犬MC4R基因单核苷酸多态性及其与体重的关系

人和几种动物的遗传学研究显示，MC4R基因在体重和能量平衡调控中具有重要作用，但未见有关犬的MC4R基因多态性、MC4R基因与性状关系的研究报道。以123只成年Beagle犬为试验材料提取血液DNA，利用软件设计PCR引物，经PCR扩增、克隆和测序后，发现了一个新的MC4R基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism，SNP)。该多态性恰好产生了限制性内切酶EcoO109Ⅰ的位点多态性。利用PCR-RFLP方法，分析了Beagle犬家系的MC4R基因，并利用SPSS软件分析该多态性与犬体重的关系。结果分析显示：MC4R该多态位点对犬的体重影响不显著。尚需进一步分析MC4R基因的其他片段。     

Genetic parameters for body weight, hip height, and the ratio of weight to hip height from random regression analyses of Brahman feedlot cattle

The objective of this research was to assess the genetic control of BW, hip height, and the ratio of BW to hip height (n = 5,055) in Brahman cattle through 170 d on feed using covariance function-random regression models. A progeny test of Brahman sires (n = 27) generated records of Brahman steers and heifers (n = 724) over 7 yr. Each year after weaning, calves were assigned to feedlot pens, where they were fed a high-concentrate grain diet. Body weights and hip heights were recorded every 28 d until cattle reached a targeted fatness level. All calves had records through 170 d on feed; subsequent records were excluded. Models included contemporary group (sex-pen-year combinations, n = 63) and age at the beginning of the feeding period as a covariate. The residual error structure was modeled as a random effect, with 2 levels corresponding to two 85-d periods on feed. Information criterion values indicated that linear, random regression coefficients on Legendre polynomials of days on feed were most appropriate to model additive genetic effects for all 3 traits. Cubic (hip height and BW:hip height ratio) or quartic (BW) polynomials best modeled permanent environmental effects. Estimates of heritability across the 170-d feeding period ranged from 0.31 to 0.53 for BW, from 0.37 to 0.53 for hip height, and from 0.23 to 0.6 for BW:hip height ratio. Estimates of the permanent environmental proportion of phenotypic variance ranged from 0.44 to 0.58 for BW, 0.07 to 0.26 for hip height, and 0.30 to 0.48 for BW:hip height ratio. Within-trait estimates of genetic correlation on pairs of days on feed (at 28-d intervals) indicated lower associations of BW:hip height ratio EBV early and late in the feeding period but large positive associations for BW or hip height EBV throughout. Estimates of genetic correlations among the 3 traits indicated almost no association of BW:hip height ratio and hip height EBV. The ratio of BW to hip height in cattle has previously been used as an objective measure of BCS in cows or calves; it may offer a unique assessment of body dimension. Results indicated that there is substantial additive genetic variation for this trait, and it may be possible to use EBV to increase BW without increasing frame score in Brahman cattle.     

Influence of anaesthesia on canine hip dysplasia score

Hip dysplasia (HD) scores, based on the five grades, as defined by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, were compared between anaesthetized (group 1, n = 3839) and non-sedated non-anaesthetized dogs (group 2, n = 1517). Each dog was radiographed in the standard ventro-dorsal hip joint extended position. Each radiograph was evaluated by the same reader blinded regarding the dog's status of anaesthesia. Results showed that there was a significant difference in hip dysplasia prevalence between group 1 (22%) compared with group 2 (9%) (P < 0.005). This difference was the result of a lower rate of hip-joint laxity assessment and the measurement of Norberg-Olsson angle <105 degrees in group 2 compared with group 1. The acetabular and femoral morphologies were not significantly different between the groups. The data confirm that the scoring of dogs for HD on standard radiographs with the hip joints extended is influenced by anaesthesia.     

犬髋关节发育异常的手术治疗进展

犬髋关节发育异常（Canine hip dysplasia,CHD）是遗传和环境应激因素所致的复合性疾病,也是最常发生的矫形外科疾病,其主要特征是髋臼变浅,股骨头变形,髋关节不同程度的松弛、半脱位或全脱位,最终发展为严重的退行性关节炎。通过触诊、临床症状及骨盆X-线摄片技术可进行诊断。犬髋关节发育异常的治疗包括保守的药物治疗及手术治疗。     

Influence of breed, age and body weight on organ weight in the chicken

Body, liver, heart and spleen weights were measured in 3 different breeds and 2 breed crosses over an age range of 0–8 weeks. Correlation coefficients, linear regression equations, standard deviations of observations around regression lines, and the standard errors of the slopes were calculated to study the effects of age, breed, and body weight on organ weight. The principal findings were:

1. Regardless of breed, organ weight does not change at the same rate as body weight during the first 8 weeks of life.

2. The ratio of liver or heart weight to body weight reaches a peak at about one to two weeks of age and then decreases gradually with age until 8 weeks. Spleen‐body weight ratio, however, increases to about the 3rd week of age after which it remains relatively constant.

3. Significant negative correlations were obtained between body weight and both liver‐ and heart‐body weight ratios; while significant positive correlations were obtained between body weight and spleen‐body weight ratios. The correlation between liver weight and heart weight was found to be higher than that between liver weight and spleen weight or between heart weight and spleen weight.

4. The ratio of organ weight to body weight differed with different breeds. The faster growing breeds had lower ratios of organ weight to body weight and higher correlation coefficients between body weight and organ weight ratios.

5. Regression equations are presented that enable the estimation of organ weights from body weights or from other organ weights in the three different breeds and two breed crosses studied.

     

Comparison of three distraction methods and conventional radiography for early diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia

Two radiographic distraction techniques (one employing a wooden lath and, the other, a PennHip distractor), an ultrasonographic distraction method and conventional radiographic Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip score were evaluated in eight-month-old Labrador retrievers to determine the most reliable method for predicting radiographic FCI hip score at the age of one year. With reference to the FCI hip score, sensitivity and specificity of the PennHip method were 100 per cent and 54 per cent; sensitivity and specificity of the lath technique were 85 per cent and 71 per cent; whereas they were 62 per cent and 67 per cent for the ultrasonographic method. For all distraction methods, the positive predictive value (PPV) was moderate and the negative predictive value (NPV) was high. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 100 per cent for the FCI hip score. It is concluded that, at the age of eight months, FCI hip score is the most reliable method for predicting FCI hip score at the age of one year in the colony of dogs investigated. Both the PennHip and lath method were also clinically reliable techniques in predicting true negatives. The ultrasonographic distraction method was moderately reliable.     

Comparison of conservative management and juvenile pubic symphysiodesis in the early treatment of canine hip dysplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) in a clinical setting for the early treatment of canine hip dysplasia (CHD), and to identify its indications and contraindications. METHODS: The final degree of CHD using the FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) CHD classification in 5 Grades (A, B, C, D, E) was assessed at skeletal maturity in two homogeneous groups of dogs assessed at the age of 14 to 22 weeks and selected according to their susceptibility to CHD; one group was treated with JPS and one group was conservatively managed. Two hundred seventeen puppies completed the study; 81 were treated with JPS (group 1) and 76 were conservatively managed (group 2). A third group of 60 puppies with normal hips was followed as a negative control group. RESULTS: In group 1, 43.2% of the puppies had regression or a lack of progression of the disease in the final evaluation (Grade A & B), 25.9% had mild CHD (Grade C) and 30.9% had moderate and severe CHD (Grade D & E). In group 2, 23.6% of the puppies did not show any development of the disease (Grade A & B), 21.1% had mild CHD (Grade C) and 55.3% developed moderate to severe CHD (Grade D & E). Further investigation was done by comparing the severity of early signs of susceptibility to CHD with the final FCI Grades at adulthood in both groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The JPS procedure increased the odds of arresting or limiting the progression of CHD in mild to moderate grades of CHD, while it was less effective or ineffective in more severe forms.     

Diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia and selection against this trait

N, the Norberg-Olsson value, when regarded as the single predictor of FS in the total research subpopulation, leads to an unacceptably high proportion of misclassifications. These misclassifications are found to be much reduced in number on elimination of all animals suffering from bone deformities (BD) as perceivable on the radiographs. Discriminant analysis, applied to the findings in 915 Rottweilers, yields the combination of a suitable high N with the absence of perceivable bone deformities as a more acceptable predictor for FS, specially applicable in borderline cases.     

Diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia and selection against this trait

Summary

N, the Norberg‐Olsson value, when regarded as the single predictor of FS in the total research subpopulation, leads to an unacceptably high proportion of misclassifications. These misclassifications are found to be much reduced in number on elimination of all animals suffering from bone deformities (BD) as perceivable on the radiographs.

Discriminant analysis, applied to the findings in 915 Rottweilers, yields the combination of a suitable high N with the absence of perceivable bone deformities as a more acceptable predictor for FS, specially applicable in borderline cases.     

Static and dynamic ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia

Objective : To determine the feasibility of sonographical examination of hip joints in non-sedated puppies and to assess the value of static and dynamic ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia (CHD). Methods : Prospective study was carried out. Five hundred and sixty-six puppies between the ages of 16 and 49 days underwent sonographical determination of the α-angle, joint laxity and distraction value (DV). Sonographical parameters were correlated to conventional radiographic CHD classification in the adult dogs. Results : α-Angles between 74° and 89° (X ±sd=82·8°±2·31°) were measured. Despite the feasibility of sonographical hip assessment in puppies, no statistically significant correlation was found between sonographical determinations of the α-angle, joint laxity, DV and conventional radiographic hip joint classification at the age of 12 to 24 months. Clinical Significance : Results of our study suggest that static and dynamic ultrasonography of hip joints in puppies between 16 and 49 days of age is technically feasible but cannot be recommended for detecting puppies that will develop CHD between the ages of 12 and 24 months.     

A radiological study of the incidence of unilateral canine hip dysplasia

The authors reviewed pelvic radiographs of 891 dogs in a retrospective study, to determine the incidence of Unilateral Canine Hip Dysplasia (UCHD). Results show that 149 (16.7%) dogs had UCHD. Comparing dogs affected uni- and bilaterally, results show a maximum of 37.6% with UCHD in dogs less than 12 month old, 22.8% in dogs between 12-24 months of age, 25.5% in dogs between 25-72 months and 14.1% in dogs older than 73 months.     

Comparison of arthroscopic and radiographic abnormalities in the hip joints of juvenile dogs with hip dysplasia

OBJECTIVE: To compare radiographic and arthroscopic abnormalities in juvenile dogs with clinically apparent hip dysplasia. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 52 dogs (70 hip joints) with clinical signs of hip dysplasia scheduled to undergo triple pelvic osteotomy. PROCEDURE: A ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis was evaluated by a radiologist unaware of clinical and arthroscopic findings, and radiographic osteoarthritic abnormalities were judged and scored as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3). Arthroscopy was performed by a surgeon unaware of clinical and radiographic findings, and arthroscopic abnormalities were graded from 0 (normal) to 5 (exposed, eburnated subchondral bone). RESULTS: In 30 of the 70 (43%) hip joints, no radiographic osteoarthritic abnormalities were seen. Severe, full-thickness articular cartilage lesions (grade 4) of the femoral head or acetabulum were seen arthroscopically in 14 (20%) joints. Lesions > or = grade 2 were seen in 60 (86%) joints. Partial tearing of the ligament of the femoral head was present in 57 (81%) joints, and complete rupture was seen in 5 (7%). Radiographic abnormalities were seen in 13 of the 14 (93%; 95% confidence interval, 66% to 99.8%) joints with grade 4 arthroscopic abnormalities but in only 23 of the 46 (50%; 95% confidence interval, 35% to 65%) joints with grade 2 or 3 arthroscopic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that radiography is not a sensitive method for identifying moderate cartilage lesions in juvenile dogs with hip dysplasia. If moderate cartilage lesions are an important prognostic indicator for the success of triple pelvic osteotomy, then methods other than radiography should be used to detect these lesions.     

Pectineus tendon surgery for the management of canine hip dysplasia.

Pectineus tendonectomy is a useful procedure for relieving pain and rehabilitating the dysplastic dog in select cases. Relief of pain is believed to come from a combination of releasing tension on the hip joint capsule and providing a better loading contact surface on the articular cartilage owing to the increased abduction of the hind legs after surgery. Some pain relief also may come from the release of tension on the pectineus muscle. The modified procedure described in this article results in less seroma formation and less reattachment of the severed ends of the pectineus tendon of origin than the procedure originally described by the author.     

10 years experience with denervation of the hip joint capsule for treatment of canine hip joint dysplasia and arthrosis

Denervation of the canine hip joint capsule is described as a surgical therapy method in the treatment of canine hip joint dysplasia and arthrosis. The goal of this operation is a removal of the pain immediately and a reactivation of the dynamic active component of the hip joint in moving the body forward. Simple removal of the periosteum of the craniolateral acetabulum edge destroys the rami articulares of the cranial glutaeal nerve and the rami articulares dorsalis of the sciatic nerve. Within 10 years now we performed the denervation of the canine hip joint capsule. Evaluation of the post operative clinical course in 269 cases revealed an impressive improvement of lameness due to pain relief in almost 92% of the cases.     

Influence of breed,parity, and stage of lactation on lactational performance and relationship between body fatness and live weight

The aim of this study was to characterise the effects of genotype, parity and nutrition on performance and the relationship between body condition and body weight. A total of 657 lactations from 322 cows were used. Three breeds were used, Danish Holstein, Danish Red and Jersey. Each breed was subdivided into two lines selected to differ in milk yield. Within line cows were randomly assigned to either a normal or low energy density total mixed ration. Three 1-week periods representing early lactation, peak milk yield and late lactation were identified for the analyses. For the analysis of the relationship between body weight and condition score, the dry period was also considered. There were significant effects of breed on all performance measures but no effect of line (with the exception of condition score). Cows fed the normal energy density diet had higher milk yield, fat percentage and condition score and weighed more than cows on the low feeding treatment. There was a highly significant relationship between body weight and condition score. In all periods except the dry period, there were significant effects of breed (P<0.001) and parity (P<0.05) on the intercept of the relation between body weight and condition score. However, there was no significant effect of breed or parity on the slope of the relationship between body weight and condition score.     

Repeated-measure animal models to estimate genetic components of mature weight,hip height,and body condition score

Information on mature weight, hip height, and body condition score from Angus cows was analyzed to estimate variance components and compare prediction models. Observations from repeated measures were analyzed with animal models with or without condition score as a covariate and with or without an effect for permanent environment. Heritability (repeatability) estimates for mature weight, hip height, and condition score from Method R procedures were 0.40 (0.77), 0.62 (0.81), and 0.11 (0.38), respectively, from animal models containing a permanent environmental effect but without a covariate for condition score. Heritability estimates from animal models without a permanent environmental effect were similar to repeatability estimates from animal models with it, suggesting inflated estimates of genetic variance from models not containing a permanent environmental effect. Regressing mature weight on condition score reduced both additive genetic variance and permanent environmental variance, increasing the heritability estimate of mature weight to 0.54 and altering the biological interpretation of the trait. The covariate for condition score had little effect on hip height. Regressions of mature weight and hip height on condition score were 25.9 kg/unit of body condition score and 0.4 cm/unit, respectively. Least-squares means for mature weight and hip height tended to increase until 7 and 5 yr of age, respectively. Condition score tended to increase until 6 yr of age and decrease after 8 yr of age. Correlations between breeding value solutions for the same trait were high whether or not prediction models included a permanent environmental effect or a covariate for condition score, and whether or not the variance components used were derived from models containing a covariate for condition score. Results suggest the importance of including a permanent environmental effect in genetic prediction models for these traits. Whether mature weight should be adjusted for body condition is arguable, depending on availability of condition score predictions and tools for analyzing mature weight and condition score predictions in an environment-specific context.     

针灸对脾虚犬体重及部分血清指标的影响

通过注射利血平复制犬脾虚证动物模型,观察犬临床体征、体重及部分血清指标变化情况,并研究针灸对脾虚犬体重及血清指标的影响。结果显示,实验犬出现脾虚证后,其体重显著低于空白对照组（P〈0.05）,血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性与丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著增高（P〈0.05）;血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著降低（P〈0.05）。经针灸治疗后,实验组犬各项指标均得到明显改善,与阳性对照组比较呈显著性差异（P〈0.05）。试验结果表明,皮下注射利血平复制犬脾虚证动物模型后,选用一定穴位进行针灸,对治疗犬脾虚证有明显疗效。