北方主栽燕麦品种种质资源形态多样性分析

为了解我国北方地区燕麦种质资源在农艺性状上的遗传多样性、追溯其亲缘关系,并为燕麦遗传育种提供关键数据,对39份皮、裸燕麦种质资源的15个性状进行了形态多样性指数分析,并对其中的8个数量性状进行了聚类分析。结果表明:(1)39份燕麦推广品种的农艺性状间存在广泛的遗传多样性,7个质量性状中以粒形的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.304,叶相的遗传多样性指数最低,为0.635;8个数量性状中以单株粒重的遗传多样性指数最高,为3.55。(2)聚类分析将39份燕麦品种的8个数量性状分为5个类群,类群Ⅳ为高产育种目标资源材料,类群Ⅰ可作为选育大粒型燕麦的亲本,类群Ⅱ为高秆品种育种目标的亲本材料,类群Ⅲ的有益性状不明显,类群Ⅴ为多轮层数、多小穗数等育种目标优良材料。     

基于SSR标记的马铃薯种质遗传多样性及群体结构分析

明确鉴定种质材料间的群体遗传结构及遗传多样性对构建核心种质库、准确筛选杂交亲本具有重要作用。本研究利用分子标记和农艺性状相结合的方法初步分析了收集保存的62份马铃薯资源的遗传多样性和群体结构。结果表明,参试种质的8个农艺性状的变异系数介于9.50%～52.90%。农艺性状聚类分析表明,在欧氏距离19.0处62份供试材料被分为3个类群,其中类群Ⅰ中包含的材料最多,约占供试材料的96.8%,该结果从特定农艺性状方面较好地揭示了马铃薯种质资源间的表型差异。应用均匀分布在12条染色体上的13对SSR引物从分子水平进一步探究了参试材料的群体遗传结构。Structure软件分析表明,供试材料被划分为3个群体,不同群体间的界限较为明显,PopⅠ亚群和PopⅡ亚群中各材料的遗传背景较单一,PopⅢ亚群具有混合来源,遗传背景较复杂。NTSYS软件计算结果表明,62份马铃薯种质间的遗传相似性系数介于0.50～1.00,SSR标记聚类分析将62份马铃薯种质总体分为3个大群,类群Ⅰ所包括的马铃薯材料占总数的11.3%,类群Ⅱ占17.7%,类群Ⅲ占供试材料的71%。总体来看,农艺性状聚类与SSR分子标记聚类结果相似。本研究对马铃薯进行了综合分析农艺性状与SSR分子标记,有助于准确评价马铃薯种质遗传背景。     

以色列野生二棱大麦遗传多样性分析

为确定以色列不同群体野生大麦的遗传差异,利用42对SSR引物对采自以色列不同地区的9个群体144份野生大麦遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,42个SSR标记共检测到189个等位变异,平均每个标记有4.5个,变幅为3~7个。标记多态性信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.696 8,变幅为0.529 9~0.823 3。聚类结果表明,144份材料间的遗传相似系数为0.550 3~0.936 5,平均值为0.701 5。遗传相似(GS)值为0.678 0水平分为5个群体,第Ⅰ类群共43份:包括Shilat地区17份、Modien地区13份和Mehola地区13份;第Ⅱ类群包括15份:包括Nahariya地区11份和Golan High地区4份;第Ⅲ类群共55份:包括Sede Boqer Cangyn地区15份、Sede Boqer Way地区18份和Sede Boqer Highway地区22份;第Ⅳ类群共30份:包括Hermon地区24份和Golan High地区6份;第Ⅴ类群只有Sha 23,分类界限不明显。且中部的群体与南、北部的群体出现了交叉分类;主坐标分析与聚类分析结果大体一致,交叉分类结果更直观。本研究有助于今后发掘优良基因和分子辅助筛选。     

甘肃部分玉米自交系SSR遗传多样性分析

分析甘肃省部分骨干玉米自交系的遗传多样性并划分群体结构。利用全自动DNA分析仪荧光SSR-PCR技术和66 对核心SSR引物研究了148 份玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系的遗传多样性,并分别使用模型结构聚类和遗传距离聚类法进行群体结构分析。在148 份自交系中,66 对SSR标记共检出279 个等位变异,每对引物检测到等位基因2~8 个,平均4.2273 个。多态性信息量(PIC)和标记指数(MI)的平均值分别为0.4879 和2.1808。模型结构聚类将148 份自交系分为SS 群和NSS群;遗传距离聚类分为5 个类群,根据常规测验种自交系可将5 个类群归并为SS 群和NSS群。2 种聚类方法所得结果与材料的系谱信息基本一致。甘肃省部分玉米自交系在育种实践中正在向2 个相对独立的优势类群转化,2 个类群之间的遗传多样性水平存在一定的差异。     

基于高通量GBS-SNP标记的栽培燕麦六倍体起源研究

栽培六倍体燕麦是世界重要粮食作物,理清其起源对燕麦种质资源的高效利用和保护具有重要意义。本研究利用GBS (genotyping by sequencing)对27份来自中国的大粒裸燕麦材料测序,结合先前发表的包括6个六倍体燕麦种在内的66份燕麦材料的GBS数据进行SNP挖掘。UNEAK管道挖掘共计得到MAF大于0.5, call rate大于0.95的SNP标记8902个。进一步剔除缺失值大于0.15的4个燕麦材料后,对其余89份材料进行PCA分析、STRUCTURE分析以及UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明,在野生种中,除A. sterilis外,大多数来自同一物种的材料聚为一类,不同物种间能够较好地分开,表明这些物种之间存在较强的遗传分化。聚类分析将供试材料分为分别代表野生种和栽培种的2支,表明野生种和栽培种之间存在明显的遗传差异;在栽培种中, A. sativa与A. byzantina具有较高的遗传多样性,分散在不同的类群中,二者未出现明显的遗传分化,具有较高的遗传同质性, A. sativa ssp. nuda与A. sativa亲缘关系较近,但存在一定的遗传分化,因此形成独立的类群。值得注意的是,来自野生种A. sterilis的材料被分在2个类群中,其中来自西南亚地区(伊朗-伊拉克-土耳其地区)的居群与A. sativa和A. byzantina聚在一起,揭示此地区的A. sterilis居群可能是A. sativa和A. byzantina的祖先种。野生种A. hybrida显示出与A. fatua较高的遗传同质性,因此将其作为A. fatua的亚种较为合理。本研究为栽培六倍体燕麦起源提供了理论依据。     

新疆薰衣草种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

本研究应用ISSR标记对19份薰衣草种质的遗传多样性进行分析。结果显示:从100条引物中筛选出9条多态性明显的引物,19份材料DNA共扩增出94条谱带,其中多态性谱带40条,多态性比率为42.6%,平均每个引物扩增条带数为10.4条;9条ISSR引物可将所有样品完全分开,当遗传相似阈值为0.69时,可将样品分为3个类群:第Ⅰ类群13个品种(系)可分为2个亚类,第Ⅱ类群5个品种(系)可分为2个亚类,第Ⅲ类群1个品种(系)。样品间的遗传相似性系数为0.325~0.975(平均0.737)。群体的有效等位基因数、基因多样度、Shannon信息指数分别为1.454 0、0.280 5和0.435 4。研究结果表明,19个新疆薰衣草种质资源遗传多样性水平处于较高。     

燕山板栗种质资源AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种.共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性.用NT.SYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析.所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群.在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间.燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的.结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义.     

外来入侵植物野燕麦根系土壤微生物多样性分析

为弄清外来入侵植物对土壤微生物的影响,本研究通过实地踏勘及取样方法,对西安市郊区农田中生长的野燕麦根系土壤理化性质及土壤微生物多样性进行了调查研究,分析了距离野燕麦植株不同范围内土壤的养分、酶活性、平均颜色变化率等指标的变化情况。结果表明：距离野燕麦根系越近的土壤中土壤养分和酶活性受影响的程度越明显;土壤微生物平均颜色变化率与土壤培育时间及距离根系土壤范围均有联系,土壤微生物平均颜色变化率随培育时间呈现逐渐递增的趋势,距离越近,总碳源利用率越高。且入侵植物野燕麦的生长对于土壤中微生物的功能多样性均有显著影响(P<0.05),距根系土壤越近,土壤微生物的丰富度、多样性、优势度越高,均匀度越小。     

以SRAP和EST-SSR标记分析芝麻种质资源的遗传多样性

利用SRAP和EST-SSR分子标记对192份国内外芝麻种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,2种标记都能很好地揭示品种间遗传关系;在31对SRAP引物组合扩增的270个等位基因中多态性占62.08%,平均每对引物可以检测5.45个;25对SSR引物扩增的136个等位基因中56.28%呈多态性,平均每对检测引物产生3.04个。UPGMA聚类结果显示,在相似性系数为0.70时,192份材料可被分为3个类群;阈值为0.75时类群Ⅰ又可分为6组,表明芝麻品种遗传多样性比较丰富。我国南部地区芝麻品种遗传多样性(多样性指数H_i=2.572)较中部(H_i=2.117)和北部地区 (H_i=2.114)丰富。分析结果将有助于更好地保护和利用芝麻种质资源,并为育种工作提供依据。     

普通豇豆应用核心种质的SSR指纹图谱构建及多样性分析

不同种质资源群体的多样性及遗传背景分析可为种质资源收集保存及创新利用提供有效信息。对不同来源的88份普通豇豆应用核心种质资源进行了14个SSR位点的指纹图谱构建及多样性分析,共检测到39个等位变异,每对引物检测到2~5个,平均为2.79。多态信息含量（PIC）变幅为0.25~0.72,平均为0.58。UPGMA聚类结果显示,除了3对种质外,39个等位变异可将其他材料有效区分,且在遗传相似系数为0.63时,88份种质可分为4个类群,地理来源相同的材料有聚在一起的趋势。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.