北京鸭蛋重与受精率、孵化率、蛋形指数及出雏重的关系

本研究将北京鸭Z1系种蛋分为小蛋组(82～92g)、中蛋组(92～105g)和大蛋组(106～124g),分别研究蛋重与受精率、孵化率、蛋形指数及初出重等性状的关系.结果表明蛋重对受精率的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着蛋重增大,受精率有增大的趋势;孵化率随蛋重的增加而显著减小(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);蛋重对蛋形指数的影响不显著(P＞0.05);雏鸭出生重受蛋重的正向影响差异极显著(P＜0.01).综合以上结果,本文得出北京鸭Z1系适宜孵化的蛋重范围是82～105g.     

浅谈高寒地区蜂群管理如何应对“厄尔尼诺”气候现象

<正>在我国"厄尔尼诺"气候基本特点是南方地区出现春季低温、冻害、暴雨洪涝,北方地区出现连续高温干旱。东北地区易出现春季连续低温、多雨,夏秋季连续高温少雨,冬季出现暖冬和暴雪。一、"厄尔尼诺"气候对蜜源植物的影响养蜂基础条件是蜜源。流蜜期间气候好坏直接影响蜂群的产蜜量,气候反常影响蜂群的繁殖速度、群势和病虫害的多少,也就影响越冬安全。以牡丹江地区为例,近3年来,受"厄尔尼诺"气候     

施肥对玛曲县高寒草甸植物多样性及生产力的影响

摘要：为了解施用畜肥对于退化高寒草甸草地群落结构与生产力的影响,本研究比较了4个不同施肥处理(S0不施肥,S1施肥11.25 t/hm2,S2施肥22.50 t/hm2,S3施肥33.75 t/hm2 )下玛曲高寒草甸植物群落的响应特征。结果表明,(1) S1和S3处理的植物群落盖度显著高于S0（P＜0.05）,S1和S2植物群落高度低于S0;(2)施肥后植物群落的总生物量出现增加趋势,但无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,各功能类群产生不同响应,S1、S2和S3的莎草科植物的生物量及其所占总生物量的比例都同S0有显著差异（P＜0.05）,禾草类与杂草类生物量呈现出了下降的趋势;(3) S1、S2和S3的Pielou均匀度指数与S0相比逐渐下降, S1与S3的Simpson多样性指数同S0相比显著下降（P＜0.05）。     

谷氨酸对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇刺激下的断奶仔猪生长性能、血常规及血清生化指标变化的干预作用

本文旨在探讨谷氨酸对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)刺激下的断奶仔猪生长性能、血常规及血清生化指标变化的干预作用.选用28日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂交断奶仔猪28头,随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础饲粮(NC组)、基础饲粮+4 mg/kg DON(DON组)、基础饲粮+4 mg/kg DON+2％谷氨酸(DG组)和基础饲粮+2％谷氨酸(Glu组),每组7个重复,每个重复1头猪.试验期为37 d,试验结束时测定仔猪的生长性能、脏器指数、血常规和血清生化指标.结果表明:与DON组相比较,DG组仔猪料重比显著下降了8.93％ (P ＜0.05),平均日增重有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝脏指数、肾脏指数和胰腺指数分别显著降低了10.66％、12.68％和11.71％ (P ＜0.05),脾脏指数显著升高了28.03％ (P ＜0.05);红细胞和血小板数量显著升高(P＜0.05),白细胞数量、中性粒细胞百分比、中性粒细胞绝对值、红细胞比积和平均血小板体积有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);血清葡萄糖含量、肌酸激酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白含量显著升高(P＜0.05),谷丙转氨酶活性有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).因此,谷氨酸具有提高DON刺激下的断奶仔猪生长性能并在一定程度上缓解DON应激损伤的效果.     

