A quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent dormancy changes in Polygonum aviculare seeds

Mathematical models that predict emergence of weed seedbanks could be useful tools for determining the most suitable time for weed seedling control and, consequently, should result in a higher efficacy of applied control methods. To achieve this goal in dormant weed species, functional relationships should be established between environmental factors regulating dormancy and dormancy changes of seed populations. In the present work, we used a simple model and an optimisation procedure to quantify the effect of temperature on Polygonum aviculare seed dormancy release and induction, based on germination data. Dormancy release rate was inversely related to temperature, showing a decreasing logistic trend that results in no dormancy release for seeds exposed to 20 and 25°C. In contrast, dormancy induction rates in absolute values were positively associated with temperature, showing a logistic trend in which dormancy induction was almost zero at low temperatures and maximal at 25°C. Derived model parameters were used to simulate dormancy changes of P. aviculare seeds stored under controlled and field conditions. These results suggest that similar model structures could be used to quantify temperature effects on seed dormancy status of other weed species and to develop predictive models of weed emergence.     

Effects of maternal light environment on germination and morphological characteristics of Sicyos deppei seeds

The effect was studied of sunlight and far-red (FR) light during seed development, on seed quality and germination of Sicyos deppei G. Don. Seeds exposed to FR during development were lighter in colour and their weight, size and water content were significantly lower. Less than 10% of non-scarified freshly harvested seeds germinated. Scarified, freshly harvested seeds developed under sunlight had a partially negative photoblastic response; both red (R) and FR light inhibited germination. The highest and fastest germination occurred in darkness, probably due to the effect of the high photon flux densities on the phytochrome during seed development. Scarified seeds ripened under FR light, germinated well in FR light and in darkness, but R light inhibited germination. After 6 months of storage, the permeability of S. deppei seeds increased, the partially negative photoblastic response was lost and germination of scarified seeds increased. Specifically, in seeds developed under FR, germination in darkness was faster than for the other light treatments, but slow in darkness for seeds developed under sunlight. The physiological and morphological heteroblastic responses in S. deppei probably extend its seed germination and seedling recruitment periods.     

The effects of various temperatures during storage in soil on subsequent germination of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum

The effects of various storage temperatures on germination of sclerotia ofSclerotium cepivorum Berk. were investigated. Sclerotia buried in soil for 10 weeks at temperatures of 5 and 10 °C were conditioned to a fast germination. When germination was performed at 15 °C and induced byAllium extracts, 50% of these sclerotia germinated within 10 days and the total of germination was over 90%. Sclerotia buried at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 °C were conditioned to a slow germination. About 50% of these sclerotia could be induced to germinate at 15 °C byAllium extracts. The conditioning by high or low temperatures proved to be reversible.The optimum temperature for germination of the cold (5°C) conditioned sclerotia was 10–20 °C. The optimum temperature for germination of sclerotia conditioned at 20 °C was about 10 °C. WithoutAllium extracts 90%, 80%, 50% and 40% of the sclerotia stored at 5 °C, germinated at temperatures of 10, 5, 15 and 20 °C respectively. Sclerotia stored at 20 °C did not germinate withoutAllium extracts at any temperature.Samenvatting Sclerotiën vanSclerotium cepivorum Berk. werden onder niet steriele omstandigheden bewaard bij verschillende temperaturen. Het effect van de bewaring bij verschillende temperaturen op de kieming werd onderzocht. Het bleek dat sclerotiën, die 70 dagen bewaard werden in zakjes met zand in niet steriele grond bij een temperatuur van 5 °C of 10 °C, geconditioneerd werden tot een snelle, vrijwel volledige kieming. Onder invloed van vluchtige stoffen uit gesnipperde ui en knoflook kiemden meer dan 90% van deze sclerotiën bij een temperatuur van 15 °C. Sclerotiën die bij een hogete temperatuur bewaard werden, namelijk bij 15, 20 of 25 °C, kiemden na de bewaarperiode langzaam bij 15 °C. Ongeveer 50% van deze sclerotiën konden tot kieming gebracht worden onder invloed van ui- en knoflookextract. Sclerotiën die door een koude bewaarperiode geconditioneerd waren, namelijk bij 5 of bij 10 °C, kiemden ook zonder ui-en knoflookextract; 78% en 90% van deze sclerotiën kiemden bij temperaturen van respectievelijk 5 en 10 °C. De sclerotiën die een warme bewaarperiode ondergaan hadden, namelijk bij 15, 20 of 25 °C, kiemden niet zonder ui en knoflook. De optimum temperatuur voor de kieming was 15–20 °C voor sclerotiën die bij 5 °C bewaard waren. De optimum temperatuur voor de kieming van sclerotiën die bij 20 °C bewaard waren was lager, en wel ca. 10 °C.De conditionering door een hoge of door een lage bewaartemperatuur bleek reversibel te zijn. Sclerotiën die eerst bij 5 °C bewaard werden en daarna bij 20 °C onderscheidden zich niet van sclerotiën die continu bij 20 °C bewaard werden. Sclerotiën die eerst bij 20 °C bewaard werden en vervolgens bij 5 °C, kiemden als sclerotiën die continu bij 5 °C bewaard waren.     

叶甜菜种子发芽特性的研究

研究了不同化学药剂和植物激素浸种处理及种球色泽、粒径、储藏时间等对叶甜菜种子发芽的影响。研究表明,用一定浓度的双氧水、硼酸、磷酸二氢钾浸种处理叶甜菜种子,可提高种子发芽率、发芽势与发芽指数,其中以10g/kgH2O2、0.5g/kgH3BO3和5g/kgKH2PO4处理效果最好。赤霉素处理(10、30、50、70、100mg/L)叶甜菜种子,促进种子发芽的效果不明显。吸湿-回干处理对叶甜菜种子发芽有良好的促进作用。叶甜菜种球色泽、粒径大小与发芽的关系密切,黄色或黄褐色的种球比黑色或褐色种球及大、中粒种子比小粒种子发芽力显著;叶甜菜种子不耐贮藏,发芽力下降较快,使用年限仅为1a。     

Effect of fungal toxins on germination of Striga hermonthica seeds

Fourteen fungal toxins were assayed in vitro to evaluate their effect on seed germination of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica . Among them, T-2 toxin proved to be the most active, being able to inhibit 100% seed germination at 10⁻⁵ M, and being still active when tested at a concentration of 10⁻⁷ M (19% inhibition). Deoxinivalenol was also very active, causing 100% and 69% reduction in germination when assayed at 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵ M respectively. Cytochalasin E, tenuazonic acid, fumonisin B₁, enniatin and nivalenol were shown to have an inhibitory effect of around 50% at 10⁻⁴ M, whereas other toxins had lower or no activity. The high activity shown by some fungal toxins suggests that they may have potential for use as more natural and safe herbicides to suppress parasite seed germination.     

The effect of chemical and heat treatments on germination of Commelina benghalensis L. aerial seeds

The effects of concentrated sulphuric acid, dry heat, hot water and NaOCl treatments on the germinability of dormant large and small aerial Commelina benghalensis L. seeds were evaluated. Concentrated sulphuric acid and NaOCl treatments were more effective than the dry heat and hot water treatments in breaking the dormancy of C. benghalensis aerial seeds. Treatments increased germination of both seed types due to its effect on the seed coat integrity. A scanning electron microscope revealed that changes as a result of scarification occurred in the hilum region of the seed and in the seed coat surface. The large aerial seeds were affected by all treatments more than the small aerial seeds. Difference in germinability between the two seed types was related to the difference in their seed vigour.     

γ射线辐照对3种杂草种子发芽率的影响初报

本文利用60Co-γ射线对芜菁、猪殃殃和反枝苋3种杂草种子进行了50~1000Gy的辐照处理,研究了不同剂量对3种杂草种子萌发的影响,结果表明,发芽7d后,1kGy以下剂量的辐照对3种杂草种子的发芽具有一定的抑制作用,抑制效果因杂草种类的不同而有差异。     

Chemical and environmental factors driving germination of Solanum americanum seeds

Solanum americanum Mill. is a weed that occurs with a number of crops, and it is known for its high seed production and its staggered germination. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination behavior of S. americanum seeds under the influence of chemical and environmental factors. In the laboratory, we tested the effect on germination of (i) constant and alternating temperatures, (ii) seed washing, (iii) exposure time and concentration of chemical treatments and (iv) seeding depth and soil covered with plant residue on seedling emergence. The variables analyzed were germination percentage, germination rate index, seedling emergence and length of the seedlings. The results indicated that alternating temperatures are the main way to promote germination of S. americanum; however, chemical treatments can help to increase the germination percentage and rate index. There was no increase in germination with seed washing, with the exception of KNO₃ application. A GA₃ concentration of 0.84 g L^?1 and an exposure time of 21.22 h in 0.2% of KNO₃ promoted the highest germination of S. americanum. Germination occurs when seeds remain on the soil surface and are not covered by crop residue.     

渗透胁迫下氯化胆碱对小麦种子萌发的影响

在15％PEG6000胁迫条件下,研究了氯化胆碱（choline chloride,CC)对小麦种子萌发的影响。研究结果表明,CC对受15％PEG6000胁迫的小麦种子的萌发及根、芽的生长具有明显的促进作用,且以60mg/L CC的效果最好。与对照相比,在该浓度下,平均根长及平均芽长分别可提高14．6％和12．9％,总鲜重可提高17．7％,根／芽比值及萌发率也有所提高,但对生根数无多大影响。同时,CC可使小麦种子α－淀粉酶的活力提高28．0％,使培养介质电导率增长率显著降低,还可使POD活性上升幅度低30．6％。表明,CC促进小麦种子萌发及根、芽生长与提高α－淀粉酶酶活力、降低萌发种子中电解质外渗量及降低POD活性有密切联系。     

天然油菜素内酯对五种牧草种子发芽和胚根下胚轴伸长的影响

用9个不同浓度的天然油菜素内酯溶液浸种处理5种牧草种子,观测其对种子发芽和胚根下胚轴伸长的影响。结果表明,0.01 mg/L浓度处理使苜蓿种子发芽率比对照提高了32.2%,发芽天数缩短了1.4 d;0.01mg/L处理使鲁梅克斯种子发芽率增加了27.8%,0.05 mg/L处理使其发芽天数提前了0.8 d;0.03 mg/L处理使普那菊苣种子发芽率提高了28.9%,发芽天数缩短了0.3 d;0.4 mg/L处理使串叶松香草种子发芽率增加了26.7%,发芽天数提前了1.2 d;0.03 mg/L处理使小冠花种子发芽率提高了23.3%,0.05 mg/L使其发芽天数缩短了0.9 d。0.05、0.07、0.03、0.4和0.03 mg/L处理对苜蓿、鲁梅克斯、普那菊苣、串叶松香草和小冠花胚根下胚轴伸长的促进效应最为明显。     

Dipropetryn absorption during germination by cucurbit seeds and its influence on seedling growth

The effect of pre-emergence application of dipropetryn on the survival and growth of three watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.), two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), two melon (Cucumis melo L.) and three squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars was studied in the glasshouse. The tolerance was in the order watermelon > squash > cucumber > melon. After 66 h of germination peeled (with seed coat removed) seeds of ‘Malali’ watermelon, and ‘Michlo-Lavan’ squash accumulated in their cotyledons 119 and three times more ¹⁴C dipropetrym, respectively, than unpeeled (intact) seeds. Three watermelon cultivars accumulated similar concentrations of ¹⁴C in their cotyledons when germinated in soil for 48 h at 26°C or for 120 h at 16°C. Cucumber and squash, however, accumulated significantly higher levels of¹⁴C at the 48 h/26°C regime than at 120 h/16°C. Overall, cucumber and squash accumulated 12 times more ¹⁴C in cotyledons than watermelon, Significant negative correlations were found between seed coal thickness, or the weight ratio of seed coat to total seed, vs dipropetryn accumulation in the cotyledons. The results indicate that the seed coat plays an important role in reducing dipropetryn accumulation within cucurbit seeds during germination and may, at least partially, contribute to the observed tolerance in watermelon. Absorption de la dipropetyrene par des graines de cucurbitacées en germination et influence sur la croissance des plantuies L'effet de traitements de pré-levée par la dipropétryne (2-ethylthio-4,6-di(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine) sur la survie et la croissance de trois cultivars de melon d'eau (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.), deux de concombre (Cucumis sativus L.), deux de melon (Cucumis melo L.) et trois de courge (Cucurbita pepo L.), a étéétudié en serre. Par ordre de tolérance, on a trouvé le classement suivant: melon d'eau > courge > concombre > melon. Après 66 h de germination, des graines pelées (par enlèvement des téguments) de melon d'eau ‘Malali’ et de courge ‘Michlo-Lavan’ accumulaient dans leurs cotylédons respectivement 119 el trois fois plus de ¹⁴C-dipropetryne que des graines non pelées (intactes). Trois cultivars de melon d'eau accumulaient des concentrations similaires de ¹⁴C dans leurs cotylédons lorsqu'ils germaient dans le sol à 26°C pendant 48 h ou à 16°C pendant 120 h. Les concombres et les courges, toutefois, accumulaient significativement plus de ¹⁴C sous le régime 26°C/48 h que sous 16°C/120 h. Globalement, les concombres et les courges accumulaient 12 fois plus de ¹⁴C dans leurs cotylédons que les melons d'eau. Des corrélations négatives significatives ont été trouvées entre l'épaisseur des téguments ou l'importance relative du poids des téguments, d'une part, et l'accumulation de la dipropetryne dans les cotylédons, d'autre part. Les résultats indiquent que les téguments jouent un rôle important en réduisant l'accumulation de dipropétryne à l'intérieur ties graines de cucurbitacées pendant la germination et peuvent, au moins partiellement, contribuer à la tolérance observée chez le melon d'eau. Die Aufnahme von Dipropetryn während der Keimung von Cucurbitaceen-Samen und ihr Einfluss auf das Keimlingswachstum Gegensland dieser Gewächshausuntersuchung war der Effekt von Vorauflaufbehandlungen mit Dipropetryn (2-Aethylthio-4,6-di(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazin) auf Ueberleben und Wachstum der Keimlinge von drei Sorten Wassermelonen (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.), zwei Sorten Gurken (Cucumis sativus L.), zwei Melonen-Sorten (Cucumis melo L.) und drei Sorten von Kürbis (Cucurbita pepo L.). Bezüglich Toleranz war die Reihenfolge der Arten: Wassermelone > Kürbis > Gurke > Melone. Nach 66 h Keimungsdauer hatten geschalte Samen von ‘Malali’- Wassermelonen und ‘Michlo-Lavan’-Kürbis in ihren Kotyledonen 119 resp. 3 mal mehr ¹⁴C-Dipropetryn akkumuliert als die ungeschälten, intakten Samen, Drei Sorten von Wassermelonen nahmen ähnliche Mengen ¹⁴C auf, wenn sie in Erde während 48 h bei 26 C oder während 120 h bei 16°C zur Keimung gebracht worden waren. Gurken und Kürbis akkumulierten signifikant höhere Mengen von ¹⁴C währund 48 h bei 26°C, als während 120 h bei 16°C. Im Allgemeinen nahmen Gurken und Kürbis 12 mal mehr ¹⁴C in ihre Kotyledonen auf als Wassermelonen. Es wurden signifikant negative Korrelationen zwischen dem Dicken- resp. Gewichtsverhältnis der Samenschale zum Gesamtsamen und der Anhäufung von Dipropetryn in den Kotyledonen gefunden. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, dass die Samenschle bei der Reduktion der Dipropetrynakkumulation innerhalb der Samen von Kürbisgewächsen während ihrer Keimung eine wichtige Rolle spielt und, zum mindesten teilweise, zur beobachteten Toleranz der Wassermelone beiträgt.     

