芒花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

采用I2-KI染色法和离体萌发法测定芒(Miscanthus sinensis)花粉活力以及不同保存条件下的花粉寿命,并利用H2O2法检测雌蕊柱头的可授性。结果表明:芒花粉量大,平均花粉量/胚珠比(P/O值)达到5445±2883,属于专性异交性植物,且花粉初始活力较高,平均为78.68%±17.46%,但离体花粉的活力丧失快,室温干燥和湿润条件下保存的花粉寿命分别为70min和100min。不同基因型在花粉量、花粉活力及寿命上存在变异。雌蕊柱头可授性较高,活性可持续8d,最佳授粉期为开花前1d至开花后1d。     

扁穗牛鞭草花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

采用离体萌发法测定扁穗牛鞭草花粉生活力及不同保存条件下花粉寿命,运用联苯胺-过氧化氢法对大棚和大田开花植株柱头可授性进行研究.结果表明:扁穗牛鞭草花粉离体萌发率为65.67%;室温(27℃)下,干燥保存的花粉寿命为3h,湿润保存的花粉寿命为4h;外界环境因子对扁穗牛鞭草柱头可授性影响较大,大棚(平均温度27℃,平均相对湿度65%)、大田(平均温度25℃,平均相对湿度75.9%)两条件下柱头可授性随时间变化差异性显著(P<0.01);大棚内扁穗牛鞭草植株柱头可授期为花后1～5d,大田条件下柱头可授期为花后1～3d.     

3种野生葱属植物花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

采用TTC法、孢粉染色法及联苯胺—过氧化氢法,从花粉活力、花粉可育性及柱头可授性方面研究了蒙古韭Alliummongolicum、碱韭A.polyrhizum和细叶韭A.tenuissi mum3种野生葱属植物的传粉生物学特征。结果表明:3种野生葱属植物的花粉活力和可育率均较高,分别为蒙古韭73.40%±2.94%,79.44%±2.83%;碱韭71.23%±4.39%,84.32%±1.63%;细叶韭80.62%±4.11%,70.93%±4.86%。三者花粉活力下降快,花粉寿命约为8 h,最佳传粉期为开花后3~4 h。三者的柱头均具较高的可授性,可授性持续5 d左右,最佳授粉期为2 d左右。     

野生马蹄金花粉生活力检测方法比较

以野生马蹄金(Dichondra repens)材料SD200303和GD200503为对象,分别以碘 碘化钾染色法、联苯胺 甲萘酚染色法、TTC法和离体萌发法测定其花粉活力,比较各检测方法测定效果。结果表明,碘 碘化钾染色法、TTC法染色效果不佳,不适宜野生马蹄金花粉活力测定;联苯胺 甲萘酚染色法能测定花粉生活力,但测定值偏高;离体萌发法测定野生马蹄金花粉活力,花粉管生长良好,且萌发率基本稳定,便于快速直观统计花粉生活力,适宜野生马蹄金花粉生活力检测,其较适宜的培养基为蔗糖10%＋硼酸(HBO3)0.005%＋硝酸钙 [Ca(NO3)2·4H2O] 0.015%＋硫酸镁(MgSO4·7H2O)0.001%＋硝酸钾(KNO3)0.005%＋0.5%琼脂。     

不同产地藿香花粉活力与柱头可授性研究

主要对不同产地的藿香花粉活力、柱头可授性及花粉形态特征进行研究。各产地藿香花粉活力检测经过多种方法筛选后选择红墨水法,柱头可授性测定采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法,并利用扫描电镜对不同产地藿香的花粉形态进行观察。结果表明,在自然条件下,各产地开花习性较为一致,均在7至8月开花,群体花期15~28 d,单花花期约为3~5 d。不同产地藿香花粉活力随着开花时间的延长均表现出先升高后降低的趋势,平均花粉活力在18.46%~26.52%之间。5个产地当中,成都产地藿香平均花粉活力最高,长春产地藿香花粉活力最低。花粉寿命在4~5 d之间,柱头可授性可持续5~6 d。同时,在藿香刚开花第1天各产地柱头具可授性,在2~3 d内,具有较强的可授性。因而,不同产地藿香进行人工授粉最佳时期为开花后2~3 d。此外,不同产地藿香花粉粒形状主要为近球形或椭球形。花粉粒大小在42.93 μm×31.99 μm~46.59 μm×37.67 μm之间,均具6条萌发沟,萌发沟狭长、裂痕近两极。花粉外壁纹饰呈网状,网眼为不规则多角形,近圆形,大小不一。本文较为系统的比较了不同产地藿香花粉活力、柱头可授性及花粉形态,以期为藿香的人工栽培以及良种繁育提供理论依据。     

木地肤的开花动态与花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

在自然种群中对木地肤的开花物候、开花动态进行观察,用MTT法测定了木地肤单花花粉的活力及其柱头的可授性。结果表明,木地肤生殖枝穗状花序的开花顺序是:中上部→下部→顶部,叶腋聚头状花序的开放顺序是:中央小花→外轮小花;木地肤单花花期分为雌性亚期和雄性亚期,雌性亚期10~12 d,雄性亚期1 d;木地肤有红黄两种颜色柱头,雄蕊有红黄两种颜色花药,自然种群中花有 4 种不同的柱头花药组合类型;木地肤的花粉活力在盛花期>80%,4~8 h内花粉活力最高,之后活力明显下降,黄色花药的花粉寿命(8 h)长于红色花药内花粉寿命(4 h);木地肤红色和黄色柱头的可授性变化趋势一致,柱头在刚露出花被片时就具有可授性,并随柱头生长持续加强,在第8~12天时可授性最强,柱头可授期长达12 d,占单花花期的92.3%;P/O(花粉/胚珠)比值为61900~64200,属于异交繁育系统。对开花动态与花粉活力及柱头可授性的研究将为探讨其繁育系统进化及生态适应机制提供科学依据,并为新疆荒漠地区饲用半灌木良种的繁育提供基础资料。     

达乌里胡枝子花粉萌发特性研究

为揭示达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica)花粉的育性并为其花粉活力检测提供一种高效方法,本试验以达乌里胡枝子新鲜花粉为试验材料,采用液体培养基,研究了蔗糖、硼酸、氯化钙浓度、采样时间、温度、光照和培养时间等因素对花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长的影响。试验结果表明：单因素试验中,适宜花粉萌发的培养基配方为20 g·L^-1蔗糖+ 40 mg·L^-1硼酸+ 80 mg·L^-1氯化钙,最佳镜检时间为6 h,最适采样时间为中午12：00,最适培养条件为黑暗条件下25℃,最适贮藏温度为—20℃。本试验表明,达乌里胡枝子花粉总体上活力较高,花粉离体液体培养是一种高效、简单、快捷、可靠的检测方法,但在培养条件的选择上应加以优化。     

冷蒿花粉形态与萌发状况初探

以冷蒿花粉为试验材料,通过扫描电镜对其形态大小及外壁结构进行观测,研究蔗糖浓度、培养时间对冷蒿花粉离体萌发的影响。实验结果表明:冷蒿花粉有二形性现象;花粉萌发率较低;蔗糖浓度为20%的培养液有利于冷蒿花粉的萌发;培养3h时即有花粉开始萌发,培养24h后达到21.73%。     

紫花苜蓿花粉生活力测定方法研究

为找到快速而有效地测定紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)花粉生活力的方法,本文通过碘-碘化钾染色、氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色、红墨水染色以及花粉离体培养萌发4种方法测定紫花苜蓿花粉的生活力。结果表明:前3种染色的方法不能准确快速的测定肇东苜蓿花粉生活力,离体培养萌发法中的琼脂法和悬滴法可以快速而准确的测定肇东苜蓿花粉的生活力。琼脂法和悬滴法培养花粉1.5h其萌发率最高,平均萌发率为55%,但悬滴法更加快捷方便,萌发率是54%,最适宜的浓度为蔗糖10%,硼酸0.015%。     

乌丹蒿开花动态、花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

在科尔沁沙地西部地区选取长势一致乌丹蒿植株,定株观察其开花动态和花后柱头的形态变化,并用TTC法检测花粉活力,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法检测其柱头可授性。结果表明:乌丹蒿整体开花格局是从上至下,头状花序内的小花是由外向内逐次开放,头状花序开花持续时间为3~7d,单株花期最长时间为19d;花粉寿命长达4d,在开花后第3d花粉活力最高,为47.12%;最佳授粉期为开花后3~4d;柱头可授性时间为6d,边缘花开花后第3d柱头的可授性最强;乌丹蒿花粉活力最高期与柱头可授性最佳期同时进行。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.