热应激建鲤饲料中吡啶甲酸铬的适宜添加量

本研究旨在探讨热应激建鲤(Cyprinus carpiovar.Jian)饲料中吡啶甲酸铬的适宜添加量。试验选取初始均重为(32.88±0.17)g的建鲤360尾,随机分为6组(每组4个重复,每个重复15尾鱼),分别投喂在基础饲料中添加不同水平吡啶甲酸铬的试验饲料,各组饲料Cr3+理论添加量分别为0、300、600、900、1 200和1 500μg/kg。试验在室内可控温循环流水养殖系统中进行,驯化期10d(26℃),正试期60d("常温—高温—常温"应激模式:20d,26℃;20d,31℃;20d,26℃)。结果表明:1)饲料中添加600和900μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬(以Cr3+计,下同)可显著提高建鲤的增重率和蛋白质效率,降低饲料系数(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,当添加量达到1 500μg/kg时,增重率下降3.4%(P>0.05)。随着饲料中吡啶甲酸铬添加量的升高,建鲤肝体比呈上升趋势,900、1 200和1 500μg/kg添加组肝体比显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)饲料中吡啶甲酸铬的添加量对建鲤肌肉粗脂肪、灰分和水分含量的影响不显著(P>0.05),对肝胰脏粗脂肪含量也无显著影响(P>0.05),但300和600μg/kg添加组肌肉和肝胰脏粗蛋白质含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05)。3)饲料中添加600μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬可显著提高建鲤血清中白蛋白含量(P<0.05),添加1 500μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬可显著降低血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量(P<0.05),添加600、900、1 200和1 500μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬可显著降低血清中胆固醇含量(P<0.05),添加900、1 200、1 500μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬可显著降低血清中甘油三酯含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加600μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬(饲料中Cr3+实际含量为912.94μg/kg)有较好的抗热应激效果,可促进热应激建鲤生长并提高其肌肉粗蛋白质含量。     

日粮中添加不同浓度吡啶甲酸铬对生长肥育猪氧化作用的影响

本研究旨在观察日粮中持续添加不同浓度吡啶甲酸铬对生长肥育猪氧化作用的影响.选取30头(30±1)kg三元杂交型(杜×长×大)生长肥育猪,按体重、遗传基础和性别随机平均分成5个处理.5个处理分别饲喂铬的添加水平为0、200、800、1 600、3 200 ug/kg(以吡啶甲酸铬的形式添加)的日粮,试验期为80 d.试验第35天和第80天时,测定吡啶甲酸铬对动物血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化氢酶(CAT),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,以及动物尿液中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的水平.试验结束时,屠宰动物并取肝脏和肾脏样品,分别测定这些组织中的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT的活力和MDA的水平.结果表明,日粮中长期添加高剂量(≥800 ug Cr/kg)的吡啶甲酸铬显著降低第80天时肥育猪血清中的SOD和肾脏中CAT的活性(P<0.05),但对其他指标都没有显著影响(P>0.05).结果提示,在生产肥育期全程(80 d)添加适宜量(200 ug Cr/kg)的吡啶甲酸铬不会造成猪的氧化损伤;添加16倍适宜量的吡啶甲酸铬导致猪血清SOD和肾CAT活性降低,但不引起脂质过氧化和DNA损伤.     

吡啶甲酸铬对饲喂不同脂肪水平日粮育肥猪胴体特性和胰岛素敏感性的影响

文章旨在研究不同脂肪水平日粮添加不同粒度吡啶甲酸铬对育肥猪生长性感、胴体特性及胰岛素敏感性的影响。试验选择平均体重为(51.8±3.45)kg的三元猪768头,试验采用2×4多因素方差设计,共2个脂肪水平(低脂和高脂),4个不同粒度吡啶甲酸铬水平(0 mg/kg,400 mg/kg粒度为320μm,15μm和50 nm的吡啶甲酸铬),其中每组4个重复,每个重复24头猪。试验共开展42 d。日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬较对照组显著提高了试验21 d肥猪的日增重(P<0.05);高脂日粮较低脂日粮显著提高了该阶段日增重(P<0.05)。日粮添加不同粒径吡啶甲酸铬显著提高了肥猪的屠宰率(P<0.05),吡啶甲酸铬组较对照组显著降低了背膘厚度(P<0.05);不同粒径吡啶甲酸铬显著提高了腰肌深度(P<0.05),吡啶甲酸铬和脂肪水平对腰肌深度的影响具有显著交互作用(P<0.05),其中添加吡啶甲酸铬的高脂日粮较其他组显著提高了腰肌深度(P<0.05)。日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬和脂肪水平对腰肌深度的影响具有显著交互作用(P<0.05),其中添加吡啶甲酸铬的高脂日粮较其他组显著提高了腰肌深度(P<0.05)。日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬显著降低了稳态模型(P<0.05),而高脂日粮显著提高了定量胰岛素敏感性检测指标(P<0.05)。综上所述:日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬可以提高育肥猪生长性能及胰岛素敏感性,其中微米和纳米级吡啶甲酸铬可以改善育肥猪胴体特性。     

静脉注射53 Cr标记吡啶甲酸铬对仔猪肝细胞DNA的影响

旨在研究静脉注射不同水平53Cr标记吡啶甲酸铬(53Cr(pic)3)对仔猪肝细胞DNA的影响.选取体质量(15.0±1.0)kg、健康的瘦肉型三元杂交(杜×长×大)公猪30头,按体质量、遗传背景相近的原则随机分成5组,每组6头,单笼个体饲养.每天早08∶00-10∶00分别对各组猪进行静脉注射,Ⅰ(对照)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组分别注射0、8、200、400和800 μg Cr·d-1用53Cr标记的吡啶甲酸铬,试验期14 d.检测指标有肝脏中抗氧化酶活性、尿中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)浓度、肝组织中示踪剂铬的浓度及DNA链断裂(彗星试验)情况.随着静脉注射吡啶甲酸铬剂量的升高,肝脏中抗氧化酶活性、尿液中8-OHdG的水平均未发生显著变化(P>0.05);吡啶甲酸铬在肝脏中的蓄积量随着静脉注射吡啶甲酸铬水平的升高而增加,且在200 μg以上达到显著(P<0.05);在肝细胞彗星形状指标上,除8和200 μg组彗星尾长显著低于对照组(P<0.05)外,各处理组彗星形状指标与对照组比较,差异均不显著(P>0.05),但400和800 μg组各项彗星复合指标显著高于8 μg组(P<0.05);静脉注射吡啶甲酸14 d,800 μg Cr·d-1剂量范围内,仔猪肝脏抗氧化酶活性未发生显著变化,肝细胞DNA未受到氧化损伤;但吡啶甲酸铬在肝组织的蓄积量显著升高,且肝细胞DNA完整性与肝铬蓄积量之间存在显著量效关系.     

毗啶甲酸铬对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

选取日龄和体重相似的60头杜长大三元猪，随机分为对照组和试验组，每组30头．组内设3个重复，每重复10头试验猪。对照组仅饲喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加300μg／kg（以铬计）的吡啶甲酸铬，预试期7d，试验期60d。试验结果表明：在育肥猪日粮中添加300μg／kg（以铬计）的吡啶甲酸铬，可使育肥猪日增重提高5．04％（P〈0．05）。料肉比降低4．01％（P〉0．05）；同时可以使屠宰率和贮存2d的肌总色素两指标分别提高0．91％和0．24％；吡啶甲酸铬可显著提高胴体瘦肉率4．92％（P〈0．05）和眼肌面积5．32cm。（P〈0．05），同时显著降低背膘厚0．35cm（P〈0．05）。吡啶甲酸铬能显著提高育肥猪的日增重并明显降低料肉比。改善育肥猪的胴体品质．因此在育肥猪日粮中添加吡啶甲酸铬具有重要的现实意义。     

吡啶甲酸铬对产蛋鸡的生物安全性评价

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平吡啶甲酸铬对北京红商品产蛋鸡产蛋性能、血液生理生化指标、器官发育和主要脏器组织病理学变化的影响,进而评价吡啶甲酸铬对产蛋鸡的生物安全性。试验采用单因子完全随机设计,选用360只23周龄北京红商品产蛋鸡,按产蛋率和体重一致的原则随机分为4个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。各组分别在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加0、0.6、4.0和6.0 mg/kg(以铬计)的吡啶甲酸铬。预试期21 d,正试期70 d。结果表明:1)饲粮铬添加水平对试验全期产蛋鸡产蛋性能和器官指数无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮铬添加水平除显著提高试验第35天产蛋鸡血浆谷草转氨酶活性(P0.05)外,对其他血浆生化指标和血液常规生理指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲粮铬添加水平对产蛋鸡主要内脏器官的发育均无明显影响,同时均未观测到产蛋鸡的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、卵巢和输卵管组织出现明显的病理学变化。以上结果表明,产蛋鸡玉米-豆粕型饲粮中吡啶甲酸铬的推荐添加水平为0.6 mg/kg时,具有10倍的安全系数,即饲粮中以吡啶甲酸铬形式添加6.0 mg/kg铬对产蛋鸡是安全的。     

吡啶甲酸铬对生长猪生产性能和组织中铬残留的影响

选用96头体重(24.67±0.36)kg,公母各半达兰猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别添加200、400μg/kg和800μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬(以铬计)。另外,选用8头体重(24.98±0.56)kg达兰猪,随机分为2组,添加1600μg/kg和3200μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬(以铬计),试验期28d。结果表明,添加200～800μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬对猪平均日增重和饲料转化效率无显著影响(P>0.05),但可提高饲料采食量,800μg/kg处理组的采食量显著高于其他3个处理组(P=0.01)。添加200～3200μg/kg吡啶甲酸铬猪组织中铬残留量为0.08～0.35mg/kg。     

日粮中添加铬可有效地减少肉鸡的热应激

由Sudipto Haldart Tapan K.Ghosh在印度完成的一项研究表明，肉鸡日粮中添加铬（以吡啶甲酸铬的形式添加）可能是减少肉雏鸡热应激的一种有效手段。     

饲料中添加吡啶甲酸铬对牙鲆幼鱼摄食和生长的影响

试验以当年人工繁育的牙鲆幼鱼为试验对象,研究了饲料中添加不同浓度的吡啶甲酸铬对其生长状况的影响,并对其机理及不良反应进行了初步的探讨。饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、0.3、0.6和0.9mg/kg的吡啶甲酸铬,试验期为30d。结果表明,添加吡啶甲酸铬为0.9mg/kg试验组鱼的体长、体重和肥满度的绝对增长量和相对增长率、特定生长率和饲料转化率均显著低于不添加组(P<0.05),而其它两组各指标与不添加组相比差异不显著。     

吡啶甲酸铬对团头鲂生产性能的影响

选用320尾团头鲂，随机分为4组，每组设一平行，比较日粮中添加不同水平的吡啶甲酸铬对团头鲂的生产性能的影响。其添加水平（以Cr^3 计）分别为0，300μg/kg,600μg/kg,900μg/kg。经过60d饲喂，结果表明，当基础日粮中添加含Cr^3 600μg/kg的吡啶甲酸铬时生产性能最好，显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。     

动物营养必需微量元素铬的研究进展

铬是葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)的重要活性组成部分,葡萄糖耐量因子调节体内葡萄糖代谢.铬通过强胰岛素在体内的作用,参与碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质和核酸代谢.补铬可提高动物抗应激的能力铬还能促进机体免疫机能.此外,铬能够增加猪的眼肌面积,降低背膘厚度,增加胴体瘦肉率,降低脂肪沉积.     

Chromium supplementation and substitution of barley grain with corn: effects on metabolite and hormonal responses in periparturient dairy cows

Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows were used to investigate the effects of chromium-l-methionine (Cr-Met) supplementation and dietary grain source on metabolic indices throughout the periparturient period. Cows were fed a total mixed ration with the concentrate portion based on ground barley (barley based diet, BBD)--or ground corn (corn-based diet, CBD) from 21 days before anticipated calving through 28 days after calving. The Cr-Met was supplemented at dosages of 0 or 0.08 mg of Cr/kg of metabolic body weight throughout the experiment. Thus, treatments were in a 2 (Cr-Met) × 2 (grain sources) factorial arrangement. Plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, triglyceride, very low-density lipoprotein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin, glucagon, cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations were not affected by chromium supplementation on calving day (d 0). However, there was a trend for decreased β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and increased cholesterol on d 0 in cows fed the Cr supplemented diet. On d 21 postpartum (wk 3 p.p.), plasma glucagon concentration tended to be greater in cows fed the Cr supplemented diet. However, other plasma metabolite and hormone measures were not affected by Cr supplementation in wk 3 p.p. There was no effect of grain source on d 0 plasma metabolic and endocrine measures. In wk 3 p.p., a significant difference was found only for plasma concentration of glucagon that was higher for cows fed the BBD compared with the CBD. There was an interaction of Cr-Met supplementation and grain source in wk 3 p.p. plasma concentration of BUN to decrease in CBD and increase in BBD, supplemented with Cr-Met. No Cr by grain interactions were observed for other plasma metabolic variables on d 0 and in wk 3 p.p. These results indicate that Cr-Met supplementation and substituting barley grain with corn throughout the transition period have only moderate effects on metabolic and endocrine parameters.     

微量元素铬在猪生产中的应用

铬是人和动物的必需微量元素。近十几年来对铬在猪的营养上进行了许多研究。结果表明:铬对猪的生产性能和胴体品质影响不大,而对于肉质的某些方面和繁殖性能具有一定的影响。本文就铬的生理功能,铬对猪的生产性能、胴体品质、肉质、免疫功能和繁殖性能的影响及铬与激素调节、铬源的选择与应用作一综述。     

The Effect of Chromium Propionate on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Broilers

Chromium has been considered by many nutritionists as an essential nutrient for animals and humans. Research on the use of Cr from organic sources in poultry is limited. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary addition of 0, 200, 400, or 800 ppb Cr as chromium propionate on growth performance and carcass traits in 0- to 42- or 0- to 49-d-old broilers. The results of these experiments indicate that Cr as chromium propionate improved feed efficiency in the later phases of growth and decreased mortality in one experiment but not another. Also, chromium propionate supplementation had no effect on carcass traits.     

补铬对断奶仔猪代谢、免疫功能和生产性能的影响

选择(32±2)日龄、平均体重为(8.24±0.85)kg的三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪108头,随机分为3个处理,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮添加甲基吡啶铬(C r3+含量200μg/kg)和基础日粮添加酵母铬(C r3+含量200μg/kg)3种日粮。试验持续4周,猪只自由采食和饮水。结果表明,日粮补铬对仔猪血浆铬、尿素氮、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白等含量无显著影响(P>0.05);对卵清蛋白抗体效价、猪瘟(SFV)抗体效价以及经植物凝集素(PHA)刺激后皮褶厚度(DST)的变化无显著影响(P>0.05);对仔猪平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料转化效率(FCR)也均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,尚不能确定在生产实践中添加铬对仔猪免疫和生产性能的促进作用。     

The impact of the chromium supplementation on insulin signalling pathway in different tissues and milk yield in dairy cows

Thirty days before expected time of parturition, 20 Holstein cows were divided into ?Cr and +Cr groups. From day 25 before parturition (BP ) up to day 30 after parturition (AP ), +Cr cows received 10 mg of Cr (chromium‐enriched yeast) daily. Muscle and adipose tissue samples were taken at days ?30, ?10, +7 and +10 related to parturition, when body condition score (BCS ) was also determined. Hepatic tissue samples were taken at days ?10 and +7. Tissue samples were used for determination of the insulin signalling pathway protein expressions. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT ) was performed at days ?28, ?7, +10 and +30. Milk yield was recorded during first 14 weeks AP . Milk composition was obtained at days 7 and 28 AP . At day 10 BP , protein content of β ‐subunit of insulin receptor (IR β ) was significantly higher (p ? 0.05) in muscle, and phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 at serine 307 (pIRS ‐1 Ser³⁰⁷) was significantly lower (p ? 0.05) in hepatic tissue of +Cr group. After parturition, pIRS ‐1 Ser³⁰⁷ was significantly lower in muscle tissue at days 7 and 28 (p ? 0.05 and p ? 0.001, respectively), while phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 (pA kt Ser⁴⁷³) was significantly higher (p ? 0.01) in hepatic tissue at day 7 AP in +Cr group. Chromium had opposite effect on insulin kinetics during IVGTT s obtained BP and AP . Insulin secretion was significantly reduced at day 7 BP and significantly enhanced at day 10 AP , when NEFA concentration was also significantly increased. Milk yield and ECM value were depressed in +Cr group. DMI and BCS were significantly enhanced in +Cr group at day 7 BP . In conclusion, chromium modulates insulin signalling pathway in dairy cows, but targeted signalling molecules are different in antepartal then post‐partal period, probably due to duration of exposure to chromium and different energy status between those periods.     