微波处理对豌豆种子萌发及芽苗中营养成分的影响

以豌豆为试材,采用6种不同微波处理(100W10s,200W10s,300W10s,100W30s,200W30s,300W30s),以未经微波处理者为对照,研究微波处理对种子发芽率和芽长,芽苗中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白质、还原糖和总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明:微波100W10s处理下豌豆的发芽率(Germination Rate,GR)比对照高10.0%,但微波300W30s处理比对照低19.67%。培养7d,微波300W30s处理下的最终发芽率最低(Final Germination Rate,FGR),比对照低21.67%。微波200W10s处理的豌豆芽长比对照高12.31%。发芽3 d时,微波300W30s处理的芽苗中的蛋白质含量和CAT活性均最高,分别为15.47 mg·100mg~(-1)和1.23 mg H_2O_2·g~(-1)FW·min-1。微波200W30s处理,芽苗中总黄酮含量最高,达1.48 mg·100mg~(-1),而300W10s处理的含量最低,为0.96 mg·100mg~(-1)。微波处理300W10s时还原糖含量最高,达10.11 mg·100mg~(-1)。微波处理对豌豆的萌发和芽长有一定影响,对芽苗中CAT的活性及可溶性蛋白质、还原糖和总黄酮含量的影响显著。     

红火蚁对8种植物种子的选择性取食及其对种子萌发的影响

在室内研究了红火蚁Solenopsis invicta种群对玉米、绿豆、芥蓝、芝麻、番茄、水稻、藿香蓟及象草等8种植物种子的选择性取食及其对种子萌发的影响,结果表明红火蚁对芝麻种子最为喜好,且刮啃率最高(82.4%),对芝麻、藿香蓟、象草及芥蓝种子具有较高的搬运率(分别为100.0%、72.0%、44.0%及41.6%)和丢弃率(分别为86.4%、50.4%、79.2%及88.9%)。通过观察回收种子的萌发,结果表明红火蚁对芝麻、藿香蓟和象草种子的破坏最为严重,导致其未能正常萌发的种子分别占总数的64.3%、56.0%及49.7%。因此,通过上述指标可以判断红火蚁入侵后对芝麻、藿香蓟和象草种子存在较大潜在威胁。     

几种化学和物理方法处理对狼毒种子发芽率的影响

几种不同方法对狼毒种子进行处理结果表明：浓度为1．25g／L的甲基托布津溶液漫种0．5h,置于浓度为2．5mg／L的赤霉素(GA3)溶液润湿的培养皿中,发芽率最高(61．7％),其次是98％浓度H2SO4稀释50倍液漫种0．5h,置于浓度为2．5mg／L的赤霉素(GAa)溶液润湿的培养皿中发芽效果较好(48．3％)。变温和紫外线照射对狼毒种子的发芽都有一定的效果。超声波处理和NaOH浸种有抑制作用。     

The role of arable weed seeds for agroecosystem functioning

A literature study was conducted to gather knowledge on the impact of weed seeds on agroecosystem functioning other than effects related to the production of weed seedlings and plants. The results of the review suggested that a larger and more diverse weed seedbank can contribute to the biodiversity of various groups of macrofauna and microbiota, with a positive or negative impact on the agroecosystem. However, relationships between weed seed availability and functional biodiversity in the field have generally not been established, with the exception of case studies of seeds sustaining populations of granivorous farmland birds or acting as reservoirs and vectors of plant pathogens. To value the contribution of different weed seeds to sustaining populations of functional biota, more detailed information on their relationships with seeds is essential. Hypotheses and related questions that can be used to explore the impact of weed seeds on functional biodiversity have been identified. The identification of weed seed species that are a key to sustaining functional biota may lead to a weed management strategy aiming to minimise the damage of weeds to crops while taking the alternative ecological roles of weed seeds into account.     

不同盐浓度对芨芨草种子萌发过程中几种生理指标的影响

不同浓度的N aC l处理芨芨草种子后,通过研究其萌发过程中淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:N aC l处理下芨芨草种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性与对照相比均上升,且呈现双峰曲线的变化趋势。而淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量与对照相比均下降,并与N aC l处理浓度呈负相关。     

The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

药剂处理对三倍体西瓜种子发芽势的影响及对果斑病的防治效果

选用本实验室组配的1号杀菌剂和3种常用药剂,比较了不同药剂及不同浓度的1号杀菌剂处理人工接菌的西瓜种子后对种子发芽、幼苗生长的促进作用和对果斑病的防治效果。结果显示:与对照CK1(种子破壳,清水处理)相比较,72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂7.2×102μg/mL处理2h、40%甲醛1.6×103μg/mL处理1h和1号杀菌剂0.5×104μg/mL处理2h,发芽势分别高出10.5%、6.7%和4.9%。供试药剂中1号杀菌剂处理种子对果斑病有较好的防治效果,1号杀菌剂0.5×104μg/mL处理2h、1%盐酸3.7×103μg/mL处理30min、40%甲醛溶液处理1h和72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂7.2×102μg/mL处理2h防治效果分别为74.7%、73.7%、58.5%和49.3%。     

Effect of age on the germination of Cassinia arcuata seeds in storage and buried in soil

Seeds of Cassinia arcuata R. Br. (sifton bush), collected annually from near Orange (1987-92) and Boorowa (1987-89). New South Wales. Australia, were stored in a laboratory at a mean temperature of 21°C and a mean relative humidity of 25% and germinated each year for up to 8 years. Seeds from the 1990 and 1992 Orange collections were buried 5 mm and 40 mm deep in the soil for 0.5-2.7 years and the number and germinability of recovered seeds recorded. Germination capacity of seeds stored in the laboratory increased during the first 2 years of storage and then declined slightly in year 3 and markedly in years 4 and 5 to very low levels in year 6 and subsequent years. The seeds collected near Orange had nil germination after 6 years'storage, whereas Boorowa seeds still had 0.2% and 3.5% germination after 7 and 8 years'storage respectively. Seeds that failed to germinate were shown to be non-viable by the tetrazolium test. There was no decline in germination rate during the first 3 years of storage, but, thereafter, there was a substantial annual decline, which would reduce the rate of establishment of seedlings in the field and render them susceptible to competition from improved pastures. The longer and deeper the burial of seeds in the soil and the older the seeds, the fewer seeds that germinated when recovered; meaned for both depths of buriai 23% of 0.9-year-old seeds that had been buried for 0.5 years and 3.4% of 5.1-year-old seeds that had been buried for 2.7 years were recovered in a germinable state. The main causes of loss during burial were germination in the soil and destruction by soil organisms.     

Damage caused by Alternaria alternata to the quality and germination of amaranth seeds

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Alternaria alternata is one of the main microorganisms responsible for affecting seeds and causing infection and eventually seed discoloration. The purpose of...