镉胁迫对匍匐剪股颖生长及生理生化的影响

本研究分析了镉胁迫对匍匐剪股颖种子萌发、幼苗和植株生长及生理生化的影响。结果表明,1)不同浓度的Cd2+(50~400mg·L-1)对匍匐剪股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)初期生长具有抑制作用,这种抑制作用随着Cd2+浓度的增加而增强。当Cd2+浓度为50mg·L-1时,发芽率、芽长、根长和苗鲜重分别只有对照(0)的47%、87%、54%和83%。当Cd2+浓度为400mg·L-1时,则完全抑制了种子的萌发;2)不同浓度的Cd2+(50~200mg·L-1)对幼苗叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性具有显著影响。随着Cd2+浓度的升高,叶绿素含量逐渐下降,丙二醛含量不断上升,在200mg·L-1的Cd2+胁迫下,叶绿素和丙二醛含量分别是对照的37%和864%;在Cd2+浓度较低时(50 mg·L-1),SOD活性高于对照,达到1 314U·h-1·g-1,更高的浓度引起活性降低,但始终高于对照;POD的活性变化与SOD相似,在Cd2+浓度为100mg·L-1时最大值达到225U·s-1·g-1;3)Cd处理(2~100mg·L-1)播种后90d的植株,4个指标的变化趋势和Cd处理幼苗的变化基本一致。随着Cd2+浓度的升高及胁迫时间的延长,叶绿素和丙二醛含量分别不断下降和上升;SOD和POD活性均是先上升后下降。     

铅胁迫下早开堇菜的耐性及富集转运

为探究Pb污染对早开堇菜(Viola prionantha)生长、生理和Pb吸收转运的影响,筛选适合重金属污染地区栽培的植物,采用水培试验方法,设置6个不同试验浓度(0、10、25、50、100、200 mg·L^-1),探究其在5个测定期(0、5、10、15、20 d)的耐受性及富集吸收特征。结果表明,同一处理不同处理时间下,高浓度(>50 mg·L^-1)处理后早开堇菜生长受到显著抑制作用(P<0.05);随着处理时间的延长,抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,而可溶性蛋白含量逐渐下降;叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)呈降低趋势,胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)逐渐升高。早开堇菜地下部分Pb积累量大于地上部分,具有一定Pb富集能力但转运能力较弱。综上所述,早开堇菜对铅污染具有一定的抗性,有一定的应用潜力。     

马蔺对Cd胁迫的响应及其富集能力分析

试验采用水培法,探讨了低浓度Cd(15mg/L)和高浓度Cd(100mg/L)处理对马蔺植物的生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,低浓度Cd对马蔺幼苗株高、地下部鲜干重的影响不显著,但对叶绿素含量存在显著影响;可促进叶片中可溶性蛋白含量、MDA,SOD和POD活性增加。高浓度Cd对马蔺幼苗株高、叶绿素a、b及地上鲜干重均存在显著影响,地下部鲜干重和可溶性蛋白含量虽低于对照(0mg/L),但没有显著性差异;MDA,SOD和POD活性显著增加。低浓度Cd和高浓度Cd处理下,叶片的叶绿素a/b比值较对照均增大,且叶绿素b下降幅度大于叶绿素a。高浓度Cd处理下马蔺对Cd的转移系数大于低浓度的,但均0.5,根系富集Cd的能力达75%,说明马蔺具有较强的耐Cd特性。     

燕麦富集铯的特点及其抗性

为探明金属铯对燕麦(Avena sativa)生长以及抗氧化酶活性的影响,以燕麦为材料,施加不同浓度铯(25、100、500和1 000 mg·kg~(–1))土培处理30 d,研究不同浓度铯处理对燕麦体内铯的富集和分布特征,生长指标以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果显示:1)不同浓度铯处理下,燕麦幼苗的根长、株高、生物量随着土壤中金属铯浓度的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势;2)燕麦的根、茎、叶均能富集金属铯,但富集金属铯的能力在不同器官之间存在显著差异(P 0.05),并表现为叶根茎,且不同铯浓度处理下各器官的积累量也存在显著差异,随着处理中金属铯浓度的升高而增加;3)膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量随着铯浓度增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势,而SOD活性在铯浓度25～500 mg·kg–1时与对照无显著性差异(P 0.05),1 000 mg·kg–1时显著下降。POD和CAT活性均随着铯浓度增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。研究结果表明,燕麦的根、茎、叶均能积累铯,叶片的富集能力最强。低浓度铯可以诱导燕麦中POD和CAT活性增强,提高其抗胁迫的能力;高浓度铯抑制燕麦的抗氧化酶活性。     

紫花苜蓿对镉胁迫的生理响应及积累特性

采用盆栽的方法研究紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对镉(Cd)胁迫的生理响应及积累特性。结果表明,Cd浓度低于25 mg·kg-1可以促进紫花苜蓿地上部和地下部的生长。随着Cd浓度提高,紫花苜蓿相对电导率和叶绿素含量降低,脯氨酸含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且在25 mg·kg-1时达到最高。Cd在紫花苜蓿体内表现为地下部地上部,随着Cd浓度增大,紫花苜蓿地上部和地下部Cd含量逐渐增大,转运指数和耐性指数先增大后减小。Cd浓度为25和100 mg·kg-1时,地上部和地下部Cd积累量最大,每盆分别为42.5和26.11μg。综合分析紫花苜蓿的生长、生理变化及富集能力表明,紫花苜蓿适用于浓度小于25 mg·kg-1的Cd污染土壤修复。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对罗汉果幼苗生理特性的影响

以罗汉果幼苗为材料,研究不同pH值(2.5,3,4,5)及pH 5.6(CK)对罗汉果幼苗丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量及CAT、POD、SOD活性的影响。结果表明：各模拟酸雨处理罗汉果幼苗中MDA含量随pH值的降低而升高。罗汉果幼苗叶绿素含量、CAT活性随pH值的减小而显著降低。当pH值大于4时,罗汉果幼苗可溶性蛋白含量随pH值的增大而显著增强,罗汉果幼苗体内POD和SOD活性随pH值增大而降低,当pH值小于4时,随pH值的减小罗汉果幼苗可溶性蛋白含量、POD和SOD活性显著降低。当PH值等于4时,罗汉果幼苗可溶性蛋白含量最高,POD和SOD活性最强。CAT、POD、SOD活性与MDA含量呈极显著负相关,可溶性蛋白与这三种酶呈极显著正相关,叶绿素含量与POD、SOD活性呈极显著正相关。     

重金属胁迫对天竺葵生长及生理特性的影响

为探讨天竺葵(Pelargonium hortorum)对不同重金属的抗性,通过温室盆栽方式,研究了不同浓度的Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+对天竺葵生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,天竺葵植株在4种重金属胁迫下,生长均受抑制,但抑制表现程度有所不同。其中对根长的抑制最明显,但植株依然能保持生长。随着重金属浓度的升高,植株生物量均呈下降趋势,叶片相对电导率均显著上升(P 0.05),叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著(P 0.05)高于对照。在浓度低于1 000 mg·kg–1的Pb2+和浓度低于800 mg·kg–1的Zn2+胁迫下植株没有出现明显萎黄,其余处理下基部2～3片叶出现萎黄脱落情况。综上所述,天竺葵对4种重金属均有一定的耐性,是利用重金属污染土壤的潜力花卉。     

铜对狗牙根生长及活性氧清除系统的影响

通过水培试验研究了狗牙根对Cu的耐性。结果表明,低浓度Cu污染(<10mg/L)对狗牙根幼苗生长无明显抑制现象,活性氧清除系统内CAT和POD活性均略微升高,且MDA水平升高也较为缓慢。但总体上,随Cu浓度增加显示出一定的负效应,狗牙根幼苗与对照组相比,植株矮小,根短且数目少,植株干重和鲜重均明显减少,叶绿素含量也逐渐下降。同时,随Cu浓度增加,叶片细胞膜透性增大,电导率显著升高,O2.-产生速率和MDA水平迅速上升,并且活性氧清除系统遭到破坏,保护酶系统失衡,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降。     

不同狼尾草幼苗对镉胁迫的响应

采用温室盆栽试验,对4份野生狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)材料进行不同浓度镉(Cd)(0,10,20,50,100,200 mg·kg^-1)胁迫处理,通过对苗期生长指标、抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT)活性、地上部与根的Cd²⁺积累量等指标的测定与分析,对4份材料的耐Cd性与Cd富集能力进行研究.结果表明:随着Cd²⁺浓度的升高,4份材料的存活率呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而株高、分蘖数、地上与地下生物量与对照相比无显著变化,SOD与CAT活性均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,POD活性则呈现无规律的波动性变化,材料P4耐Cd性最强.当Cd²⁺浓度为200 mg·kg^-1时,材料P1对Cd的吸收富集能力最强,在Cd污染土壤的修复上具有较好利用前景.     

甜高粱苗期镉耐性和富集能力综合评价

为筛选和鉴定出镉(Cadmium, Cd)富集能力强的甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)品种，以期为利用甜高粱修复Cd污染土壤提供优异材料。本研究以26个甜高粱品种为材料，采用沙培盆栽试验，设置Cd胁迫(5 mg·kg^-1 Cd²⁺)和对照(0 mg·kg^-1)2个处理，测定苗期甜高粱生长特性和生理指标以及根部、茎叶的Cd含量，以各单项指标的耐性指数作为衡量耐Cd性的依据，运用主成分分析、隶属函数法和系统聚类综合评价Cd耐性和富集能力。结果表明：根长、株高、根鲜重、根干重、茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重、叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性、MDA含量在品种和Cd处理间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。主成分分析将10个单项指标转化成3个相互独立的综合指标，利用隶属函数法分析，得到不同品种苗期耐Cd性综合评价值(D值);通过对D值进行聚类分析，筛选出3份耐Cd性强的品种；进一步采用欧氏距离法对D值、富集系数和转移系数进行聚类分析，将26个甜高粱品种划分成4类，其中‘辽甜6号’和‘F10’属于Cd耐性强且富集转移性强的...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -