4种多年生禾草苗期抗旱性的比较研究

采用盆栽育苗法,在4种多年生禾本科牧草苗期连续干旱胁迫下测定植株的叶片相对含水量、质膜相对透性、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量4个抗旱生理指标,以综合评价4种多年生禾草的抗旱性能.研究结果表明供试材料在连续干旱胁迫下,叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势,质膜相对透性、游离脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量都有所增加.综合分析结果,4种多年生禾草的苗期抗旱性按照从强到弱的顺序依次为无芒雀麦＞苇状羊茅≥老芒麦＞披碱草.     

4种多年生禾草苗期抗旱性的比较研究

采用盆栽育苗法,在4种多年生禾本科牧草苗期连续干旱胁迫下测定植株的叶片相对含水量、质膜相对透 性、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量4个抗旱生理指标,以综合评价4种多年生禾草的抗旱性能。研究结果表明:供试材料 在连续干旱胁迫下,叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势,质膜相对透性、游离脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量都有所增加。综合分析 结果,4种多年生禾草的苗期抗旱性按照从强到弱的顺序依次为无芒雀麦>苇状羊茅≥老芒麦>披碱草。     

针茅族3种多年生牧草苗期抗旱性的比较研究

采用盆栽法,测定连续水分胁迫下芨芨草、印度落芒草、克氏针茅3种牧草苗期的叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量5个抗旱生理指标,以综合评价3种牧草的抗旱性。研究结果表明：供试材料在连续水分胁迫下,叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势;相对电导率呈上升趋势;游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量都呈先下降后上升的趋势。综合分析结果表明,针茅族这3种牧草的苗期杭旱性按照从强到弱依次为：芨芨草〉印度落芒草〉克氏针茅。     

4种牧草幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其抗旱性

采用盆栽法,在4种牧草苗期水分胁迫下,测定其幼苗的相对含水量、相对电导率、游离脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量等指标,以期综合评价4种牧草苗期的抗旱性能。研究结果表明,4种牧草的相对电导率(除蒙农杂种冰草外)、游离脯氨酸含量以及丙二醛含量随着水分胁迫时间的增加均呈增加趋势,而叶片相对含水量均为下降趋势。经综合评价,4种牧草苗期抗旱性强弱的顺序为:蒙农杂种冰草>冰草>红豆草>百脉根     

饲草型小黑麦苗期抗旱指标的筛选

本试验采用高渗溶液聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟生理干旱,通过测定饲草型小黑麦(×Triticale Wittmack)苗期叶片的含水量、相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛含量、叶绿素a和b含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸含量,研究干旱胁迫对饲草型小黑麦生理指标的影响,并筛选饲草型小黑麦苗期抗旱性鉴定的最佳模拟条件。结果表明,1)适宜于饲草型小黑麦苗期抗旱性鉴定的生理指标为叶片含水量、相对含水量、丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量、叶绿素b含量;2)饲草型小黑麦苗期抗旱性鉴定的最佳模拟条件为:用30%PEG-6000胁迫28d,此时大部分生理生化指标与对照差异显著(P0.05);3)干旱胁迫处理后,饲草型小黑麦幼苗生长缓慢,叶片含水量、相对含水量、叶绿素含量降低,叶片的游离脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量增加。饲草型小黑麦苗期抗旱性鉴定的最佳模拟条件为,30%PEG胁迫28d。适宜于饲草型小黑麦抗旱性评价的生理指标为叶片含水量、相对含水量、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸和叶绿素b。     

4种牧草幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其抗旱性

采用盆栽法,在4种牧草苗期水分胁迫下,测定其幼苗的相对含水量、相对电导率、游离脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量等指标,以期综合评价4种牧草苗期的抗旱性能.研究结果表明,4种牧草的相对电导率(除蒙农杂种冰草外)、游离脯氨酸含量以及丙二醛含量随着水分胁迫时间的增加均呈增加趋势,而叶片相对含水量均为下降趋势.经综合评价,4种牧草苗期抗旱性强弱的顺序为蒙农杂种冰草＞冰草＞红豆草＞百脉根     

干旱胁迫对草地早熟禾抗旱生理的影响

以国内常用的6个草地早熟禾品种为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、电导率、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和叶绿素含量等生理指标对干旱胁迫的响应,探讨了各种生理变化与抗旱性的关系,并利用隶属函数法对抗旱性进行了综合评价.结果表明,6个草地早熟禾的相对含水量、叶绿素含量随水分胁迫时间的延长呈减少趋势,而相对电导率、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量呈增加趋势.通过隶属函数分析,6个草地早熟禾的抗旱性大小顺序为蓝鸟＞解放者＞午夜＞优异＞优美＞肯塔基.     

6份川西北短芒披碱草种质苗期的抗旱性综合评价

为了探明来自川西北的6份短芒披碱草(Elymus breviaristatus)种质材料的苗期抗旱性差异,采用室内盆栽法对种质进行为期21d的干旱处理,分别于停止浇水第0、7、14和21天取植株叶片,研究了不同水分胁迫条件下各种质的相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性7个生理特征指标的变化,并采用隶属函数法对6份短芒披碱草种质材料的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫对不同抗旱短芒披碱草种质材料的各生理指标有显著的影响(P0.05),其各表型值与对照差异显著(P0.05),且各种质间差异显著(P0.05)。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,6份短芒披碱草材料的相对含水量和叶绿素含量呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),而丙二醛含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量和POD活性表现出上升趋势,SOD活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。由隶属函数分析7个生理指标得到供试材料苗期抗旱性强弱顺序依次为205176205133红10-5204290红6-5205104。     

干旱胁迫对草地早熟禾抗旱生理的影响

以国内常用的6个草地早熟禾品种为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、电导率、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和叶绿素含量等生理指标对干旱胁迫的响应,探讨了各种生理变化与抗旱性的关系,并利用隶属函数法对抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明,6个草地早熟禾的相对含水量、叶绿素含量随水分胁迫时间的延长呈减少趋势,而相对电导率、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量呈增加趋势。通过隶属函数分析,6个草地早熟禾的抗旱性大小顺序为蓝鸟>解放者>午夜>优异>优美>肯塔基。     

15份马蔺材料苗期抗旱性比较

采用温室模拟旱境胁迫-复水方法,对采自我国北方不同生境条件下的15份野生马蔺(Iris lactea Pall.var.chinensis(Fisch.))种质材料苗期的形态学和生理生化指标进行测定与分析,综合比较其抗旱性能。结果显示:随干旱胁迫时间延长,其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、植株相对生长率均呈下降趋势,相对电导率、丙二醛含量与游离脯氨酸的含量则有增加趋势,复水后均有不同程度恢复。采用欧氏距离法进行数学聚类分析,可将15份马蔺种质材料的抗旱性划分为3个抗旱级别,即相对抗旱包括ML008、ML007、ML015、ML009和ML006;中度抗旱包括ML014、ML012、ML011、ML013、ML010、ML005、ML004和ML003;相对旱敏感包括ML002和ML001。各种质材料抗旱生理指标间显著相关(P<0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein