The effect of the temperature of a milk drink on physiological indicators in the blood of calves

In a set of 11 young heifers-crossbreds in the period of milk nutrition the influence of the temperature of milk nutrition the influence of the temperature of milk drink was studied as exerted on haematological data (haemoglobin and haematocrit), on the values of nitrogen metabolism (total protein and urea), on the components of energy (glucose and cholesterol) and on alkaline blood reserve. In these values we did not record any statistically significant differences between the groups. The subnormal values were demonstrated for cholesterol which we regard as a response to the lower content of fat in milk replacers. Furthermore, the activity of ALT and AST enzymes was examined. A significantly lower ALT and AST activity was recorded in calves administered cold Lactosan. It indicates a possibility of feeding milk replacers at the temperature of stable environment. The heifer calves were to get used to cold drinks by means of Rehyvet, the pH-value of the drink being 4.6.     

Metabolic reactions of calves to the feeding with Laktosan or unpasteurized whole milk]

The acid-base and other metabolic reactions to nutrition with Laktosan produced by two feed plants and with unpasteurized whole milk after transport to a dairy plant were studied in calves up to the ninth week of age. Laktosan feeding reduces the metabolic component of the acid-base balance; the use of a lower-quality Laktosan mixture, containing drum-dried milk, gives a picture of metabolic acidosis lasting about 11 days. The changes are cuased by an increased intensity of dissimilation, by the release of metabolic H+, and, in part, by the loss of bases during diarrhoea. With the use of low-quality Laktosan, the utilization of the nutrients of the feed ration is much lower than the utilization of the nutrients of unpasteurized milk or high-quality Laktosan. The use of high-quality Laktosan causes much lower acid-base changes, far from reaching pathological values. At the same time, the utilization of nutrients is higher than with the use of unpasteurized milk. This milk which cannot be considered microbially or chemically undamaged offers no advantages from the health-condition and economic point of view. The facts, revealed by the study, emphasize the high health and economic importance of the production of calf feed mixtures. At the same time the results show that enither milk nor Laktosan feeding provides enough magnesium for the calves to grow. Other metabolic aspects of different calf nutrition are discussed.     

The effect of the use of milk-based feed mixtures and whole milk on the development of selected indicators in the blood plasma in calves

Two milk feeding systems were investigated as influencing the health and development of calves. After the termination of colostrum feeding, the ten animals of the experimental group were given whole milk whereas the control group (also ten calves) was given the Laktosan milk replacer. By the age of three months, blood was collected from the calves for biochemical examination in weekly intervals, later once a month. The content of urea, determined in the blood plasma of the calves of the experimental group was significantly lower in the fourth to seventh week. The plasma levels of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium were about the same in the experimental and control groups, being within the limits of the reference values. At the age of six to nine weeks, the content of inorganic phosphorus in the blood plasma of the tested animals was statistically significantly higher. Vitamin A concentration in the blood plasma was about the same in both groups. The content of vitamin E in the blood plasma of the calves of the experimental group was statistically significantly higher in the fourth to eight week of age. No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the plasmatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GMT). The activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly higher in the third to fifth week of life. From the fifth to eighteenth week of age, the average daily weight gains were significantly higher in the calves given whole milk.     

The effect of biotechnological treatment of milk-replacer feeding mixtures on hematologic and biochemical parameters and its utilization in calves

A trial was performed with cellulase administration (3 cx per g of ingested feed dry matter) to early weaned calves fed minimum amounts of milk replacer (21 kg per milk nutrition period) and sweet (C, D) and sour (A, B) diets. The groups B and D were supplemented with an enzyme till the age of 90 days. The calves were given free choice of COT concentrate mixture, hay and water. Liveweight gains, feed and nutrient intake and health condition of calves were the characteristics investigated in this trial. Hematocrit value, hemoglobin, glucose and urea contents were determined in blood, in blood plasma buffer capacity was investigated. Although the differences in calf performance are not statistically significant, the best growth of calves in the vegetable nutrition period was observed in calves in group D. Nutrient conversion was also higher in calves of group D in the vegetable nutrition period. In conversion of nutrient consumption per 1 kg liveweight gain the difference in the intake of digestible crude protein and starch units between the group of calves fed sweet milk without enzyme addition in the milk nutrient period (A--digestible crude protein 0.40 +/- 0.005; starch units 1.74 +/- 0.008) and group D (sour diet + 3 cx cellulase--digestible crude protein 0.34 +/- 0.007; starch units 1.52 +/- 0.044) was statistically significant (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.05) in favour of group D. An analysis of the results of hematological and biochemical investigations during the trial demonstrates that the sour diet is better in view of changes in glucose concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Body weight and selected hematologic and biochemical parameters in calves fed various diets during milk feeding]

The objective of the present paper was to obtain haematological and biochemical parameters of calves during their milk feeding. Another goal was to compare a current feed ration containing the commercial feed mixture Biosan with two alternative rations comprising skimmed milk and fat supplement. The effect of milk drink acidification and the effect of the physical form of fat added to skimmed milk were investigated. the calves were divided into six groups, by 6 to 8 calves each (P1-Biosan, PP1-acid variant, P2-skimmed milk+fat concentrate powder KMKS, PP2-acid variant, P3-skimmed milk+fat paste, PP3-acid variant). The highest average daily liveweight gains were recorded in calves fed on unacidified skimmed milk with fat paste supplement (1.074 kg)-Tab. I. The highest average daily liveweight gains were observed in calves fed on fat paste enriched milk drink (P3) while the calves administered milk with fat concentrate powder (P2) had only slightly higher average daily weight gains than the calves on Biosan diet (group P1). The growth of daily weight gains as a result of diets containing acidified milk (PP1 and PP2) is also a positive finding; this growth is even statistically significant in the former case (P < 0.05). The calves showed hypohaemoglobinaemia from the beginning of the experiment (51.3-69.0 g/l) and the low haematocrit value (0.29-0.43 l/l), Tab. II, while the plasma iron level was paradoxically high (Tab. V).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

复合酸度调控剂对犊牛生长性能、血气指标的影响

探讨代乳粉中添加复合酸度调控剂对0～3月龄犊牛生长性能、血气指标的影响。试验分为对照组和试验组,分别饲喂乳液pH值为6.2和5.0的代乳粉。每个处理6头犊牛,分别在试验开始后的0、14、28、42、56d测定每头犊牛的体重、体尺,每日记录每头犊牛代乳粉和开食料供料量和剩料量,观察每头犊牛的粪便形态和评分,并分别在0、14、42d采血测定血气指标。试验数据显示:与对照组相比,试验组犊牛各阶段的平均日增重有所提高,其中0～14、14～28、28～42、42～56d分别提高了5.6%、45.9%(P<0.05)、11.9%、5.8%;试验全期两组间平均日采食量、饲料转化率差异皆不显著(P>0.05);全期腹泻率试验组比对照组降低了13.9%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);28d体长指数试验组低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验开始(0d)和饲喂42d时各组间犊牛血气指标皆无差异(P>0.05);饲喂14d时试验组血液的pH值(P<0.05)、氧饱和度(P<0.05)、氧气分压、实际剩余碱储、标准碳酸氢盐浓度皆高于对照组,而二氧化碳分压显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,在代乳粉中添加复合酸度调控剂后28d前对犊牛产生了一定作用,可提高14～28d阶段犊牛日增重,降低28d体长指数,并有降低腹泻率的趋势;犊牛血液的pH值、SO2升高而PCO2降低。     

The effect of clover silage treated with acrylic acid on selected indicators of metabolism in cows around the time of parturition and the status of their calves]

A trial was conducted with 16 cows divided into control and test group (eight cows in either); since day 57.6 +/- 21.1 before parturition, test cows were given feed rations for 107 days which contained 16.0 kg clover-grass silage a day, treated with 3 l acrylic acid per t ensiled matter. Control group of cows was administered feed rations containing silage treated with 4 l formic acid per 1 t ensiled matter from day 55.5 +/- 21.9. In the blood (plasma) of test cows the alkaline phosphatase activity was increasing gradually, in the time after parturition a tendency of lower glucose (P 0.05 to 0.01), thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations was observed, and the phagocytal activity of leucocytes and its index decreased. The levels of ketone bodies and aspartate aminotransferase activity were found to be higher. In this period in urine the pH value and net acid-base output were lower, while the inorganic phosphorus concentration was higher. No difference were observed in colostrum density, liveweight of born calves and in the target metabolic parameters in the blood (plasma) of calves. In the 30-day period of investigation the cows of test group gave an average daily milk yield lower by 1.5 l (in comparison with control cows). The residues of acrylic acid (method sensitivity of 1.0 mg acrylic acid in 1 l sample) were not detected in their colostrum and milk.     

用代乳粉替代全乳饲喂荷斯坦母犊牛的试验

选择出生日期5～8 d,5 d初乳期后的荷斯坦母犊牛20头,按照体重相近的原则随机分为两组,每组10头,记为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂代乳粉,对照组饲喂全乳,其精料、粗料两组均相同,哺乳期45 d,断奶。1月龄和2月龄两组牛平均日增重,第一个月分别为513 g、611 g;第二个月分别为823 g、812 g。试验组生长发育正常,第二个月试验组比对照组饲料转化率稍有提高,表明代乳粉可用来代替全乳饲养犊牛。     

The effect of monensin on performance and selected biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood of calves]

The aim of this study was to find out the influence of monensin, a ionophore antibiotic, on calf performance and selected physiological parameters. Monensin is a product of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It has effects on all Gram-negative microbes, such as Escherichia coli, salmonellas, pseudomonads and vibria. It has a small effect on Gram-positive microbes. At the beginning of the experiment eight young crossbred bulls (C x N) at the age of three weeks were weighted and divided into two groups, experimental and control ones. Calves were kept in individual boxes and fed acidified whole milk (2 ml of 85% formic acid per 1 litre of milk). They had a free access to concentrates (COT), hay and drinking water. The calves received 3 lt. of whole milk twice a day until the age of eight weeks. 0.5 mg of monensin per 1 kg live weight were served orally to calves of the experimental group every day. Monensin was made by the Spofa Corporation, Prague. Daily intake of feed was recorded and the calves were weighted once a week. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before the beginning of the experiment, and in the period from the fifth to the tenth week of age, always before morning feeding. The average daily live weight gain was 0.452 kg and 0.471 kg for the control and experimental group, respectively, during the milk feeding period, the index being 104.2 (Tab. I). Tab. II shows the average feed intake per 1 kg live weight gain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of cellulase on calves fed an acidified milk diet]

The purpose of this research was to establish the influence of 3 j Cx cellulase applied per gram of COT concentrate mixture, fed in combination with a milk diet acidified by formic acid to the value of pH 4.6, on calf growth performance in one metabolism and two field experiments. In the metabolism experiment two groups of calves, with six animals in each, were fed acidified whole milk, which was diluted stage by stage till weaning at 60 days of age. The average live weight gain in the control at the end of the milk feeding period, i.e. from 14 to 60 days of age, was 29.90 kg. This corresponds to a daily live weight gain of 0.650 g. The total live weight gain of male calves in the experimental group was 29.30 kg, corresponding to a daily live weight gain of 0.638 g (Tab. I). Tab. II shows the average feed and nutrient intakes per kg live weight gain. The calves which received the enzyme supplement tend to have the higher feed conversion rate. During the forage feeding period, i.e. from 61 to 90 days of age, the average daily live weight gains were 1.10 kg and 0.980 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively (Tab. III). The average live weight of 90 days old male calves was 107.70 kg and 103.90 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively. The amount of consumed nutrients (digestible protein and starch units); in relation to the total feed intakes, is lower in the experimental groups, which proves the higher feed conversion rate (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

代乳粉对早期断奶犊牛生长的影响

旨在评价饲喂代乳粉对早期断奶犊牛生长及培育成本的影响。选取体重相近的新生犊牛45头,随机分为试验1组、试验2组和对照组;试验1组饲喂A品牌代乳粉,试验2组饲喂B品牌代乳粉,对照组饲喂牛场产鲜牛奶;测定各组实验犊牛的出生体重、1月龄体重和50日龄断奶体重;计算并比较各组犊牛培育成本。结果表明,各组犊牛的出生体重和1日龄体重差异不显著（P〉0.05）;试验1组和试验2组犊牛的50日龄断奶体重分别比对照组增加5.12、2.86 kg,且试验1组与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验1组和试验2组犊牛的平均日增重分别比对照组增加0.14、0.07 kg,且试验1组和对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验1组与试验2组平均每头犊牛分别比对照组节约饲养成本198.8、222.0元。综上提示,使用代乳粉能够促进犊牛生长,降低犊牛的培育成本,提高养殖场的经济效益。     

奶牛抗热应激功能性营养包的研究与开发

为缓解奶牛热应激对其生产性能造成的影响,降低由此带来的经济损失,该试验研究、配制了奶牛抗热应激功能性营养包。按照胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数和体况相近的原则,将120头健康的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛随机分成试验组和对照组。在中度热应激条件下,对照组奶牛饲喂牧场基础日粮,试验组奶牛在基础日粮中添加300 g/(d·头)复合型功能性营养包,观察复合型功能性营养包的抗热应激效果。试验结果表明,在正试结束时,试验组奶牛的单产显著高于对照组(P0.05);与预试期相比,对照组奶牛的平均单产降低2.96 kg/(d·头),而试验组平均单产降低1.16 kg/(d·头),比对照组缓降了1.80 kg/(d·头);试验组奶牛的乳蛋白涨幅比对照组高0.13个百分点;正试结束时和停试第10天试验组奶牛的乳脂率和乳中干物质均显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组奶牛的饲料转化率比对照组缓降0.02。结果提示,抗热应激功能性营养包不仅能够有效地缓减牛奶由于热应激导致的单产下降,还可以提高乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳中干物质和饲料转化率。     

酿酒酵母培养物奶酵益-X6对犊牛生长发育和健康状况的影响

[目的]为验证酿酒酵母培养物奶酵益-X6对断奶犊牛的使用效果。[方法]分析断奶犊牛试验组、对照组的采食量、粪便评分、体重数据;[结果]试验组、对照组犊牛试验前后粪便评分差异极显著。日增重分别为1.186 kg和1.006 kg,试验组比对照组犊牛平均日增重提高17.9%,差异极显著。试验组断奶犊牛明显健康,无发病情况,对照组发病2头。[结论]表明酿酒酵母培养物奶酵益-X6对断奶犊牛胃肠道功能正常、改善健康状况和有效促进犊牛生长具有独特效果和优势。     

代乳粉对早期断奶犊牛体重和体尺的影响

试验选取体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛犊牛24头,分为试验组和对照组2组,每组12头。试验组犊牛出生5 d内饲喂初乳,之后饲喂代乳粉至42日龄断奶;对照组一直饲喂牛奶至42日龄。结果表明,试验组平均日增重836 g,对照组平均日增重679 g,试验组比对照组日增重提高23.12%;试验期间,试验组胸围、体高、体长分别比对照组提高2.90、1.01、1.56 cm,差异不显著;试验组与对照组的管围无明显差异。说明代乳粉代替牛乳可以达到良好的生产效果。     

Modification of the concentration of creatinine and sodium in blood serum and urine and the fractional elimination of sodium by electrolyte therapy in calves]

In 32 calves, creatinine and sodium concentrations were determined in blood and urine samples taken simultaneously four times during two periods of two days each (control period: milk or milk replacer; trial period: oral electrolyte solution). Creatinine urine/serum ratios and fractional elimination of sodium (FENa) were calculated. The influence of the type of liquid feed on these parameters was evaluated statistically. Calves fed milk replacer had higher urine sodium concentrations and FENa than calves fed whole milk. All parameters determined were influenced by intake of oral electrolyte solution: creatinine concentrations in serum and urine decreased, whereas sodium concentrations in serum and urine, as well as FENa, increased. It is concluded that sodium content of liquid feed significantly influences FENa.     

含β-内酰胺类药物有抗奶对犊牛生长发育和血液免疫指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲喂含β-内酰胺类药物有抗奶对荷斯坦公犊牛生长发育和血液免疫指标的影响。选用3日龄、体重（42.64 kg±1.16 kg）相近的公犊牛18头,随机分为2组。对照组饲喂正常牛奶,试验组饲喂有抗奶,犊牛60日龄断奶,试验期为180 d。试验第10、20、30、40和50天分别采集正常牛奶和有抗奶,测定乳成分、大肠杆菌数和乳中抗生素含量。试验第30、60、90和180天逐头空腹称重,测量体尺,并计算平均日增重（ADG）。试验第7、15、30、60、90和180天于晨饲前对公犊牛空腹静脉采血,制备血清,测定血清免疫指标。结果显示：①试验牛场有抗奶中β-内酰胺类抗生素含量为268.65 μg/L,且有抗奶的乳蛋白含量、体细胞数（SCC）和大肠杆菌数显著高于正常牛奶（P<0.05）;②饲喂有抗奶显著降低公犊牛第30天时的体重和试验60 d内的ADG（P<0.05）,显著降低公犊牛第90天时的体长及第60和90天时的胸围（P<0.05）;③与对照组相比,试验组公犊牛IgA在第30、60和90天时显著升高（P<0.05）,IgM在第7天时显著升高（P<0.05）,IgG在第30和60天时显著升高（P<0.05）;IL-2和TNF-α在第15和30天时均显著升高（P<0.05）。结果提示,饲喂有抗奶明显降低犊牛哺乳前期日增重,且在一定程度上提高犊牛断奶前后的血清免疫指标水平。     

Cryptosporidiosis in calves during the period of milk nutrition

It has been found out by examining faeces of 83 calves from calf house in Uhercice (Breclav district) that 52 calves excreted coccidium oocysts, genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, during the period of milk nutrition. The calves excreted oocysts from the eighth day of age, and at the end of the milk nutrition period (43rd-47th ridium Tyzzer, 1907, during the period of milk nutrition. The calves excreted oocysts of cryptosporidia were found in two thirds of calves suffering from diarrheas. By histological examination of a 27-day-old calf, developmental stages of this coccidium were found on the surface of villus epithelium in the distal part of ileum. Villi were shortened and expanded, submucous connective tissue was penetrated by inflammatory infiltrate with large quantity of eosinophil granulocytes. For demonstration of oocysts in faeces, Breza flotation method combined with sedimentation and staining by modified Giemsa panoptic method were used.     

犊牛代乳粉对早期断奶犊牛生长发育的影响

选用出生后吃完初乳的荷斯坦母犊24头分为试验组和对照组,对照组饲喂鲜牛奶6kg/d/头,试验组饲喂代乳粉800g/d/头。结果表明:经过60d的饲喂试验,试验组比对照组多增重5.31kg(P<0.01),试验组犊牛日增重比对照组提高了88.5g(P<0.01),试验组犊牛的体高和胸围的增长速度均高于对照组。从经济效益来看,进食代乳粉组犊牛比对照组节省成本263.42元/头(鲜奶价格按2元/kg计算)。     

The health status and metabolic indicators in calves fed colostrum and first milk preserved with potassium sorbate and milk replacements

The aim of the experiments was to investigate the effects of the preservation of colostrum and unripe milk with potassium sorbate at a concentration of 0.5% and of its storage for three to five days at normal environmental temperatures on the calf health condition. A set of 30 calves divided into two groups was included in the trial. Calves belonging to the experimental group were fed preserved colostrum and unripe milk from day 9 to day 30 of their life (the first experimental period), and from day 31 to day 50 (the second experimental period) milk replacer. Calves belonging to the control group were fed milk replacer from day 9 to day 50 of their life. One calf from the experimental group died from a respiratory disease. In the control group, one calf died and another had to be slaughtered; in both cases digestive tract diseases were diagnosed. The number of calves which had to be treated medically was also lower in the experimental group--in the calves fed preserved colostrum--one case of periodic tympany was recorded in comparison with four cases in the control group. When haematological and biochemical characteristics were examined, significantly lower haemoglobin levels were found in experimental calves at the end of the first experimental period (105.4 g.l-1 when compared with 112 g.l-1 in the control group) and significantly higher values of proteinaemia were found in the blood plasma of these calves at the same period (59.6 g.l-1 and 53.8 g.l-1, respectively). Similar differences were also found during a single haematological and biochemical examination.     

代乳粉在犊牛早期断奶技术中应用的试验研究

22头体重相近的荷斯坦犊牛随机分为2组,试验组饲喂代乳料,对照组饲喂新鲜牛奶。经60d的饲喂试验发现,试验组增重比对照组多5.3kg/头,且差异极显著(P<0.01),日增重比对照组提高了88.3g/d,差异极显著(P<0.01)。