塔里木荒漠豆科植物种子休眠原因与破除方法研究

以塔里木荒漠区3种豆科植物种子为材料,采用不同破除豆科植物种子休眠的方法,研究不同方法对种子休眠的解除效应,探讨种子体眠原因并寻求打破种子体眠的最佳途径.结果表明:3种荒漠豆科植物种子属物理性种壳休眠,种皮障碍是限制种子萌发的主要因素.热水、赤霉素、过氧化氢、乙醇、氢氧化钠等化学处理均可破除种子休眠,但种子发芽率与清水对照无显著差异,处理效果不佳.机械破损种皮和浓硫酸处理均能有效打破种子休眠、显著提高发芽率.种子发芽率随硫酸浓度增加与处理时间延长而明显提高,80％以上浓度的H2SO4处理效果较好,其中以80％H2SO4处理90 min,90％ H2SO4处理50 min,98％ H2SO4处理30 min为最佳,种子发芽率超过98％.因此,利用小型机械和浓硫酸处理是破除荒漠豆科植物种皮休眠障碍的最佳方法,研究结果可为荒漠区人工种植与荒漠植被恢复提供科学依据.     

2种雀稗属牧草种子休眠机理及其破除方法研究

以2种雀稗属牧草种子为材料,从种子的吸水性、浸提液活性的生物测定和GA3、ETH、IAA等外源激素浸泡处理等角度,研究2种雀稗属牧草种子休眠机理及破除方法.结果表明:1)2种雀稗属牧草种子生活力均达到92.2％以上,但发芽率较低.宽叶雀稗和巴哈雀稗的发芽率分别仅为59.3％和10.0％,都具有明显的休眠现象.2)2种雀稗属牧草种子的种皮均不限制种子吸水,但巴哈雀稗种子种皮对种子萌发有机械障碍.3)2种雀稗属牧草种子浸提液对白菜种子及自身萌发具有明显的抑制作用,说明2种雀稗属牧草种子内源抑制物含量较高.可知,宽叶雀稗种子休眠属于生理休眠,巴哈雀稗种子休眠属于综合休眠.4)GA3、IAA、ETH、H2SO4及复合处理对宽叶雀稗种子萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用.GA3、H2SO4及复合处理对巴哈雀稗种子萌发有促进作用.H2SO4处理5 min巴哈雀稗种子效果最佳,可提高发芽率35.3％.     

鸢尾种子休眠与萌发特性研究

鸢尾（Iris tectorum Maxim．）种子自然萌发缓慢，周期长，发芽率低。为了探索鸢尾种子的最适萌发温度和抑制发芽物质存在的原因，对鸢尾种子进行了3组处理：（1）去种皮与不去种皮种子做发芽对照实验；（2）去种皮的鸢尾种子置于培养箱发芽，每天加入胚乳浸提液、种皮浸提液和清水；（3）去皮种子置于不同温度的培养箱中发芽，其中4个恒温15、22、26、30℃；3个变温5／15、15,／25、20／30℃（8／16h）。结果表明：22℃是最适合鸢尾种子发芽的温度；种皮对鸢尾只在发芽早期有抑制作用，在后期无明显抑制作用；胚乳和种皮浸提液在种子萌发初期有抑制作用，但在发芽的中后期则对种子发芽有促进作用。     

紫椴种子萌发特性及休眠解除方法研究

为探明紫椴种子休眠原因并找到休眠解除方法,以紫椴种子为材料,对其透性、萌发特性及休眠解除方法进行了研究。种子透性试验结果表明,紫椴种子经浓硫酸处理后透性增加,吸水率显著提高。种子萌发特性试验显示,紫椴完整种子萌发率为0,去掉种皮后,保留完整胚乳的种子萌发率为4.0%,切除部分胚乳（根尖未露出）的种子萌发率为23.3%,剥除胚乳帽露出根尖的种子萌发率为84.7%,离体胚萌发率为100%,此结果表明紫椴种子存在休眠,但其种胚并不存在休眠,其休眠是由胚外因素导致,胚乳（尤其是胚乳帽）是造成紫椴种子休眠的主要原因。种子休眠解除方法试验结果表明,浓H₂SO₄处理15 min+500 mg/L GA₃溶液浸泡12 h+低温层积30天,可使紫椴种子发芽率达92.0%,可作为快速解除紫椴种子休眠的有效方法。综上,紫椴种子的种皮具有一定的透性障碍,但胚乳帽是造成其休眠的主要原因,使用浓H₂SO₄处理+GA₃浸泡+低温层积的综合处理方法可在30天内解除紫椴种子的休眠。     

不同处理对褐鳞苔草种子萌发的影响

为摸清褐鳞苔草种子的休眠机理、萌发过程,解决种子繁育难题,对褐磷苔草种子用物理（热水浸种、机械处理、层积催芽）、化学（浓H2SO4浸种、NaOH溶液处理、GA3处理）及综合方法处理后进行萌发试验。结果表明：褐磷苔草存在休眠,且休眠程度较高,使用10%NaOH溶液可以打破休眠,将自然条件下不萌发的种子发芽率提高到13.75%,其次是切破种皮+GA3 1000 mg/L,种子发芽率达到12.5%。     

不同处理方法对顶冰花种子萌发的影响研究

以新疆黑鳞顶冰花种子为实验对象,根据不同体眠机制选取10余种处理方法进行处理,以此比较其对顶冰花种子萌发的影响.研究结果显示:黑鳞顶冰花种子4℃时32 d左右开始萌发,萌发周期80 d左右,萌发率为72％;室温25℃和酸碱处理不适宜萌发;50℃温水、超声波和200 mg/L GA3处理均无显著性差异(p＞0.05);去除种皮极有效促进其萌发(p=0.002＜0.01),萌发率达到88％;刺破种皮+200 mg/LGA3和500 mg/L GA3+15％ H2O2处理也能有效促进萌发(p＜0.05),萌发率分别为84％、82％,前者发芽势最好,明显高于其他处理.     

濒危植物八角莲种子休眠特性的初探

八角莲种子在自然条件下具有休眠期长、萌发不良的生理特性,为了探讨和研究八角莲种子的休眠特性,采用种子吸水性检测、种子切割培养、GA3浸种法、河沙层积处理等方法研究其萌发特性。结果表明：八角莲种子种皮和胚乳制约、种子生理后熟是引起种子休眠的主要原因,用400mg.L-1的GA3溶液浸种24h或6-7℃低温层积均能在一定程度上解除休眠促进萌发,其中以6-7℃低温层积150d效果较好,发芽率和发芽势分别达到88.5%和30.4%。     

解除酸浆种子休眠方法的研究

采用针刺、层积、双氧水（H2O2）法、硝酸钾（KNO3）法和赤霉素（GA3）法对酸浆种子进行处理,研究不同处理对酸浆种子萌发的影响。结果表明：低温层积40天可有效地打破酸浆种子的休眠;赤霉素处理是打破酸浆种子休眠最为快速有效的方法,解除酸浆种子休眠的最佳浓度为0.08%;而针刺法、KNO3法和H2O2法对酸浆种子的解除休眠作用并不明显。说明酸浆种子休眠的主要原因是胚存在后熟作用且种子内部可能存在萌发抑制物质,而种皮的机械束缚不是抑制酸浆种子萌发的原因。     

西南鸢尾种子萌发特性初步研究

以西南鸢尾种子为研究对象,从种皮透水性、不同光温条件下种子萌发率以及低温湿沙层积和赤霉素处理对打破种子休眠的效应等方面对西南鸢尾种子萌发特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,种皮透水性良好,在浸水2h后吸水量迅速增加,在48h后达到吸水高峰。4种恒温15、20、25、30℃和3种变温20／10、25／15、30／20℃条件下,发现种子萌发最适温度为30／20℃,同时有光条件下的种子萌发率明显高于无光条件,即西南鸢尾种子萌发具有需光性。种子在5℃湿沙层积1～6个月后,萌发率提高18.3％～48.9％。而不同浓度的赤霉素（50～600mg／L）处理24h后均没有提高种子萌发率,以上结果表明西南鸢尾具有非深度生理体眠特性。     

巨紫荆种子休眠原因及破眠技术研究

为了探究巨紫荆种子休眠的原因以及打破休眠的方法,通过形态解剖、破损种皮以及赤霉素处理等方法,明确巨紫荆种子休眠原因及破除休眠的最佳方法。结果表明:巨紫荆种子存在明显硬实现象,由于机械障碍,水分难以透过种皮,空瘪、虫蛀率等较高。巨紫荆种子休眠主要是由种皮限制所致,胚根存在生理休眠,切除胚根端结合赤霉素处理可以快速打破休眠。赤霉素50～150mg/L处理对种子萌发有很好的促进作用。巨紫荆种子清水浸泡3d,切除种子胚根端2mm左右,再用100mg/L赤霉素浸泡12h,为快速有效打破种子休眠促使萌发的最佳方法,第3天开始萌发,第7天发芽率可达90%以上。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...