根系切割对菊芋块茎产量及物质分配的影响

以红皮菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)为研究对象,通过对营养生长期和现蕾期菊芋根系进行垂直切割处理,探讨根系切割对菊芋块茎生物产量和物质分配的影响.结果表明:根系切割显著提高了块茎产量(P <0.05),且2个处理时间在20 cm条件下均使块茎产量最高;根系切割提高了菊芋块茎比重和根冠比,降低了茎比重、花比重、叶比重和根比重,有利于增加光合产物在块茎中的分配.     

断根对菊芋数量性状和质量性状的影响

菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus L.）块茎作为生物乙醇和菊粉产业的主要原材料,如何提高菊芋块茎生物产量和品质则成为学者们关注的热点问题。本试验以红皮菊芋为研究对象,在大田环境下,通过对营养期和现蕾期菊芋根系进行垂直切割（切割半径：0,20,40,60,80 cm）处理,对不同处理条件下菊芋农艺性状进行观测和记录,探讨根系切割对菊芋数量性状和质量性状的影响。结果表明：根系切割显著（P<0.05）降低了块茎数量,切割半径越小块茎数量越少,现蕾期20 cm处理条件下块茎数量最低,为81.67;叶片数和小花数在20 cm和40 cm条件下低于对照,而在60 cm和80 cm条件下高于对照;现蕾期20 cm根系切割条件下块茎生物产量最高,达到447.48 g·株^-1。     

断根对菊芋热值和灰分含量动态变化及其相关性的影响

通过对断根后菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)各器官热值和灰分含量进行测定,探讨热值和灰分含量对断根的响应情况和动态变化规律。结果表明:断根对根系、茎秆、叶片和侧枝热值的影响规律相似,均在40 cm断根条件下达到最大值,且均显著高于对照(P < 0.05),而40 cm断根条件下块茎热值最低,显著低于其他处理(P < 0.05),灰分含量变化情况与热值呈相反的变化趋势;菊芋茎秆热值最高,叶片最低,叶片灰分含量最高,茎秆最低;叶片热值随时间推迟逐渐降低,而根系和侧枝热值呈现先升高后降低变化趋势;叶片、根系和侧枝灰分含量变化趋势与热值相反;茎秆热值和灰分含量随时间变化曲线比较平缓,热值和灰分含量均呈负相关。     

去叶对菊芋块茎产量及物质分配规律的相关性研究

通过对菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus）进行不同的去叶处理,探讨营养生长期去叶对菊芋块茎生物产量及物质分配规律的影响,为菊芋的高产栽培提供理论参考。结果表明：营养生长期去下1/3叶和去下1/2叶处理条件下块茎生物量均得到提高,剪去倒数1/3叶处理块茎产量达到最高值;营养生长期去叶提高了块茎生物量,降低了分枝数、花数和叶数;去叶提高了菊芋根比重、茎比重、块茎比重和根冠比,降低了叶比重和花比重;块茎干重与块茎数成极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与二级分枝的数量表现为显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;块茎干重与根干重、叶干重和一级分枝干重之间均呈正相关关系,与茎干重、花干重和二级分枝干重呈负相关。     

断根时间和断根半径对菊芋根系生物量及其水平分布的影响

通过对不同断根时间和断根半径条件下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)的主根、一级侧根、须根、根茎生物量及水平分布情况进行观测和分析,探讨断根对菊芋根系生物量及水平分布的影响,阐明断根对菊芋块茎生物产量的影响机制。结果表明,断根处理显著提高菊芋根系、主根、一级侧根、须根、根茎生物量(P0.05),且随着断根半径的增加均呈逐渐降低趋势;随断根时间延迟,根系、主根、一级侧根、须根、根茎生物量均呈先增加后降低趋势;根系、一级侧根、须根、根茎生物量均随距离主根中心距离的增加呈逐渐减少趋势;断根时间和半径对根系、一级侧根、须根、根茎生物量的影响随着距离主根中心距离的增加逐渐减弱。     

断根时间与半径对菊芋块茎生产性能及其水平分布规律的影响

通过测定不同断根时间（50、65、80、95和115日龄）和半径（切除1/5、1/4、1/3、1/2根系长度和不切割）条件下菊芋块茎生物量、数量、体积以及水平分布规律,探讨断根对菊芋块茎生产性能及其水平分布规律的影响,阐明断根提高菊芋块茎生物产量的机制。结果表明：65日龄断根条件下块茎生物量最高（980.07 g·株^-1）,1/2断根半径条件下块茎生物量最高（1 115.28 g·株^-1）;115日龄断根条件下块茎平均体积最大（5.79 cm³）,1/5断根半径条件下块茎体积最大（5.81 cm³）;65日龄断根条件下块茎数量最多（616.72个·株^-1）,1/2断根半径条件下块茎数量最多（654.93个·株^-1）;断根时间和半径对块茎生物产量均具有极显著影响（P<0.01）;断根处理条件下单位面积内菊芋块茎生物量和数量随距离主根中心距离的增加呈现逐渐减少的变化趋势;断根时间和半径对块茎数量、生物量和体积的影响随着距离主根中心距离的增加逐渐减弱。     

