     

Rigidoporus microporus and the white root rot disease of rubber

Rigidoporus microporus is an economically important plant pathogenic fungus causing particularly severe losses to the rubber industry worldwide. The pathogen is responsible for white root rot (WRR) disease, infecting the host roots via white fibrous mycelia, causing vascular disfunction, and visible symptoms including leaf discolouration and dieback in severely infected trees. The final stage of the disease is characterized by the appearance of basidiocarps at the tree collar. The development of WRR in rubber plantations is dependent on fungal diversity in the soil, pH, temperature, and cation levels. Several ‘-omics’ approaches have been undertaken to understand how R. microporus functions with the objective, ultimately, to control WRR. Unfortunately, no resistant rubber clone has been identified to date. The disease is managed through physical and chemical methods that are laborious and negatively impact the environment, respectively. Recent developments in research on R. microporus shed light on potential sustainable routes to WRR disease control using beneficial microorganisms and natural compounds. This review discusses the characteristics of R. microporus isolates from different geographical origins, the pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, factors that influence the development of WRR, recent findings from the multi-omics studies, and control methods that are available to combat this economically important pathogen.     

Foliar fungal pathogens of European woody plants in Siberia: an early warning of potential threats?

In this article, we report observations made during thirteen years on foliar fungal pathogens attacking European and Eurasian woody broadleaved species in Siberian arboreta and cities and discuss the possibility of using such data for detecting exotic pathogens that may represent a danger for European tree and shrub species, should these pathogens be introduced into Europe. A total of 102 cases of symptomatic infections (fungus‐host plant associations) involving 67 fungal species were recorded on 50 of the 52 European and Eurasian woody plant species. All but four of the fungi found during the surveys were previously reported in Europe. However, 29 fungus–host plant associations are apparently new to science, suggesting that complexes of cryptic species differing in their host range and geographic range may occur. Seventeen percentage of associations were given a high damage score, that is, more than 50% of plant area was attacked, for at least some localities. In nearly half of the cases, fungus–host plant associations were found to be very frequent, that is, occurring every year and at all locations where the plant was inspected. A list of pathogen–host associations in Siberia deserving further investigation is provided, either because the pathogen is not yet recorded in Europe or because the pathogen–host association has not yet been reported, and the damage is high or, finally, because the damage and infestation level is unusually high in known associations. Further studies should involve molecular characterization of these foliar pathogens and their host range testing.     

园林树木真菌性枯萎病研究进展及其防治策略

枯萎病是园林树木的毁灭性病害。本文综述了真菌性园林树木枯萎病的发生危害特点,病原菌主要类群、生物学特性及其侵染循环,枯萎病菌与寄主植物的互作,抗枯萎病基因及其分子抗病性等方面的研究成果。最后,探讨了园林树木真菌性枯萎病的防治策略及其热点研究方向。     

果蔬产后病害病原菌胞外酶的启动及其调控

病原菌胞外酶的启动和调控在果蔬产后病害病原菌致病过程中起着重要作用。本文针对寄主植物的生理变化对果蔬产后病害发生的影响,产后病害病原物细胞壁降解酶在致病过程中的作用,影响病原物细胞壁降解酶活性的因子(包括酚类物质、pH值、温度、湿度和金属离子等)及其调控作用等方面的研究进展做了较为全面的综述。     

植物抗病过程中的细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡是由某些特定基因调控的,在细胞生长发育或对外界刺激的反应过程中表现出来的一种生物学过程,伴随着细胞形态学及分子生物学等方面的特征.其中,植物过敏性反应是细胞程序性死亡的重要表现形式之一,表现为植物在不亲和病原菌侵染下受侵细胞及邻近细胞的快速死亡,从而导致病原菌生长受抑制,HR过程对于植物抗病性有重要意义.目前,关于抗病过程中的PCD和HR的研究已成为植物病理学的重点和热点之一.本文综述了植物抗病过程中PCD及HR的研究进展,重点对植物HR特征、可能的信号传导因子、检测方法、产生的分子机制等方面进行了分析和总结,并对林木抗病中的PCD研究进行了展望.     

Colletotrichum siamense: A novel leaf pathogen of Sterculia nobilis Smith detected in China

Sterculia nobilis is an important tropical woody plant with high ornamental and economic value. At present, there are few reports of diseases on this plant. In August 2018, an unknown leaf spot disease was observed on S. nobilis in Nanning, China, affecting the inner leaves of the canopy and causing considerable defoliation. The pathogen was isolated, and pathogenicity tests carried out on detached leaves to verify Koch's postulates. Based on morphological observations and polygenic analyses, the pathogen causing leaf spots on S. nobilis was identified as Colletotrichum siamense.     

雪松枝枯的病因及防治

雪松枝枯现象目前在河北地区发生严重。为有效地防治雪松枯枝病，进行了观察防治试验。研究表明，该症状为雪松疫病。病原菌经分离培养，发现是樟疫霉菌（Photophora cinnamoin Ranas.)危害所致。病菌通过风雨传播，伤口侵入，引起枝枯或整株枯死。实验表明采用单一的化学防治效果不太明显，只有采取综合防治才能控制该病的危害。     

Assessment of Australian native annual/herbaceous perennial plant species as asymptomatic or symptomatic hosts of Phytophthora cinnamomi under controlled conditions

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a necrotrophic pathogen of woody perennials and devastates many biomes worldwide. A controlled perlite–hydroponic system with no other hyphae‐producing organisms as contaminants present allowed rapid assessment of ten annual and herbaceous perennial plant species most of which have a wide distribution within the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in Western Australia where this pathogen has been introduced. As some annuals and herbaceous perennials have recently been reported as symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts, laboratory screening of some of the field‐tested annuals and herbaceous perennials and additional species was used to further evaluate their role in the pathogen's disease cycle. Nine of the species challenged with the pathogen were asymptomatic, with none developing root lesions; however, Trachymene pilosa died. The pathogen produced thick‐walled chlamydospores and stromata in the asymptomatic roots. Furthermore, haustoria were observed in the roots, indicating that the pathogen was growing as a biotroph in these hosts.     

喜树叶乙醇提取物对植物病原菌的抗菌活性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法研究了喜树叶乙醇提取物对所选15种植物病原菌的抗菌活性,并对筛选出抑菌效果较明显的11种植物病原菌做了不同浓度的抑菌效果试验。其结果表明,随着提取物浓度的升高,对各种植物病原菌的抑制率呈上升趋势,且对黄瓜菌核病菌、苹果腐烂病菌和番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用较强,EC50分别为193．6675、198．1948和256．4144μg/mL,各样品对植物病原菌的毒力随着浓度的升高而增强。     

贵州枇杷炭疽病病原菌的鉴定及rDNA-ITS序列分析

2009—2010年,在贵州遵义、罗甸(苗圃)枇杷树叶片上发现疑似炭疽病害,且有暴发之势。为了确诊该病害,用组织分离法分离病原菌,纯化培养后用菌碟回接到健康枇杷树叶片上,10 d后叶片出现典型病斑,自发病组织再分离所得病原菌形态特征与初分离一致;以枇杷炭疽病菌总DNA为模板,采用真菌通用引物(ITS1和ITS4),通过PCR扩增到约550 bp的片段,测序结果表明片段长为538个核苷酸,通过GenBank上BLAST分析,表明该病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.。     

白术根腐病发生规律研究

根腐病是白术生产中的重要病害,危害大,防治难,必须运用综合防治方能奏效。作者通过田间调查与试验相结合的方法,对该病的发生规律进行了研究,以期为设计综合防治技术提供依据。研究结果表明,种子不传播根腐病;带菌术栽是该病的主要初侵染来源之一,从根腐病越重的田块所收获的术栽,其带菌传病的强度越高;用贮藏期间受潮伤热的术栽播种,根腐病显著加重;白术连作的,根腐病死苗率普遍较高,前茬为禾本科作物及薯蓣、黄芪、南星、补骨脂的发生较轻,前茬为棉花、甘薯、的发病较重;田间积水处的根腐病死苗率均比不积水的严重;根腐病发生与土壤肥力有密切关系,与土壤有机质含量呈极显著负相关,与全氮、水解氮和速效钾呈显著负相关,与速效磷无显著相关性。建立无病留种田,术栽贮存中避免伤热受潮,与非寄主作物实行多年轮作,科学水肥管理等,是综合防治根腐病的重要农业措施。     

胡椒抗瘟性测定方法研究

对印尼大叶种胡椒土壤盆栽植株和不同期离体叶片用人工接种胡椒瘟菌P2的方法,测定其抗瘟性,结果表明:在温度为±℃、相对湿度为%～%的条件下,稳定期离体叶片与荫棚下土壤盆栽材料均表现2728095出相同的感瘟性。稳定期离体叶片方法可用于胡椒品种和种质的抗瘟性鉴定评价。     

Use the insiders: could insect facultative symbionts control vector-borne plant diseases?

Insect vector-borne plant diseases, particularly those whose causative agents are viral, or phloem- and xylem-restricted bacteria, greatly impact crop losses. Since plants are immobile, the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases greatly depends on insect vectors, which are the only means of dissemination for many pathogens. The effectiveness of a vector-borne pathogen relies upon the vectorial capacity, which is affected by vector density, feeding activity on hosts, longevity before and after pathogen ingestion, duration of the incubation period, and vector competence. During the last decade, research on human vector-borne epidemics has stimulated interest in novel control strategies targeting different parts of the vector cycle, and our purpose here is to draw parallels between this field of research and agronomy. We review the literature on insect vectors of crop diseases and their symbiotic microorganisms with the aim of suggesting future integrated management techniques based on current research on insect-vectored human diseases. Vector transmission is a complex process and different modes of transmission are encountered irrespective of the pathogen. Facultative symbionts have varied effects on life history traits that could be used for vector population control. Symbiont selection, transformation, and their manner of dissemination are important when developing an integrated vector management system based on symbiont manipulation. In the short term, progress on our knowledge of the microflora of insect vectors of plant diseases must be made. In the long term, symbiont manipulation, which has been successfully demonstrated against human insect-vectored diseases, could be adapted to insect-borne plant diseases to increase sustainable crop production.     

人参锈腐病发生情况和病原研究

人参是我国传统的名贵药材,锈腐病是影响林下参栽培和连作的重要因子。该项研究调查了辽宁省抚顺市新宾满族自治县国营三道关林场不同参龄和林型的林下参锈腐病的发病情况,并对人参锈腐病病原菌进行了分离、鉴定。研究结果显示:在不同参龄、林型和坡位的林下参样地内均有锈腐病的发生,引起锈腐病的病原菌是毁灭柱孢菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)。     

病原菌毒素对植物的致病作用

病原菌在侵染植物的过程中产生的毒素一向被认为是致病的重要因子，然而对毒素致病作用的确定却是一个复杂的问题，毒素在一般生物测定中表现出来的对植物组织的伤害与破坏作用并不一定代表其具备致病力的密切相关，但是对于具体毒素在相应病种中的作用程度及对致病力的贡献大小还需要一些更严格的试验予以确定。     

RESISTANCE OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM TO CARBENDAZIM Ⅰ. Resistance and Its Development of Sclerotina Sclerotiorum to Carbendazim

INTRoDUCTIoNS.sclerotiorumissensitivetomanyfungicidalchemicals-Ofthesechemicals,carbendazimwasreportedtocontrolthediseaseofdifferentplantscausedbyS.sclerotiorumtl'2'3'43.However,likemostagrochemica1s,thisfungcideisfacingthechalIengeofre-sistance,especiallybecauseitisasystemicfungicide.AccordingtotheinvestigationofDelenandYildiz(l982),sinceintensivesprayingwithcarbendazim,threecucum-beriso1atesofS.scl`,rotiorumhavea1readydeve1opedresistance(althoughitisnotveryhigh)tothefungicide.theseiso1…     

油桐根腐病病原菌的研究

油桐根腐病是油桐林的一种毁灭性病害。形态学和培养性状研究表明,致病菌为腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani(Mart.)Sacc.)。将该菌与国内供试8个腐皮镰孢专化型菌株比较可看出,菌落生长较快,大型分生孢子短而粗,是一种短粗类型。其次,人工接种试验得知,此菌不侵染6科7属7种供试的专化型寄主植物;又经8个专化型菌株接种油桐试验,也不发生侵染关系。此菌仅侵害大戟科油桐属的油桐,是一种专化性病菌。再次,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明,此菌与供试菌株的脂酶同工酶的谱带特征和相对迁移率均有明显的差异。由此,将油桐根腐病鉴定为腐皮镰孢一新的专化型,命名为油桐腐皮镰抱(Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f.sp.aleuritidis Chen et Xiao f.sp.nov.)