普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)T型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的线粒体DNA比较研究(英文)

mtDNAs of T type wheat cytoplasmic male sterile lines Ning Drawf 14(ND14) and their maintainers Ning Drawf 13 (ND13) were isolated and digested completely with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, EcoRV, BamHI. The results revealed that the molecular structure of mtDNAs from ND14 and ND13 cytoplasms were significantly deviated. The mitochondrial genomic difference between CMS line and maintainers were uncovered by southern hybridization with probes of 18S 5S rRNA、atpA genes from wheat and pea mitochondria, respectively. Due to the complexity of mtDNA and no proof of protein difference, it has not yet been demonstrated whether mtDNA difference of Normal and Male Sterile Cytoplasm of wheat is associated with CMS.     

Culture selected somaclonal variation in five Triticum aestivum L. genotypes

Somaclones (R₃ and R₄ generations) regenerated from five winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for variation in agronomic and morphological characters. Immature embryos were used as initial explant material. Comparisons for plant height, top internode length, spike length, number of seeds per spike and 100 seed weight were made between the somaclones and their parents. Some morphological variations of stem and spike characteristics were registered which demonstrate that plant height and spike length can be changed by using immature embryo culture. The results obtained may be considered a biotechnological contribution to wheat plant improvement. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦类发芽素蛋白3启动子序列(登录号:AY864922)

In germinating wheat embryos, gl-OXO accumulation is localized in cell wall. It has been confirmed that this enzyme locally provides H2O2 to catalyze peroxide-mediated cross-linking of cell wall components in terminal cellular differentiation and plays an important role in enabling cells to retain their meristematic and organogenic capacity. Using tail-PCR and DNA sequencing techniques, we isolated Germin-like Protein 3 promoter sequence（l 654 bp）, from common wheat cultivar （yumai 18） genome. No GGGCGGG sequence exiting in promoter implies that germin-like protein 3 is not “house-keeping” protein. The presence of TGTCTC, an auxin response element and localizing at upstream -258, indicates that this promoter is auxin-inducible. The TATA box situates in upstream -27- -32 and 5＇-UTR consists of 95 bp.     

普通小麦辐射敏感性的多样性模糊聚类分析

研究采用４９个普通小麦品种组成的样本群体，对小麦辐射敏感性进行了模糊聚类分析。结果表明，小麦辐射敏感性呈连续性变异，表现为丰富的多样性。     

Performance of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at two Different Seeding Rates and Nitrogen Levels under Contrasting Environmental Conditions

The aim of this investigation was to obtain information about differences between spelt and wheat in relation to their performance under low-input conditions. Two spelt varieties ( Oberkulmer, Hercule ) and two wheat varieties ( Anna, Iend ) were grown at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200; S2 = 400 kernels/m²) and two nitrogen levels (Nl = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha) at two contrasting locations (Muri; altitude 459 m asl; Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl). No growth regulators and fungicides were applied.
The overall mean for the "husked" yield (grains and glumes) of spelt was not significantly different from the grain yield of wheat. At the higher site Oberwallestalden however, the "husked" yield of spelt was 10.5 % higher than the grain yield of wheat. Although the number of ears per m² was higher at S2 than at S1, spelt and wheat produced a similar yield at both seeding rates (spelt: S1 = 96 % of S2; wheat: S1 = 95 % of S2) due to the higher single ear weight at S1.
The reaction of spelt and wheat to nitrogen was similar. The yield was 10 % higher at N2 than at Nl for both species. The performance of spelt under low-input conditions was better than for wheat in marginal areas for cereal production only.     

Nitrate Assimilation and Nitrogen Harvest in Uniculm 'Gigas' Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Contribution of the upper laminae designated as 7, 8 and 9 (flag), to the total reduced nitrogen was determined by two different methods; integration of nitrate reductase activity over the entire growing season of individual laminae, and laminae removal at ear emergence. The values obtained by these methods were: 20, 14, and 12 %, and 23, 15, 12 %, respectively. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity was relatively higher in the lamina 9, which contributed an extra 8 % towards total reduced nitrogen when the other laminae were removed from the shoot. No such compensatory response was observed when either lamina 7 or 8 was retained.     

小麦株高近等基因系的RAPD标记研究

采用ＲＡＰＤ技术,以４个小麦株市基因近等基因系（分别含有rht、Ｒht1、Rht2、Rht3)为材料,对２９６个单一随机引物（１０个核苷酸）进行了筛选。发现２５个引我的扩增产物的近等基因系间表现出特异性,在６次重复试验中,有１８个引物的特异护增片段不能重复,６个引物可以重复２－３资,唯有ＯＰＡＭ０１在全部试验中均能稳定重复,其特异扩增版段ＯＰＡＭ０１１８６０可以作为rht基因的ＲＡＰＤ标记。     

施用不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质的影响

于2000－2002年在土壤有效硫含量为15.8 mg.kg^-1的大田试验条件下,不同种类硫肥以60 kg.hm^-2纯S施入,研究了施用不同硫肥对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥处理使小麦在籽粒灌浆中后期明显保持较高的群体光合速率(CAP),在灌浆后期,不施硫肥处理的小麦CAP分别低于施硫磺粉、石膏、过磷酸钙、硫铵、硫酸钾各处理9.8%、13.3%、11.9%、40.3%和43.7%。施硫提高了小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性,增大了生育后期的物质积累,实现了生物积累量和收获指数的同步提高,最终显著提高了粒重和籽粒产量;施硫促进籽粒灌浆过程中的麦谷蛋白积累量,且对淀粉糊化参数指标如糊化温度、低谷粘度、高峰粘度和最终粘度影响较大,有利于改善小麦品质。在本试验条件下,增施不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质均有促进效果,其中以过磷酸钙效果较佳。     

The Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Seeding Rates on the Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Field Conditions

Dry matter production of two different spelt (Oberkulmer, Hercule) and wheat varieties (Arina, Iena) were investigated at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200 grains/m²; S2 = 400 grains/m²) and two nitrogen levels (N1 = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha). The plot experiments were carried out at two contrasting locations (Muri: altitude 459 m asl); Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl) over three years (1988–1990). In addition nitrogen uptake and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was measured. Neither growth regulators nor fungicides were applied. The average grain yield of spelt was 25 % lower than that of wheat (32 % at Muri, 18 % at Oberwallestalden). At the reduced seeding rate (S1) grain weight and grain number per ear was increased by 33 % and 31 %, respectively as compared to the normal seeding rate (S2). The increase of the grain weight and the grain number per ear was larger for the two varieties of spelt (47 % and 42 %, respectively) than for the wheat varieties (23 % and 22 %, respectively). The photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf of spelt and wheat was not significantly different, at the two growth stages measured (anthesis, anthesis + 23 days). Nitrogen yield in the above ground biomass (g N/m²) was not significantly different between spelt and wheat, neither at the beginning of stem elongation, nor at anthesis. At anthesis the nitrogen yield at the reduced nitrogen level (N1) was 16 % and 13 % lower than at the higher level (N2) for spelt and wheat respectively. A higher nitrogen efficiency of spelt under low input conditions was not apparent. Therefore it was concluded that under low input conditions, spelt is not more efficient in dry matter production than wheat. By comparing the “husked” yield of spelt (grains + glumes; representing the trade form) with the grain yield of wheat, spelt is higher yielding than wheat but only at marginal areas of cereal production.