施磷水平对菊芋块茎产量、品质、植株生理特性与磷利用率的影响

探究不同磷肥施用量对菊芋块茎产量、品质、植株理化特性及磷肥利用率的影响,为实现菊芋高产优质栽培和农田磷素高效利用与科学施磷提供参考依据。于2019-2020连续两年分别于河南省原阳县和方城县布置磷肥用量田间试验,2019年设0、60、120、180和240 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 5个磷肥用量水平,2020年则分别设0、45、90、135、180和225 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 6个施磷水平。研究磷肥施用对成熟期菊芋块茎产量、品质（菊糖、还原糖含量）以及营养生长和生殖生长期地上部植株磷素积累量、叶片绿原酸、SPAD值、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量等理化指标的影响,计算分析菊芋收获指数、磷肥利用率和农学效率等肥料吸收利用状况。结果表明：磷肥供应均显著提高2019和2020年菊芋块茎产量,肥料效应呈“线性+平台”趋势变化,适宜施磷量分别为155和107 kg·hm^-2。此外,磷肥供应显著提高菊芋块茎菊糖和还原糖含量。与不施磷相比,2019-2020年度块茎总糖含量增幅分别平均为11.6%和18.3%。各生育期菊芋地上部植株磷素积累量、叶片绿原酸含量、SPAD值、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均随施磷量增加而明显提高。菊芋磷素收获指数（PHI）、磷肥利用率（AUP）和农学效率（AEP）均随着磷肥用量增加而明显下降,施磷处理两年平均PHI、AUP和AEP分别为0.813、15.1%和23.9 kg·kg^-1。因此,合理施磷可显著提高菊芋成熟期块茎产量、改善品质,增强各生育期生理活性。在本试验条件下菊芋适宜施磷量为105~150 kg·hm^-2。     

断根对4年生紫花苜蓿第1茬叶片保护酶的影响

发达的根系可以使紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L.)充分利用土壤水分,这是其适应性强和分布广的重要原因,但由于根系入土深而取样和观察困难,所以研究起来具有一定的难度。在不同深度断根后形成吸水胁迫,可为研究不同深度的根系对土壤水分的吸收利用提供一定的理论依据。为此,于紫花苜蓿返青期,分别在距地面40 cm、80 cm、120 cm、160 cm、200 cm、240 cm、280 cm、320 cm、360 cm、400 cm、450 cm和500 cm土层处水平切断其根系,研究断根对第1茬紫花苜蓿分枝期、现蕾期和初花期叶片中叶片相对含水量(RWC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:不同深度断根均可使紫花苜蓿叶片中RWC降低,且240 cm以内的断根处理RWC显著(P<0.05)降低;断根对叶片中保护酶活性的影响因生育期和断根深度而异,断根后,分枝期叶片中SOD、CAT活性绝大多数处理升高,其中,CAT活性差异达显著水平(P<0.05),而POD活性绝大多数处理降低,且200 cm以内断根的处理差异达显著水平(P<0.05);现蕾期和初花期叶片中各保护酶活性均降低,SOD、POD活性绝大多数差异达显著水平(P<0.05),且在≤160 cm的浅层断根和≥400 cm的深层断根叶片中各保护酶活性显著(P<0.05)较中间深度断根的高;断根形成水分胁迫后,保护酶活性呈降低趋势。     

不同乳酸菌添加剂和切割长度对牧草青贮品质的影响

本文旨在研究不同乳酸菌添加剂和不同切割长度对羊草青贮品质的影响。试验采用2×2两因子试验设计,乳酸菌添加剂分别为植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌两个类型,切割长度分别为1.5 cm和3.0 cm两个长度,分为4个试验处理组,每组3个重复。自然发酵60 d后采集样品,比较各处理组青贮羊草的发酵品质和营养价值。试验结果表明,羊草青贮过程中,添加植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌均显著改善了羊草的青贮质量,使其达到优良青贮的标准。其中,植物乳杆菌添加组青贮羊草的乳酸含量显著高于鼠李糖乳杆菌添加组(P0.05),pH和氨态氮含量均低于鼠李糖乳杆菌添加组(P0.05)。植物乳杆菌添加组青贮羊草的干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与鼠李糖乳杆菌添加组差异不显著(P0.05),而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于鼠李糖乳杆菌添加组(P0.05)。1.5 cm切割长度组青贮羊草的乳酸含量显著高于3.0 cm长度组(P0.05),pH和氨态氮含量均显著低于3.0 cm长度组(P0.05)。1.5 cm切割长度组青贮羊草的干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与3.0 cm长度组无显著差异(P0.05),而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著降低(P0.05)。因此,在羊草的青贮过程中,以添加植物乳杆菌,切割长度为1.5 cm时的青贮效果最好。     

乳酸菌添加剂对不同生育期菊芋茎叶青贮发酵品质的影响

为了研究乳酸菌添加剂对不同生育期菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)茎叶青贮发酵品质的影响,本研究分别在孕蕾前期和开花期采集整株菊芋地上茎秆,带回实验室待水分降至65%左右时,切碎装袋青贮。试验设两个处理组,即对照组(不添加乳酸菌组,CK,0 cfu·g–1)和乳酸菌添加组(LAB,5×106 cfu·g–1),青贮60 d后开封,对青贮饲料进行感官评定和实验室营养成分分析评定。结果表明,1)在菊芋开花期,添加乳酸菌组青贮饲料的pH、氨态氮/总氮比值显著降低,乳酸、乙酸含量显著升高(P 0.05);但在孕蕾前期添加乳酸菌其乳酸含量显著降低(P 0.05),乙酸含量、氨态氮/总氮比值显著升高(P 0.05)。2)菊芋开花期较孕蕾前期茎叶青贮后pH、乙酸、粗灰分含量、体外干物质消化率显著降低(P 0.05),而乳酸、可溶性糖含量显著升高(P 0.05)。以上结果说明,菊芋开花期刈割添加乳酸菌做青贮能够获得较高的发酵品质。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -