射干种子萌发的影响因素及其对NaCl胁迫的响应

通过统计种子潜在产量、生活力、抑制物萌发以及多种处理条件下的发芽指标等,明确射干种子的适宜萌发条件.探究种子耐NaCl胁迫的幅度范围.结果表明,射干种皮透水性良好.自然环境贮藏条件下种子生活力在2年内下降幅度不显著;射干种皮浸提液对小白菜种子发芽有显著抑制作用;昼夜变温处理和层积处理后射干种子的发芽率和发芽势显著提高;...     

迷人杜鹃种子特性与萌发实验研究

测定了迷人杜鹃种子的千粒重、吸水率、种皮透水性和种皮抑制物质,并统计在不同的贮藏方式、不同光照条件和不同萌发温度的处理下迷人杜鹃的发芽率和发芽势,并对所得数据作方差分析与LSD检验,结果表明:迷人杜鹃种子细小,千粒重仅有0.171 g,种皮透水性良好,种皮没有抑制种萌发的物质.室温干藏种子的发芽率和发芽势最大.而低温贮藏不利于种子的萌发.迷人杜鹃种子在自然光暗交替的光照下发芽率更高,出苗更整齐.恒温有利于种子的萌发.     

浓硫酸与次氯酸钠对树莓种子萌发的影响

树莓种子是硬实性种子,透水性差,必须经过适当处理提高种皮透性才能萌发。本试验采用浓硫酸与次氯酸钠处理打破种皮障碍。结果表明,浓硫酸、次氯酸钠及二者混合处理对树莓种子萌发均有促进作用,98%浓硫酸15 m in 20%次氯酸钠处理3 h效果最好,萌发率可达48.87%;浓硫酸与次氯酸钠浸泡相结合的方法对种子的萌发率、萌发整齐度均优于单独用浓硫酸或次氯酸钠处理。     

南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb)种子形态与萌发特征的初步研究

在实验室条件下,对南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb)种子的形态特征、千粒重、生活力、吸水速率及萌发特征进行了初步研究。结果表明:南蛇藤种子平均大小为0.413 cm×0.220 cm×0.194 cm(长×宽×厚),千粒重约8.269 g;自然条件下产出有活力种子比例为69%左右;种皮具有较好的透水性,但因其较厚、硬的外种皮束缚了种胚的生长,影响其透气性,从而引起种子休眠;破种皮与3 mmol/L的赤霉素同时处理种子可使种子的发芽率达到29.33%,而完整种子同时用赤霉素处理、完整种子不用赤霉素处理、破种皮但不用赤霉素处理3种条件下,均不萌发。种皮机械障碍和胚的生理后熟均是引起南蛇藤种子休眠的原因。     

西南鸢尾种子萌发特性初步研究

以西南鸢尾种子为研究对象,从种皮透水性、不同光温条件下种子萌发率以及低温湿沙层积和赤霉素处理对打破种子休眠的效应等方面对西南鸢尾种子萌发特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,种皮透水性良好,在浸水2h后吸水量迅速增加,在48h后达到吸水高峰。4种恒温15、20、25、30℃和3种变温20／10、25／15、30／20℃条件下,发现种子萌发最适温度为30／20℃,同时有光条件下的种子萌发率明显高于无光条件,即西南鸢尾种子萌发具有需光性。种子在5℃湿沙层积1～6个月后,萌发率提高18.3％～48.9％。而不同浓度的赤霉素（50～600mg／L）处理24h后均没有提高种子萌发率,以上结果表明西南鸢尾具有非深度生理体眠特性。     

马蔺种子休眠机理的研究

为进一步分析马蔺种子的体眠机理,对马蔺种子种皮透水性、种胚发育状况、萌发抑制物质以及暖层积(25℃)期间的一些相关指标进行了测定,结果表明:马蔺种子种皮及胚乳组织较致密,种子吸水缓慢,种皮携带萌发抑制物质;暖层积之后种子内的萌发促进物质GA<,3>含量上升,抑制物质ABA含量下降,种皮萌发抑制物质消失,发芽率显著提高.综合以上结果可以看出,马蔺种子属于综合休眠,种皮对种子萌发有限制作用,种胚存在生理休眠.     

伏毛铁棒锤种子休眠与破除休眠方法研究

为探讨伏毛铁棒锤种子休眠原因及破除种子休眠的方法,利用TTC法测定伏毛铁棒锤种子活性;流水冲洗种子、不同层积方式处理、赤霉素浸种处理,测定其对种子萌发的影响;测定伏毛铁棒锤种子提取物对白菜、伏毛铁棒锤种子的抑制活性。结果表明,伏毛铁棒锤种子生活力可达到90%,14 h种子吸水达到饱和,种皮透水性较好,种仁粗提物浓度为0.8 g/mL时,白菜种子发芽率仅为38.3%,说明种子含有内源性抑制物质。流水冲洗种子可以部分地去除抑制物,提高萌发率;低温层积和变温层积可以有效地打破休眠,尤其低温层积,发芽率达到79.67%;200 μg/mL赤霉素处理24 h对种子萌发效果最好,发芽率高达82%。     

苦参种子形态特征及萌发规律研究

采用称重、测量、解剖等方法,研究苦参种子的形态结构及吸水特性,TTC染色法测定种子生活力,选取来源于岷县和成县的苦参种子,经过沙擦处理和未处理研究其萌发过程和特性。结果表明,苦参种子的硬实率高达90%以上,经测定种子生活力为78%,种子存在吸水困难。未经处理的种子萌发速度缓慢,置23℃恒温条件下的种子吸水膨胀后第5天才有胚根露出种皮,15d完成萌发过程,且萌发率低。经过沙擦处理的种子,其吸水速度加快,种子的发芽率显著高于未处理的种子,说明坚硬的种皮是阻止种子吸水和萌发的主要因素之一。     

锥连栎种子萌发对种皮和温度的响应

以锥连栎(Quercus franchetii)种子为实验材料,研究了不同温度(10,15,20,25,30,35,40℃)和去种皮与非去皮处理对种子萌发的影响.结果表明,种皮对锥连栎种子的萌发率(GP)、萌发指数(GI)和萌发速率系数(CRG)的影响极显著(p＜0.01),温度及二者的交互作用对除萌发率外的其他2个萌发参数的影响均极显著(p＜0.01).种皮对锥连栎种子的萌发具有明显的抑制作用,除去种皮后,种子的萌发率及萌发指数极显著增加(p＜0.01),且萌发进程加快.去种皮种子萌发的最适温度为25℃,最高萌发率达100％,升高或降低最适温度都会影响其萌发.有种皮种子萌发率最高仅为10％.锥连栎种皮水浸提液处理下的去种皮锥连栎和小麦种子的萌发率无显著差异(p＞0.05),表明种皮对锥连栎种子的萌发无化学他感作用,但具有明显的机械抑制作用.     

大字杜鹃种子萌发特性研究

为探究大字杜鹃种子的萌发特性,以采集的野生植株种子为供试材料,观测其种子形态、千粒重、生活力、吸水率,并通过培养皿滤纸法研究GA_3浓度、GA_3浸种时间和温度对大字杜鹃种子萌发的影响。结果表明:大字杜鹃种子千粒重为(0.341 2±0.000 5)g,成熟种子生活力高且种皮透水性良好;赤霉素对大字杜鹃种子萌发有促进作用,其中在浓度为500mg·L~(-1)的GA_3溶液浸种10 h,温度25℃条件下,大字杜鹃种子4 d即可发芽,发芽率达88.00%,发芽势为84.67%,发芽指数达78.63。生产中可采用此法对种子进行处理,为大字杜鹃的有效保护和持续利用奠定基础。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.