Large volcanic aerosol load in the stratosphere linked to Asian monsoon transport

The Nabro stratovolcano in Eritrea, northeastern Africa, erupted on 13 June 2011, injecting approximately 1.3 teragrams of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) to altitudes of 9 to 14 kilometers in the upper troposphere, which resulted in a large aerosol enhancement in the stratosphere. The SO(2) was lofted into the lower stratosphere by deep convection and the circulation associated with the Asian summer monsoon while gradually converting to sulfate aerosol. This demonstrates that to affect climate, volcanic eruptions need not be strong enough to inject sulfur directly to the stratosphere.     

The sensitivity of polar ozone depletion to proposed geoengineering schemes

The large burden of sulfate aerosols injected into the stratosphere by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 cooled Earth and enhanced the destruction of polar ozone in the subsequent few years. The continuous injection of sulfur into the stratosphere has been suggested as a "geoengineering" scheme to counteract global warming. We use an empirical relationship between ozone depletion and chlorine activation to estimate how this approach might influence polar ozone. An injection of sulfur large enough to compensate for surface warming caused by the doubling of atmospheric CO2 would strongly increase the extent of Arctic ozone depletion during the present century for cold winters and would cause a considerable delay, between 30 and 70 years, in the expected recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.     

Mount pinatubo aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion

The injection into the stratosphere of large quantities of sulfur during the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) and the subsequent formation of sulfate aerosol particles have generated a number of perturbations in the atmosphere with potential effects on the Earth's climate. Changes in the solar and infrared radiation budget caused by the eruption should produce a cooling of the troposphere and a warming of the lower stratosphere. These changes could affect atmospheric circulation. In addition, heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surface of sulfate aerosol particles render the ozone molecules more vulnerable to atmospheric chlorine and hence to man-made chlorofluorocarbons.     

安徽省大气环境质量模糊综合评价

以二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）作为评价因子,利用模糊综合评价法对安徽省大气环境质量进行了评价与分析.结果表明,可吸入颗粒物是安徽省的首要污染物,但铜陵市有所不同,首要污染物为二氧化硫.模糊综合评价显示,安徽省大气环境受到一定程度的污染,16个市中黄山市的大气环境综合质量最好.近年来,安徽省大气环境质量有所改善,但改善幅度较小.     

Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon

Heavy smoke from forest fires in the Amazon was observed to reduce cloud droplet size and so delay the onset of precipitation from 1.5 kilometers above cloud base in pristine clouds to more than 5 kilometers in polluted clouds and more than 7 kilometers in pyro-clouds. Suppression of low-level rainout and aerosol washout allows transport of water and smoke to upper levels, where the clouds appear "smoking" as they detrain much of the pollution. Elevating the onset of precipitation allows invigoration of the updrafts, causing intense thunderstorms, large hail, and greater likelihood for overshooting cloud tops into the stratosphere. There, detrained pollutants and water vapor would have profound radiative impacts on the climate system. The invigorated storms release the latent heat higher in the atmosphere. This should substantially affect the regional and global circulation systems. Together, these processes affect the water cycle, the pollution burden of the atmosphere, and the dynamics of atmospheric circulation.     

Photolysis of sulfuric acid vapor by visible solar radiation

Atmospheric field measurements and models of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer led to the suggestion that sulfuric acid (H2SO4) must photolyze at high altitudes. We propose that excitation of vibrational overtones of H2SO4 and its hydrate in the near-infrared and visible leads to photolysis, forming sulfur trioxide (SO3) and water. On the basis of absorption cross sections calculated with ab initio methods calibrated to experimental measurements, we estimated J values that are sufficient to explain stratospheric and mesospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations and the observation of the sulfate layer.     

Dimethyl sulfide in the surface ocean and the marine atmosphere: a global view

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) has been identified as the major volatile sulfur compound in 628 samples of surface seawater representing most of the major oceanic ecozones. In at least three respects, its vertical distribution, its local patchiness, and its distribution in oceanic ecozones, the concentration of DMS in the sea exhibits a pattern similar to that of primary production. The global weightedaverage concentration of DMS in surface seawater is 102 nanograms of sulfur (DMS) per liter, corresponding to a global sea-to-air flux of 39 x 10(12) grams of sulfur per year. When the biogenic sulfur contributions from the land surface are added, the biogenic sulfur gas flux is approximately equal to the anthropogenic flux of sulfur dioxide. The DMS concentration in air over the equatorial Pacific varies diurnally between 120 and 200 nanograms of sulfur (DMS) per cubic meter, in agreement with the predictions of photochemical models. The estimated source flux of DMS from the oceans to the marine atmosphere is in agreement with independently obtained estimates of the removal fluxes of DMS and its oxidation products from the atmosphere.     

南昌市大气硫沉降的空间变化和来源（摘要）（英文）

[目的]探讨苔藓组织硫含量和雨水硫酸根浓度的相关性及南昌市大气硫的来源。[方法]在南昌市南昌大学北区、南昌大学前湖校区、电厂、梅岭4个采样点采集石生细叶小羽藓[Bryohaplocladium microphyllum（Hedw.）R.Watanabe et Iwats]样品29个,并在南昌电厂采集煤样9个,然后测定苔藓组织和煤的硫含量和硫同位素值。苔藓组织硫含量ω（S）（%,以干质量计）用元素分析仪（German）测定。苔藓硫同位素测定：采用艾氏卡试剂分离并转化为硫酸钡的方法制备样品,然后用连续流同位素质谱仪CF-IRMS测定硫同位素组成。测定数据采用以国际硫同位素CDT标准标定的国家硫同位素标准（硫化银）进行校正。[结果]南昌大学北区苔藓组织硫含量（0.45%±0.059%）高于南昌大学苔藓组织硫含量（0.26%±0.002%）,能反映南昌市雨水硫酸根浓度变化规律。南昌市苔藓硫同位素的变化范围是-0.64‰～9.71‰,其中南昌市市郊梅岭苔藓组织硫同位素值最高（4.02‰～9.71‰）,明显高于南昌大学前湖校区（0.55‰～0.56‰）和电厂苔藓组织硫同位素值（ -0.64‰～0.45‰）。[结论]对苔藓组织硫含量和硫同位素值相关性的研究表明,南昌市大气硫源主要受到中国北方远距离传输硫和生物成因硫的共同影响。     

农田土壤酸性、酸雨、空气二氧化硫浓度的相关性研究

利用南昌农田保护区2005～2006年土壤要素、酸雨pH值及空气SO2浓度的监测资料,进行了土壤酸性、酸雨pH值、空气SO2三者间的相关分析,结果表明：空气SO2浓度与酸雨酸性强度有极显著的负向关系;农田土壤pH值与同期的空气SO2、酸雨pH值具有一定的相关性。研究认为,空气中SO2排放、酸雨是南昌农田土壤酸化的主要原因。     

Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon

The fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei in pristine Amazonian rainforest air consist mostly of secondary organic aerosol. Their origin is enigmatic, however, because new particle formation in the atmosphere is not observed. Here, we show that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt-rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest. These particles act as seeds for the condensation of low- or semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric gas phase or multiphase oxidation of isoprene and terpenes. Our findings suggest that the primary emission of biogenic salt particles directly influences the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and affects the microphysics of cloud formation and precipitation over the rainforest.     

南昌市大气硫沉降的空间变化和来源

[目的]探讨苔藓组织硫含量和雨水硫酸根浓度的相关性及南昌市大气硫的来源。[方法]在南昌市南昌大学北区、南昌大学前湖校区、电厂、梅岭4个采样点采集石生细叶小羽藓[Bryohaplocladium microphyllum（Hedw.）R.Watanabe et Iwats]样品29个,并在南昌电厂采集煤样9个,然后测定苔藓组织和煤的硫含量和硫同位素值。[结果]南昌大学北区苔藓组织硫含量（0.45%±0.059%）高于南昌大学苔藓组织硫含量（0.26%±0.002%）,能反映南昌市雨水硫酸根浓度变化规律。南昌市苔藓硫同位素的变化范围是-0.64‰～9.71‰,其中南昌市市郊梅岭苔藓组织硫同位素值最高（4.02‰～9.71‰）,明显高于南昌大学前湖校区（0.55‰～0.56‰）和电厂苔藓组织硫同位素值（-0.64‰～0.45‰）。[结论]对苔藓组织硫含量和硫同位素值相关性的研究表明,南昌市大气硫源主要受到中国北方远距离传输硫和生物成因硫的共同影响。     

Isotopic fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide

We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion.     

冬季供暖对沈阳市各功能区4种大气污染物浓度的影响

[目的]研究冬季供暖对沈阳市不同功能区4种大气污染物浓度的影响。[方法]根据沈阳市2013年全年11个监测点位的PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2实时监测数据,分析4种污染物浓度的月变化规律,并应用主成分分析方法对供暖期和非供暖期该市6类功能区4种污染物对各功能区的影响进行分析。[结果]污染物PM10、PM2.5、SO2的浓度受供暖影响月变化明显,NO2的浓度受供暖及降水的双重影响月变化规律与其他3种污染物有较大不同;供暖期工业区各类污染物浓度最高,商业交通居民混合区供暖期和非供暖期各类污染物浓度均较高,供暖期农村和风景名胜区较其他点位污染物浓度最低;农村、商业交通居民混合区点位NO2浓度最高。[结论]该研究可为进一步调控与治理沈阳市大气污染提供理论支撑。     

杨树体内吸硫量与城市空气中硫污染物浓度之间的关系的研究

通过对太原市12个环境监测点的连续三年SO_2在大气中浓度变化分析,说明其浓度在第1.4季度呈明显高浓度,第2、3季度呈低浓度,这与绿化树木休眠期和生长期相吻合.化学分析杨树枝、叶含硫量,说明夏季叶片是吸收SO_2的主要器官,最高含硫量8.52g/kg;冬季以枝条通过韧皮部吸收SO_2,其含硫量最高值4.31g/kg;对9种绿化树熏蒸对比试验,在相同处理方式下,杨树吸硫量最高.     

Biogenic sulfur and the acidity of rainfall in remote areas of Canada

Sulfur released from any given natural or anthropogenic source carries an isotopic signature that can be used to trace its flow through the environment. Measurements of the concentration and isotopic composition of sulfur in weekly bulk precipitation samples collected over a 4-year period at a remote location in northern Ontario were recorded. The long-term isotopic data and the measurement on the production and release of dimethyl sulfide from boreal wetlands show that biogenic sources can account for up to 30 percent of the acidifying sulfur burden in the atmosphere in remote areas of Canada. The data suggest that significant biological reemission of anthropogenic sulfur is occurring. The role of this process in the continuing acidification of the environment for years to come must be a matter of concern.     

Thunderstorms: an important mechanism in the transport of air pollutants

Acid deposition and photochemical smog are urban air pollution problems, and they remain localized as long as the sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon pollutants are confined to the lower troposphere (below about 1-kilometer altitude) where they are short-lived. If, however, the contaminants are rapidly transported to the upper troposphere, then their atmospheric residence times grow and their range of influence expands dramatically. Although this vertical transport ameliorates some of the effects of acid rain by diluting atmospheric acids, it exacerbates global tropospheric ozone production by redistributing the necessary nitrogen catalysts. Results of recent computer simulations suggest that thunderstorms are one means of rapid vertical transport. To test this hypothesis, several research aircraft near a midwestern thunderstrom measured carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ozone, and reactive nitrogen compounds. Their concentrations were much greater in the outflow region of the storm, up to 11 kilometers in altitude, than in surrounding air. Trace gas measurements can thus be used to track the motion of air in and around a cloud. Thunderstorms may transform local air pollution problems into regional or global atmospheric chemistry problems.     

Sulfate Cooling Effect on Climate Through In-Cloud Oxidation of Anthropogenic SO2

Anthropogenic SO(2) emissions may exert a significant cooling effect on climate in the Northern Hemisphere through backscattering of solar radiation by sulfate particles. Earlier estimates of the sulfate climate forcing were based on a limited number of sulfate-scattering correlation measurements from which a high sulfate-scattering efficiency was derived. Model results suggest that cloud processing of air is the underlying mechanism. Aqueous phase oxidation of SO(2) into sulfate and the subsequent release of the dry aerosol by cloud evaporation render sulfate a much more efficient scatterer than through gas-phase SO(2) oxidation.     

永川城区主要绿化植物叶片含硫量及相对吸硫量研究

采用比容消解法和定容、分光光度计,测定了永川3个不同污染级别区域的18种植物叶片含硫量,并计算相应的相对吸硫量,用以研究植物净化SO2的能力。结果表明,在相同污染区域,不同植物种类叶片含硫量和相对吸硫量不同,其中,桂花、栀子、冬青、刺桐等植物含硫量和相对吸硫量大;植物在重污染区的含硫量和吸硫量高于中等污染区;植物叶片的含硫量和相对吸硫量存在一定的相关性,植物叶片的含硫量越高,植物相对吸硫量越大。该研究为城市园林绿地景观植物选择提供了技术支持。     

单纯形优化法在混凝除磷试验中的应用研究

以天津市纪庄子污水厂二级出水作为研究对象,利用单纯形优化方法,探讨不同混凝剂优化混凝除磷的最优条件。本实验对两种混凝剂硫酸铁、硫酸铝的混凝除磷效果进行了研究,利用单纯形优化方法对两种混凝剂的主要影响因素(混凝剂投加量和pH)进行了优化,从而得出了两种混凝剂去除二级出水中磷的最优条件。结果表明:通过18～25次实验,单纯形即可确定两种混凝剂除磷的最优条件。每种混凝剂的去除率都至少增加了30%。硫酸铁、硫酸铝两种混凝剂对总磷的最大去除率分别为87.25%,95.60%。每种混凝剂对正磷酸盐的去除率大于总磷的去除率。硫酸铁、硫酸铝两种混凝剂除磷的总磷残余浓度分别为0.35 mg.L-1,0.12 mg.L-1,达到0.5 mg.L-1以下的城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T18921-2002)。     

重庆万州二氧化硫浓度和气象条件关系分析

[目的]研究重庆万州区SO2污染状况，为农业的可持续发展提供支持。[方法]该研究通过总结万州区SO2浓度的年内逐日变化规律，探讨SO2浓度与降水量、大气压强、风速、气温、相对湿度、日照时数6个气象因子之间的关系，并用因子分析法分析主要的影响因素。[结果]重庆万州区SO2污染主要集中在冬季，SO2浓度与6个气象因子之间有4个存在显著性的相关关系，其中与降水量、风速、气温呈显著负相关，而与气压呈现显著正相关。因子分析法得到万州气象因子变化主要受到辐射能量、水汽和风速3个主要成分的影响，并建立了SO2浓度的预测模型。[结论]该研究的预测模型可以为万州区农业生产中预防SO2和酸雨污染提供依据。