Effects of different sources and levels of dietary chromium supplementation on performance of broiler chicks

The current experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary chromium supplementation sources, chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃), chromium methionine (Cr‐Met), or chromium yeast (Cr‐yeast), at different levels each (500 or 1,000 ppb) on growth performance, physiological traits, and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. A total of 490 seven‐day‐old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly distributed into 7 experimental groups each in 10 replicates of 7 birds each. The groups were control, 500 ppb Cr₂O₃, 1,000 ppb Cr₂O₃, 500 ppb Cr‐Met, 1,000 ppb Cr‐Met, 500 ppb Cr‐yeast, and 1,000 ppb Cr‐yeast. The results showed significant superiority of the organic chromium sources (Cr‐Met or Cr‐yeast) concerning body weight and weight gain, the group supplemented with 1,000 ppb Cr‐yeast consumed the lowest feed (3,185 g) and had the best feed conversion ratio (1.60) compared to the control (1.73). The chromium treatments recorded significantly better protein and lipid profile, antioxidant status, and immunological parameters than the control group. Similarly, dietary chromium supplementation increased carcass yield and decreased intestinal pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, supplementing broiler diets with organic chromium sources at 1,000 ppb promotes growth performance, physiological traits, and carcass characteristics; such chromium treatments enhanced the antioxidant status and immunity levels of broilers.     

有机铬对热应激蛋鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验选用91周龄新罗曼商品蛋鸡480只,按2×2双因子试验设计随机分为5组,对照组饲喂不添加铬的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,4个试验组饲喂在基础日粮中分别添加了以吡啶羧酸铬或酵母铬来源的0.2mg/kg或0.4mg/kg的日粮,试验30d,以研究有机铬对热应激蛋鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。试验结果显示:①有机铬能在一定程度上促进热应激蛋鸡的蛋白质利用,提高热应激蛋鸡的生产性能;②铬水平对血清尿素氮有极显著的影响(P<0.01),添加0.4mg/kg铬组均极显著地低于对照组(P<0.01),说明了补铬能够抑制由高温引起的蛋白质分解过程,从而起到缓解高温应激的作用;③吡啶羧酸铬和酵母铬在作用效果上无显著的差异;从经济效益方面考虑,0.4mg/kg铬水平的酵母铬和吡啶羧酸铬经济效益较高。     

吡啶甲酸铬对吉富罗非鱼生长、饲料利用和非特异性免疫功能的影响

本试验研究饲料不同水平吡啶甲酸铬对其生长、饲料利用,体成分、血液生化指标和非特异性免疫功能的影响。600尾吉富罗非鱼分为5个处理组,每个处理各设4个重复,每重复30尾鱼。每个处理铬添加量分别为0、0.4、0.8、1.2 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,在0.38 m3玻璃纤维钢桶中用开放式流水养殖,饲养8周。结果表明,饲料中添加吡啶甲酸铬对吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特异生长率、饲料系数、蛋白效率及蛋白质沉积率均有显著影响(P<0.05)。当铬添加量为0～0.8 mg/kg时,随着添加量增加,可显著提高吉富罗非鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率(P<0.05),显著降低饲料系数(P<0.05),但对成活率和肝体比无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料中添加为1.2 mg/kg～10.0 mg/kg时并未能进一步提高罗非鱼的生长和饲料利用。同时,铬添加水平为0～0.8 mg/kg,随着添加水平增加,显著提高吉富罗非鱼全鱼的蛋白质和磷含量(P<0.05),显著降低全鱼水分、脂肪和灰分含量(P<0.05),并显著提高吉富罗非鱼血清总蛋白含量以及肝胰脏AKP、ACP和LZM的活性(P<0.05),显著降低血清葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯含量及肝胰脏T-SOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加铬1.2 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,除了显著降低肝胰脏AKP活性外(P<0.05),对血清生化指标和肝胰脏非特异性免疫酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合生长、饲料利用、体组成成分、血液生化指标和肝胰脏非特异性免疫酶活性的影响结果表明,对于0.91～4.93 g吉富罗非鱼,饲料中以吡啶甲酸铬的形式添加0.8～1.2 mg/kg铬为宜。     

铬对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和胴体品质的影响

用21日龄Arbor Acress(AA)肉公鸡336只,研究饲粮中添加铬对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和胴体品质的影响。将试验鸡只共分为8个处理组,分别添加源于氯化铬的铬2．0、4．0、6．0、8.0、10．0、12．0和14．0mg/kg。结果表明:饲粮中添加2．0mg/kg铬显著提高了肉仔鸡胸腺重(P<0．10),降低了腹脂率(P<0．10),4．0、6．0mg/kg铬显著提高了全净膛率(P< 0．10),各试验组显著提高了T淋巴细胞转化率(P<0．10);饲粮中添加铬对其余指标则无显著影响(P>0．10)。