尼西鸡器官指数对比分析

内脏器官是各种营养物质消化和吸收的主要场所,属机体功能性器官,对家禽的生长发育起至关重要的作用。本试验对60(公母各半)只16周龄尼西鸡器官指数进行比较分析得出:尼西鸡公母鸡体重存在极显著差异(P0.01);尼西鸡公鸡心脏、脾脏重量和母鸡心脏、脾脏重量存在显著差异(P0.05);公鸡肺、肠、法氏囊、性腺重量与母鸡肺、肠、法氏囊、性腺重量差异极显著(P0.01)。器官指数方面,公母鸡肺、肾、腺胃、肌胃、肠、法氏囊、性腺存在极显著差异(P0.01);尼西鸡公鸡,体重与心脏指数、肝脏指数、肺指数、肾指数、嗉囊指数、腺胃指数、肌胃指数、肠指数、法师囊指数呈负相关,且与肝脏指数、肺指数、肾指数、嗉囊指数、肌胃指数呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与嗉囊指数呈显著负相关(P0.05);母尼西鸡中,体重与心脏指数、头重指数与肌胃指数、脾脏指数与肝脏(胸腺)指数、腺胃指数与嗉囊指数呈显著正相关(P0.05),体重与肺(肌胃)指数、肌胃指数与胸腺指数、性腺指数与腺胃指数呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

伊氏锥虫动基体株与无动基体株致病力比较研究

以大家畜和小鼠感染试验比较了我国南、北两大疫区伊氏锥虫株及南方疫区动基体株和无动基体株的致病力。结果显示，感染南方疫区动基体株和无动基体株的马属动物和牛的临床及血检变化极为相似，感染后者的小鼠平均存活时间比感染前者的长１６ｈ，但两虫株致病力无明显统计学差异。感染北方疫区动基体株小鼠的平均存活时间比感染南方株的长，与感染南方疫区动基体株组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），与无动基体株组间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示北方疫区虫株致病力弱于南方疫区虫株。     

近53年青海省气候变化与粮食产量及气候生产潜力特征

利用青海省1961-2013年年平均气温、年降水量等资料,分析了青海省气候变化的特征,应用Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算了青海省气候生产潜力,探讨了气候生产潜力与粮食产量的关系。分析结果表明,1961-2013年青海省年平均气温显著升高,年平均气温升温率达0.40℃·10a-1;降水量也呈现增加趋势,增幅为6.0mm·10a-1;日照时数和相对湿度呈现减少趋势。自2002年以来的近10年期间,粮食总产量和气候生产潜力变化趋势有一定相关性且气候生产潜力从2002年开始有突变(r=0.29,P0.05)。近53年青海省气候生产潜力在323.39~478.48g·m-2·a-1之间,年际间变化波动较大,呈现较弱的增加趋势,增加率为0.914g·m-2·a-1。     

巴彦淖尔市干旱指数变化规律和草原退化原因

采用巴彦淖尔市4个牧业旗县气象站40a（30a）的关键时段平均气温和降水量资料，计算逐年干旱指数，由各站干旱指数来评定草原旱涝程度，并依此评判逐年牧草长势，分析其变化规律.结果表明，随着气候逐渐变暖，干旱指数呈增大趋势，即草原干旱呈加重趋势。气候干旱是引起草原沙化的主要因素之一，据此提出了防止草原退化的建议。     

复方阿胶浆药渣替代粗饲料对驴血液参数、脏器指数及肉抗氧化能力的影响

试验旨在研究复方阿胶浆药渣替代10%粗饲料对育肥驴血液生化参数、脏器指数及抗氧化指标的影响,为其在驴饲料中的开发应用提供依据。试验选取1.5岁左右疆岳驴300头,随机分为2组(试验组和对照组),每组2个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲草,试验组饲喂基础饲草+复方阿胶浆药渣,精料补充料保持一致。试验期90 d。试验结束后各组随机抽取体重相近2公3母屠宰,称取宰前空腹重;静脉采血取全血及血清测定血液指标;屠宰过程中摘取脏器称重,计算脏器指数;取背最长肌置冻存管液氮保存测定抗氧化指标。结果表明:(1)试验组血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清钙(Ca)、血细胞均无显著影响(P0.05);总胆固醇、总蛋白有升高趋势(0.05P0.1);白蛋白(ALB)含量显著升高(P0.05);总磷(TP)含量极显著下降(P0.01)。(2)试验组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)均没有显著影响(P0.05);谷草转氨酶具有明显的升高趋势(0.05P0.1);碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量显著升高(P0.05)。(3)试验组对驴心脏指数、肺脏指数、肾脏指数、胰脏指数及肠指数均没有显著影响(P0.05);脾脏指数和肝脏指数均有增加趋势明显(0.05P0.1);胃指数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(4)肌肉及血液中抗氧化指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,复方阿胶浆药渣可以替代粗饲料饲喂驴;药渣可以通过提高代谢酶、脏器指数等改善机体代谢机能。     

日粮中添加燕麦青干草对互助八眉二元母猪初生仔猪器官发育的研究

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加燕麦青干草粉对互助八眉二元母猪初生仔猪器官发育的影响.选取40头体况和胎次相近的互助八眉二元母猪作为试验动物,随机分为高纤维组、中纤维组、低纤维组和对照组(妊娠前期饲粮粗纤维水平分别为13.96％、11.02％、7.83％和4.33％,妊娠中期饲粮粗纤维水平分别为11.93％、9.26％、6.38％和4.33％).结果表明:1)肝脏指数高纤维组和中纤维组分别显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),脾脏指数处理组极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);2)消化器官指数:胰脏指数高纤维组极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),中纤维组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);小肠指数高纤维组极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),中纤维组、低纤维组和对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);3)其他器官指数:心脏指数处理组极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),肾脏指数高纤维组和中纤维组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);4)初生仔猪生产性能:对照组初生仔猪个体重最大,与中纤维组无显著差异(P＞0.05);初生产仔数、初生产活仔数高纤维组和中纤维组极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);初生窝重中纤维组表现最好,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).综合分析认为,中纤维组母猪日粮(妊娠前期11.02％、妊娠中期9.26％)可显著促进初生仔猪器官的发育,并改善初生仔猪的生产性能.     

水貂绿脓杆菌（PASD03株）鞭毛蛋白的提取与分析

本试验以水貂绿脓杆菌PASD03株为研究对象,对其鞭毛蛋白的提取方法进行研究,分别通过酸裂解、差速离心以及酸裂解结合机械振荡三种方法,用（NH4）2SO4盐析来获得鞭毛蛋白,采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对提取的绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白进行分离纯化,并进行电镜鉴定。结果显示：成功分离出水貂绿脓杆菌的鞭毛蛋白,获得了绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白的初提液.绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白经SDS-PAGE提示纯化的鞭毛蛋白为一条相对分子质量（Mr）为53×103蛋白带,透射电镜（SEM）观察发现该鞭毛蛋白呈丝状。结论：经酸裂解法并结合机械振荡和硫酸铵沉淀法简便、耗时短、纯度高、产量高,适用于绿脓杆菌鞭毛蛋白的提取。     

Influence of Equine Conformation on Rider Oscillation and Evaluation of Horses for Therapeutic Riding

To obtain basic knowledge about selecting horses for therapeutic riding, the influence of equine conformation on rider oscillation and relationships between these factors and the evaluation on horses as the therapeutic riding were studied. Thirty-five riding horses were used. Equine conformation was estimated by 24 indices. Rider oscillation was measured by an accelerometer fixed at the rider’s waist. The spatial position of the oscillation was estimated by a double integration of the acceleration. Horses were evaluated for therapeutic riding by a Riding for the Disabled Association instructor as a rider. Evaluations were on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score for 27 items. Horses were classified into 4 groups: the short and narrow (SN), short and wide (SW), tall and narrow (TN), and tall and wide (TW). The frequencies of rider oscillation both at walk and trot were higher (P<0.01), and the vertical (P<0.01) and longitudinal (P<0.05) amplitudes at trot were smaller, on short horses than on tall horses. The vertical amplitude at walk was smaller (P<0.05) and the lateral amplitude at trot was larger (P<0.01) on wide horses than on narrow horses. Short horses could be used for the rider who requires side walkers. Wide horses could be used for relieving muscular tension and for the rider who could not maintain good balance on the horse. Short and wide horses should be suitable for therapeutic riding.     

Measurement of total respiratory impedance in dogs by the forced oscillation technique

The resistance (R _rs) and reactance (X _rs) of the total respiratory system were determined at various frequencies in 14 healthy conscious beagle dogs. A pseudorandom noise pressure wave was produced at the nostrils of the animals by means of a loudspeaker adapted to the nose by a tightly fitting mask. A Fourier analysis of the pressure and flow signals yielded meanR _rs andX _rs, over 16 s, at frequencies from 2 to 26 Hz. The influence of the posture of the dog, the position of its head, the linearity of the respiratory system, the reproducibility of the method and the effects of upper and lower airway obstructions were studied. In sitting and standing healthy dogs with the head in the extended position,R _rs values increased progressively with frequency from 5.4±0.4 (SEM) cmH₂O L^–1 s at 6 Hz up to 8.8±0.7 cmH₂O L^–1 s at 26 Hz, the mean resonant frequency being 6.1±0.5 Hz. No significant differences were observed between measurements performed with the head in the normal or the extended position. In a recumbent posture, allR _rs values were increased butR _rs was still dependent on the frequency in the same way (7.1±0.7 cmH₂O L^–1 s at 6Hz up to 10.0±0.5 cmH₂O L^–1 s at 26 Hz). Tracheal compression also induced higherR _rs values without changes in the frequency dependence or in the resonant frequency.In anaesthetized dogs, airway obstruction was induced by inhalation of histamine (4 mg/ml for 5 min; theR _rs values tended to decrease with increasing frequency, and the resonant frequency was markedly increased.Abbreviations FOT forced oscillation technique - IV intravenous(ly)     

玻璃化冷冻对哺乳动物卵母细胞Ca2+的影响机制

卵母细胞冷冻保存是胚胎生物技术(如体外受精、胞浆内单精子注射、体细胞克隆)的重要组成部分,对优良种畜和濒危动物种质资源保存,加速家畜品种改良进程都具有重要意义。与常规冷冻法相比,玻璃化冷冻具有操作简单、降温速率快、耗时短、冷冻效率高等优点,被越来越广泛地应用于家畜卵母细胞的冷冻保存。然而,与新鲜卵母细胞相比,玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的受精率及发育能力仍不理想,这严重影响了玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的应用潜力。玻璃化冷冻会引起卵母细胞Ca²⁺浓度升高及钙振荡模式异常,导致其透明带硬化、受精信号紊乱等问题。综合前人研究进展,作者分析了玻璃化冷冻对胞内Ca²⁺浓度、钙振荡模式的影响和作用机制,并指出胞外Ca²⁺内流和胞内钙库Ca²⁺释放是导致冷冻卵母细胞胞内Ca²⁺浓度升高的主要原因,1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)Ⅰ型受体分布异常和线粒体损伤可能是导致冷冻卵母细胞钙振荡模式异常的重要原因,以期为正向调控冷冻卵母细胞Ca²⁺浓度及钙振荡模式提供技术参考,从而进一步提高玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的受精和后续的发育能力。     

滴鼻免疫疫苗对SPF鸡气管功能影响的研究

为研究疫苗滴鼻免疫对鸡气管功能的影响，本研究对SPF鸡滴鼻免疫新城疫疫苗后气管纤毛摆动速率、气管形态结构和黏液分泌进行了研究。80只7日龄SPF鸡随机分为对照组和试验组，每组40只，试验组SPF鸡滴鼻免疫新城疫弱毒疫苗，对照组滴鼻生理盐水；于免疫后的第0、2、4和6天，每组每次随机剖杀10只鸡，应用红细胞示踪法测定气管纤毛摆动速率，采集气管制备石蜡组织切片进行HE和奥新蓝pH 2.5和pH 1.0染色。结果发现，疫苗免疫后的第0和2天试验组SPF鸡纤毛摆动速率较对照组升高，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；滴鼻免疫后SPF鸡气管结构完整，无明显损伤；滴鼻免疫后试验组SPF鸡气管酸性黏液分布容积在免疫后的第0和2天显著高于对照组（P<0.05），而后明显降低，于免疫后的第6天又有所升高，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；硫酸化黏液分布容积在免疫后的第0和2天显著升高（P<0.05），而后降低并与对照组相一致。结果表明，新城疫疫苗滴鼻免疫后前两天SPF鸡气管黏液分泌增多，而后恢复到正常水平，疫苗的免疫对气管形态结构和纤毛的摆动速率无明显影响。     

Respiratory mechanics in conscious swine: effects of face mask,head position and bronchoconstriction evaluated by impulse oscillometry

Airway obstruction in pigs (sedated or non-sedated) fixed in a sling was studied using impulse oscillometry (IOS). (i) Vertical flexion of the pig's head was used to simulate an artificial obstruction of the upper airways. (ii) Bronchial obstruction was induced by inhaling differing quantities of an aerosol produced from 0.33% carbachol solution. The ventilatory pattern was examined by measuring respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (V(t)). To evaluate respiratory mechanics, impedance parameters resistance (R) and reactance (X) as well as coherence (Co) were examined, each at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 Hz. Using a simple 7-element-model introduced by J. Mead [Physiological Review 41 (1961) 281], distal respiratory resistance (R(dist)), proximal airway resistance (R(prox)), and additional shunt compliance (C(a)) of the animal's snout and the air inside the facemask were evaluated. By fitting this model to the primary measured impedance spectra, the influence of the face mask could be eliminated in the model calculation to allow assessment of the real respiratory impedance. This recalculation made clear that the facemask had an influence on the spectral course of R and X, depending on the clinical situation, and the upper frequency range was altered the most. Under conditions of (i) upper airway obstruction, especially the X values were distorted by facemask almost over the whole frequency range. Once the data were corrected for the mask, resistance was increased across all frequencies by a fixed amount while reactance was not affected. Under (ii) bronchial airway obstruction (bronchospasm) caused the resistance spectrum to be increased mainly in the lower frequency range. This became visible in both, originally measured impedance spectra and spectra after correction of the mask influence. The reactance course (originally measured and recalculated) decreased at all frequencies during bronchospasm. Coherence over the whole frequency range was lowered at both bronchial and upper airway obstruction.     

Oscillatory measurements,blood gas analysis and clinical observations after intravenous clenbuterol administration in healthy and acutely pneumonic calves

The effects of clenbuterol (Ventipulmin, Boehringer Ingelheim) on respiratory functions were investigated in 6 calves aged 4–6 weeks prior to and after experimental infection withPasteurella haemolytica A1. On days 1–3 (prior to infection) and on days 7–9 (after infection), blood gas analysis, monofrequency forced oscillation techniques and clinical examinations (heart rate, respiratory rate) were conducted for 135 min after the intravenous administration of clenbuterol (0.8 µg/kg body weight). In healthy calves prior toPasteurella infection, intravenous administration of clenbuterol induced a mild tachycardia and a reduction in the mean oscillatory respiratory resistance. Using the same dose of clenbuterol in diseased calves after infection, the statistically significant reduction in oscillatory respiratory resistance was more impressive and it was accompanied by a significant increase in the oxygen pressure of the arterialized blood. Heart rate and respiratory rate did not change significantly after the administration of clenbuterol in infected calves.Abbreviations HR heart rate - IV intravenous - MFOT monofrequency forced oscillation technique - PaO₂ arterial oxygen pressure - R_os oscillatory resistance - RR respiratory rate     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。