三江源地区高寒草地不同退化程度土壤特征研究

为了解区域尺度上不同退化程度高寒草地的土壤特征,在对三江源地区进行多样点采样和室内分析的基础上,研究草地退化对高寒草地不同土层的土壤物理和化学等特征的影响。结果表明:随着退化程度加剧,不仅草地群落组成出现明显变化,地上/地下生物量显著下降,而且土壤各理化性质也受到不同程度的影响。土壤容重随草地退化程度的加剧和土壤深度的增加而增大;土壤有机碳随草地退化程度的加剧而显著下降,尤其是0～10cm土层;草地退化加剧导致土壤总氮和硝态氮含量呈逐渐下降趋势,且对0～10cm土层影响更为显著;土壤铵态氮含量在草地轻度退化阶段最高,且受草地退化影响不显著。相关性分析表明,不同土层的土壤有机碳和总氮与生物量之间均呈显著正相关,多元逐步回归分析也显示土壤有机碳和总氮含量与绝大部分草地演替阶段的生物量显著相关,表明土壤有机碳和总氮可作为衡量三江源地区草地退化程度的重要土壤性状指标。人工草地的建植可明显增加地上/地下生物量,但短期内对土壤的改良效果并不显著,极度退化草地的土壤恢复将是一个缓慢的过程。     

青藏高原东部不同草地类型土壤养分的分布规律

调查分析了青藏高原东部高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸、亚高寒草甸、沼泽化草甸、荒漠化草原、林间草地、盐渍化沼泽土壤碳氮磷含量垂直分布特征。结果表明,7种草地类型中,土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层的深入而降低,0~15 cm土层土壤有机碳的累积量从高到低依次为林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草甸(P<0.05);随土层深度变化土壤全氮含量与有机碳相似,0～15 cm全氮累积量从高到低依次为沼泽化草甸>林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>荒漠化草原>亚高寒草甸(P<0.05);荒漠化草原、林间草地和土壤全磷含量随土层深度无明显规律性,0～15 cm土层全磷累积量由高到低依次为高寒灌丛草甸>沼泽化草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草原>林间草地(P<0.05);随土层深度的增加不同草地类型养分含量顺序不同。除沼泽化草甸,不同草地类型下土壤有机碳与全氮呈显著正相关。     

青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征

为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(P0.01),表现为0-1010-2020-3030-4040-50cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关。     

放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响

为了揭示高寒草甸生态系统在放牧扰动下的植被和土壤特征变化,通过野外样地调查和室内分析法研究和探讨围栏封育(EN)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)、对照区(CK)几种不同放牧强度对草地生物量和土壤碳特征的影响,为高寒草甸的退化研究提供依据。结果表明,封育区地上生物量和地下生物量最高,随着放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量和地下生物量均呈减少趋势;放牧干扰对高寒草甸土壤湿度也产生影响,其中封育区和轻牧区土壤湿度显著高于其他处理(P0.05);在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加土壤湿度呈明显降低趋势;放牧的践踏作用不仅影响土壤湿度,而且随着放牧强度的增加土壤容重增加;土壤全氮和土壤有机碳也对放牧有一定的响应,土壤全氮表现为LGENMGCKHG,土壤有机碳从高到底为LGENMGHGCK。草地受到放牧干扰时,适度的践踏干扰将提高草地生产力和碳固存,但是高强度的放牧对草地植被和土壤结构的干扰作用不利于草地生态系统的可持续发展。     

高寒草地退化对土壤碳氮磷及酶活性的影响

【目的】土壤碳氮磷元素是支撑高寒草地生态系统的关键,高寒草甸退化会改变土壤养分含量及分布规律,明确高寒草甸退化对土壤关键养分碳氮磷含量及其与酶活性之间相关性的影响可为退化高寒草甸的恢复提供理论依据。【方法】以东祁连山围封草地（FG）为对照,对轻度（LD）、中度（MD） 和重度（SD）退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷含量,以及土壤碳氮磷转化相关的过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性进行研究。【结果】相比 FG,退化基本导致高寒草甸土壤的有机碳含量升高,SD 0~10 cm 土层有机碳含量最高,为 82. 1 g/kg;退化导致过氧化氢酶活性表现出下降的趋势,围封草地 20~30 cm 土层的过氧化氢酶活性最高,为 23. 35 mg/g,LD 10~20 cm 土层的过氧化氢酶活性最低,为 20. 90 mg/g。退化导致土壤全氮含量降低,有效氮含量和脲酶活性显著升高,SD 草地有效氮含量和脲酶活性均最高,分别为 649 mg/k 和 3. 47 mg/g,脲酶活性在 FG 和 SD 随土层加深而升高,但在 MD 和 SD 随土层加深而降低。4 种类型草地全磷的变化范围为 0. 18~0. 22 g/kg,退化对 0~ 10 cm 土层的全磷含量没有显著影响,而使 0~10 cm 土层,LD 和 MD 的有效磷含量分别增加了 152% 和 60%,而 SD 降低了 32%,0~30 cm 土层碱性磷酸酶活性升高,变化范围为 0. 52~0. 62 mg/g。相关性分析表明,围封草地土壤有机碳与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关,而轻度和重度退化未表现出有相关性;围封草地土壤全氮、有效氮含量与脲酶活性均没有相关性,而轻度和中度退化高寒草甸的脲酶活性与土壤有效氮含量存在显著正相关性;围封草地的土壤全磷、有效磷含量与碱性磷酸酶活性均成呈显著正相关,而退化草地未表现出明显的相关性。【结论】高寒草甸退化后改变了其关键养分与其相关酶活性之间的相关性,重度退化高寒草甸恢复中应考虑土壤磷素的投入。     

高寒草地土壤理化性质特征及质量评价

以黄河源区4类高寒草地为研究对象,测定了0～20 cm土层土壤理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行评价,结果表明：1)土壤容重和pH值表现均为高寒草原>人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;土壤含水量、有机碳、全碳、氨氮、全氮含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤硝氮含量表现为人工草地>沼泽草甸>高寒草原>高寒草甸;土壤速效磷和全磷含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤速效钾和全钾含量均表现为人工草地>高寒草原>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;2)土壤有机碳含量与全碳、氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤全碳含量与氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤碳氮磷元素呈强相关关系,三者之间高度耦合;3)在0～10、10～20以及0～20 cm土层,土壤质量高低排序均为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原,各草地0～10 cm土层土壤质量均高于10～20和0～20 cm土层,0～20 cm土层土壤质量高于10～20 cm土层。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

为探究退化对高寒草甸土壤质量的影响,在甘肃省天祝藏族自治县金强河高寒草甸范围内设置未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4个退化梯度,采用干筛法研究了不同退化程度高寒草甸0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征。结果表明：粒径>5 mm的团聚体含量随退化加剧显著降低,<0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量随退化加剧显著升高。大团聚体含量、平均重量直径及几何平均直径随退化加剧逐渐降低。团聚体有机碳含量随退化加剧呈先增加后降低趋势,大团聚体中0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低。未退化草地对有机碳的贡献率主要是> 5 mm粒级的团聚体,退化加剧,<0.25 mm的微团聚体对有机碳的贡献率逐渐升高。双因素分析表明退化程度与土壤深度的交互作用对团聚体分布、团聚体有机碳含量及有机碳贡献率有显著影响。草地退化导致土壤结构稳定性下降,大团聚体占比降低,对有机碳的贡献率减小。研究结果可从土壤团聚体及有机碳角度对退化草地的治理及可持续利用提供理论指导。     

土壤微生物群落多样性对高寒草甸退化程度的响应

本研究以祁连山东缘天祝藏族自治县4种不同退化程度的高寒草甸为研究对象，采用Biolog技术探讨土壤微生物群落多样性在不同退化程度高寒草甸下变化特征。结果表明：随土层加深土壤微生物利用碳源能力呈递减趋势；在高寒草甸退化过程中植物覆盖度、地上植物总生物量、土壤pH值、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量随退化程度加深呈下降趋势；高寒草甸退化显著影响土壤微生物对31种碳源的利用程度。在环境因子中对碳源代谢多样性影响最大的是碳氮比、全磷含量、全氮含量，在不同退化程度高寒草甸中土壤有机质含量、电导率、pH是土壤微生物利用碳源能力的限制因子，土壤环境因子是影响土壤微生物的重要因素。     

青海省不同高寒草地土壤主要养分及可溶性有机碳特性研究

为探索不同高寒草地类型中土壤有机碳、养分和可溶性有机碳的含量差异以及可溶性有机碳分布特征,以青海省4个高寒草地类型土壤0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性有机碳含量,以及可溶性有机碳芳香性指数和腐殖化指数,并进一步探讨了可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳、各养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,不同高寒草地类型各土层土壤中全氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量由高到低的顺序依次为:高寒草甸类高寒草甸草原类高寒草原类高寒荒漠类,且不同类型之间差异显著(P0.05)。随着土层的加深,土壤全氮、有机碳含量有降低趋势。不同类型高寒草地各土层土壤中可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数表现出与此相同的变化趋势。不同高寒草地各土层中可溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、有机碳含量之间均呈现出显著正相关关系(P0.05)。综上所述,高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳含量较高,结构复杂。可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数在一定程度上能够反映土壤养分状况。     

三江源区不同利用方式草地生物量及土壤养分特征

以三江源区玛多县高寒草原、退化高寒草原和垂穗披碱草人工草地为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式对地上、地下生物量以及土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量的影响。结果表明:总生物量的高低排序为高寒草原人工草地退化高寒草原,人工草地和退化高寒草原的总生物量分别仅为高寒草原的32.9%和22.8%,人工草地对地上植被的恢复效果较好,地上部生物量最高,为高寒草原地上生物量的359.2%,但对地下生物量的恢复并不理想,0~10cm地下生物量仅为高寒草原的11.5%。3种利用方式草地土壤碳氮磷养分含量均处于较低水平;退化和人工种植草地0~10cm土层的有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量明显较高,而10cm以下土层的各样分含量明显下降;退化对下层土壤的全磷和有效磷含量没有明显的影响,不同利用方式草地的全磷和有效磷含量在不同土层的变异也不明显。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -