Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of White Clover in a Mixed Sward is not Limited by Height of Repeated Cutting

The aim of this study was to investigate whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover nodules limits nitrogen supply and hence clover growth by repeated defoliation at two cutting heights. Other possible factors governing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the field were also elucidated. Using ¹⁵N, a 2-year field experiment including white clover ( Trifolium repens L. cv. Ladino) and perennial ryegrass ( Loliumperenne L. cv. Bastion) in monocultures and in mixtures was conducted in Eschikon, Switzerland. The effect of two cutting heights (4 cm and 10 cm above ground level) on the performance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation of white clover in the different sward-types was investigated. After each harvest, the plots were fertilized with 3 g N m^-2(equivalent to 30 kg N ha^-1 cut^-1 or 210 kg N ha^-1 year^-1). In both years, white clover grown in a mixture with grass received a significantly higher percentage of nitrogen from symbiotic fixation compared with clover grown in monoculture. This phenomenon is attributed to the strong competitiveness of ryegrass in soil nitrogen uptake. Consequently, white clover in the clover-ryegrass mixture was more dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation than that grown in monoculture. The cutting height did not preferentially influence symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as opposed to the uptake of mineral nitrogen from the soil. From this finding it is suggested that symbiotic nitrogen fixation did not limit the supply of nitrogen to clover and hence its growth. It is proposed that symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover is regulated by the demand for nitrogen rather than by the availability of carbohydrate reserves in the stolons. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation should thus be looked upon as an integrated plant growth factor and not as an isolated phenomenon.     

Nitrogen Balance of Legume-Wheat Cropping Sequences

In a lysimeter trial the legumes faba bean ( Vicia faba ), red clover ( Trifolium repens ), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) were grown for two years, followed by winter wheat on all plots in the third year. Plots fertilized with mineral nitrogen and a rye/maize – wheat cropping sequence were included for comparisons. These four cropping sequences were replicated twice in 1982–1984 and 1985–1987, respectively. Two soils, a loamy sand and a sandy loam were used.
On average of both soils:
– N fixation during two years was 461 kg N/ha, 803 kg N/ha, and 790 kg N/ha for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– Leaching of nitrogen occurred mainly during the periods of winter fallow or, in case of the perennial legumes, after incorporation of residues into the soil and planting of wheat. Average leaching for all 6 years was 49, 28, and 29 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– In the period of wheat growth and before planting the new crop (1.5 years) in 1984/85 51–64 kg N/ha and 1986/87 68–94 kg N/ha were leached after growing legumes. Leaching was less for rye/maize fertilized with mineral N, 41 kg N/ha in 1984/85, and 51 kg N/ha in 1986/87, respectively.
– Winter wheat grown after legumes took up 18 kg N/ha < 47 kg N/ha < 65 kg N/ha on average of both soils and 2 years (1984, 1987) after faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively. This indicates a nitrogen recovery of 24–44% of the legume N potentially available, and consequently a loss by leaching from 56 to 76 %.
On the sandy loam amount of drainage water and N leaching were lower, and faba bean and wheat yields higher than on the loamy sandy soil.     

Nitrogen Uptake by Italian Ryegrass after Destruction of Non-fertilized Set-aside Covers at Different Times in Autumn and Winter

The introduction of the European set-aside into the rotation can modify the nitrogen availability for subsequent crops. With a view to evaluating this effect, three non-fertilized covers were sown in May 1995. These covers were ploughed in at three different times: October 1995, December 1995 and March 1996. The ploughed-in nitrogen quantities did not vary greatly with destruction time. The greatest quantities were incorporated into red clover plots and the smallest quantities into perennial ryegrass plots. The C/N of perennial ryegrass was on average 24 and that of red clover 14.
The soil cover by clover just before ploughing is significantly related to the ploughed-in nitrogen quantities.
An Italian ryegrass was sown as the subsequent crop to the set-aside. Overall, during the whole year 1996 and 1996–1997, there was no difference between the yields for different destruction times except for the first cut of 1996.
The highest production was obtained after red clover and the lowest after perennial ryegrass. The relationship between the nitrogen amount or C/N of the ploughed-in material and the nitrogen export for the annual harvest of Italian ryegrass showed highly significant correlations in 1996 as well as for the 2-year harvest. Two multiple regressions were calculated in order to take into consideration the characteristics of the ploughed-in material of the set-aside.
The measured percentage of soil cover by clover before ploughing and the annual nitrogen export of Italian ryegrass were also significantly related in 1996 and for both years.     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用的影响

土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素, 为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律, 利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN: 0; 减量施氮RN: 180 kg hm ^-2; 常量施氮CN: 240 kg hm ^-2)对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N₂O排放、NO₃ ^--N累积的影响。结果表明, IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N₂O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%; IMS下玉米土壤的NO₃ ^--N积累量显著高于MM, 而大豆土壤的NO₃ ^--N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用, 增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%, 年均氨挥发总量和N₂O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用, 减少氮素排放损失, 增强耕层土壤NO₃ ^--N积累, 为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。     

行间生草对秦岭北麓猕猴桃园土壤养分及pH的影响

[目的]通过对秦岭地区猕猴桃园进行行间生草,来探讨多年生草对土壤pH、有机质及养分的影响。[方法]在西安猕猴桃试验站4年生的海沃德种植园,设置间作黑麦草、三叶草和林间组合,以自然生草为对照,于种植后第1、第2和第3年萌芽期分别测定果园不同土层的土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量的变化,并采用方差分析对数据进行分析。[结果]随着生草年限的递增,通过生不同的草种,土壤中全氮、有机质含量整体呈递增趋势;当生草年限达到3年时,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤中速效磷、速效钾含量逐渐降低;随着生草年限的递增,不同土层中自然生草的pH先增加后降低,三叶草的pH先降低后增加,黑麦草和林间组合的pH逐渐降低。[结论]在猕猴桃园生草能改良土壤养分状况,提高土壤有机质含量调节土壤pH。不同草种对土壤pH的影响不同,行间生林间组合和黑麦草能够改良北方的盐碱地。     

N-Dynamik des Bodens, Ertragsbildung und Stickstoffentzug von Winterweizen bei unterschiedlicher Höhe und Verteilung der mineralischen N-Düngung

NO₃ dynamics in the soil, yield formation and N uptake of winter wheat as influenced by dosage and distribution effects of N-fertilizer application
In a 4 year series of field trials carried out with 9 regimes of nitrogen fertilizer application at two trial sites with rather shallow top soil layers but large deviations in soil characteristics, grain yield varied between 50 dt/ ha and 120 dt/ha with nitrogen doses from 0–170 kg N/ha. Soil nitrogen supply for wheat grain formation on unfertilized plots reached 80 kg N/ha/year within the narrow range of 75–95 kg N/ha in different years at both sites which amounts to 1.5 % and 0.5 % of the highly different N-content of the trial sites.
The most successful nitrogen application regimes are characterized by modest fertilizer doses in early spring and the delay of supplemental fertilizer doses until growth stage EC 32. They resulted into modest NO) soil content from EC 29 to EC 32 and/or a noticable decrease of soil NO₃ content during growth stage EC 30–32, which seems to be responsible for the development of only modest stand densities and reduced straw yield, while the delayed supplementation with nitrogen fertilizer overcompensated these effects mainly by increased grain numbers/ear and a remarkable improvement of harvest index.
The contribution of soil borne nitrogen to kernel yield formation started to decrease with even low dosages of supplemental nitrogen fertilization with the exception of the highest yielding season 1987/88. Top levels of grain yield have been regularly obtained with supplemental nitrogen fertilizer dosages about 40 kg N/ha below grain yield nitrogen extraction if they were added within favorable application regimes.     

滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

为探明华北地区山前平原水肥一体化条件下小麦合理的氮肥运筹。于2013-2015年2个小麦生长季,设置4个滴灌施氮量(N0-不施氮、N1-120 kg/hm~2、N2-240 kg/hm~2、N3-360 kg/hm~2)处理,研究滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收积累和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮量N1、N2和N3处理的小麦干质量及产量较处理N0显著增加,N1、N2和N3处理间无显著差异;施氮量对小麦茎秆的氮含量影响较大,但对籽粒氮含量的影响差异不显著;处理N3的小麦总吸氮量分别显著高于处理N0、N1和N2,但处理N1和N2之间无显著差异;氮肥收获指数以N2处理最高,氮肥当季回收利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥利用效率均表现出随施氮量增加而降低的趋势;施氮量超过240 kg/hm~2,土壤硝态氮含量增加,且随种植年限的延长更加明显。采用一元二次方程拟合,获得小麦最高产量的施氮量为238.46~250.78 kg/hm~2,经济施氮量为174.28~207.18 kg/hm~2。综合考虑经济效益和生态效益,该条件下小麦滴灌经济施氮量以174~207 kg/hm~2为宜。     

氮磷钾对红花草固氮根瘤菌生长及种植后土壤肥力的影响

为了发展有机水稻,以红花草-有机水稻轮作培肥水田土壤肥力,研究氮、磷、钾对红花草固氮根瘤菌生长及种植后土壤肥力的影响,为红花草的合理种植、培肥地力提供依据。2012—2013 2年稻后茬种植红花草,过冬前分别单独施用不同用量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥,以不施肥为对照,探讨不同肥料不同用量对红花草产草量、固氮根瘤菌数量、固氮根瘤菌重量的影响及种植后的土壤肥力变化状况。研究结果表明：红花草前期补施氮、磷、钾,氮素对红花草的影响较大,在施氮75 kg/hm²(N 46%)时,产草量最高,固氮根瘤菌数量最多,固氮根瘤菌重量大;种植后土壤全氮变化表现为不同施氮量增幅随肥料用量增加而增加,施磷、施钾各处理增幅随肥料用量增加而先降后升;土壤速效磷变化为施氮、施磷各处理增幅随肥料用量增加而增加,施钾各处理增幅趋势表现不明显;土壤速效钾变化表现为施氮、施磷各处理增幅变化趋势是随肥料用量增加先升后降,在施氮150 kg/hm²(N 46%)、施磷300 kg/hm²(P₂O₅ 12%)时,土壤速效钾增幅达最大;土壤有机质变化表现为增幅随肥料用量增加而增加。所以,种植红花草,前期适当补施氮、磷、钾,可以提高红花草产草量,有效提高土壤肥力。     

Differences between Maize Cultivars in Yield Formation, Nitrogen Uptake and associated Depletion of Soil Nitrate

In a 3-year field experiment conducted on a Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim, ten maize cultivars (nine commercial and one experimental hybrid) were compared in their ability to utilize a high soil nitrogen (N) supply. Total N content of the shoots at about silage maturity ranged from 213 to 328 kg N ha⁻¹ (1986), from 177 to 223 kg N ha⁻¹ (1987) and from 185 to 226 kg N ha⁻¹ (1988). In all three experimental years, total shoot N uptake was significantly positively correlated to stover yield, and also to N concentrations in the ears and in the total plant dry matter. In contrast, a negative correlation between ear yields of the cultivars and total N uptake was indicated. Differences between the cultivars in N uptake were reflected in a corresponding soil nitrate depletion. At harvest, residual nitrate-N in the 0–90 cm soil layer ranged from 34–63 kg N ha⁻¹ m 1987 and 32–71 kg N ha⁻¹ in 1988. The results indicate, that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake-capactiy of the shoots may contribute to an increased utilization of a high soil N supply and thus to a reduction of nitrate leaching.     

六种稻田土壤冬季种植黑麦草功能效应研究

选取我国亚热带地区6种主要成土母质发育的水稻土,通过定位试验研究了黑麦草产量、碳氮环境效应和土壤微生物量变化。结果表明,6种稻田土壤冬季均适合生长黑麦草,黑麦草地上部和根系干物质产量,在河沙泥田表现最好,分别为11 324.8 kg hm^-2和8 227.3 kg hm^-2。6种稻田土壤黑麦草地上部和根系碳蓄积量均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),地上部分碳蓄积量在河沙泥田最高,为4 495.3 kg hm^-2;根系碳蓄积量在河沙泥田和麻沙泥田表现最好,分别为2 799.6 kg hm^-2和2 711.8 kg hm^-2;黄泥田最低,为1 852.9 kg hm^-2。而黑麦草氮蓄积量,在河沙泥田最高,地上氮蓄积量为238.1 kg hm^-2,地下氮蓄积量为60.1 kg hm^-2。6种稻田土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮,在种草区和冬闲田间差异均达到了显著水平(P＜0.05),除灰泥田外种草区均大于冬闲田,冬季种植黑麦草增加了土壤微生物商。     

Estimation of Nitrogen Fixation by the Natural 15N-abundance Technique and Nitrogen Uptake by Pigeonpea Genotypes of Different Maturity Groups grown in an Inceptisol1

The modulation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen uptake of four pigeonpea genotypes belonging to extra short duration, short duration and long duration maturity groups grown on an Inceptisol were studied to examine why, despite the poor nodulation of pigeonpea in this soil, it still produces greater yields, than in Alfisols and Vertisols. The percentage nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) was estimated by ¹⁵N natural abundance and N-difference methods using a long duration sorghum as the non-fixing reference crop. In general, nodulation of pigeonpea in the Inceptisol was much lower than that reported in Alfisols and Vertisols. The above-ground dry matter ringed from 3.1 to 17.1 t ha^?1 while the N uptake ranged from 62.3 to 215 kg ha^?1 The fallen plant parrs of pigeonpea genotypes ranged from 1.4 to 4.9 t ha^?1 and their N contents ranged from 25 to 84 kg ha^?1. The estimates of percentage Ndfa obtained by the two methods were different. Those obtained by the ¹⁵N natural abundance appeared more appropriate as the δ¹⁵N of sorghum harvested along with short duration pigeonpea and later when it was mature did not change significantly. The extra short duration pigeonpea genotype ICPL 84023 contained very little N from atmospheric N₂, while the short duration pigeonpea cv. ICPL 151 had 17% Ndfa and the long duration genotypes. ICPL 366 and T7 had up to 36 % Ndfa. It can be concluded that one of the causes of high yields of pigeonpea on Inceptisols compared to Alfisols and Vertisols despite poor nodulation could be the high N supplying capacity of these Inceptisols. Strategies have been suggested as to how pigeonpea genotypes grown in Inceptisols could improve their nodulation and nitrogen fixation and thus better contribute to a sustainable agriculture.     

Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Fertilization on Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Nitrogen Uptake and Yield

Little is known about the effect of combined phosphorus and nitrogen (P‐N) fertilization on the N requirement of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying levels of P and N, as well as the interaction P × N, on the N uptake, yield and N apparent utilization efficiency under field conditions. Split‐plot design experiments were conducted in the mid‐western Pampas in Argentina. Four levels of N (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha^?1) and three levels of P (0, 12 and 40 kg P ha^?1) were applied to two Typic Hapludolls over two growing seasons (1997–98 and 1998–99). N uptake and soil N‐NO₃ contents were determined at the V₇, R₅ and R₉ growth stages. The sunflower yield ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 Mg ha^?1. The total N requirement was around 45 kg N Mg^?1 grain, and this result suggests that it is not necessary to use different N requirements (parameter b) for fertilized crops when a yield response is expected. To achieve a 100 % yield maximum a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 181 kg N ha^?1 at P₄₀ was needed. However, at P₀, the highest yield was about 80 % of the maximum yield with a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 164 kg N ha^?1. P application increased the apparent use efficiency of the supplied N.     

Nitrogen Fixation in Hybrids of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Caucasian Clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb)

Hybrids between white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Caucasian clover (or Kura clover, Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb) are a potential route for the improvement of drought tolerance and persistence in white clover. However, to be agronomically viable they must show no significant reduction in their potential for nitrogen fixation relative to white clover. A comparative study of growth rate and nitrogen fixation was carried out in flowing solution culture without a supply of mineral nitrogen to the plants. The two parental species and two generations of backcross hybrids, with white clover as the recurrent parent, were assessed. The growth rate and N content of T. ambiguum were significantly lower than those of the other lines. However, dry matter production, nodule biomass per plant and rates of fixation were similar in second‐generation backcross plants and white clover. The results suggest that the agronomic potential of this novel germplasm is not compromised by limitations with respect to nitrogen fixation.     

高产条件下施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收分配利用的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,采用15N示踪技术,研究了高产条件下不同施氮量处理对冬小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在本试验土壤肥力条件下,当施氮量超过150 kg/hm²时,不能显著增加植株氮素积累量,对小麦生育后期植株氮素吸收无显著促进效应。随施氮量增加,氮素在籽粒中的分配比例降低,在茎和叶的分配量及比例显著增加。15N示踪试验指出,施氮量由195 kg/hm²增至240 kg/hm²,植株吸收的肥料氮素增加,吸收的土壤氮素减少,植株总的氮素积累量无显著差异;施氮量增加,开花后营养器官中的氮素向籽粒的转移无显著差异,而转移效率及氮素转移对籽粒的贡献率降低。施氮量增加,氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率下降,氮肥生产效率降低,氮素收获指数亦降低。施氮量为105～240 kg/hm²时,氮肥当季回收率为36.22%～50.54%,其中追肥氮回收率大于基肥氮;施氮量增加,氮肥回收率先增加后降低,195 kg/hm²处理氮肥当季回收率较高。适量施氮,籽粒产量增加,蛋白质含量提高,加工品质改善;过量施氮,籽粒产量降低,加工品质趋于变劣。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、品质和氮素利用率,施氮量为150～195 kg/hm²可供生产中参考。     

磷对花生氮素吸收和利用的影响

磷是植物必需营养元素之一,以多种方式影响作物氮吸收、利用。花生属于豆科作物,氮素营养来源包括土壤、肥料和根瘤固氮。本研究以山东省主推品种花育22号(大花生)和花育20号(小花生)为材料,设置5个施磷(P2O5)水平(0、45、90、135和180 kg hm–2),利用15N示踪技术,进行了2年桶栽试验。结果表明,施磷提高了两花生品种肥料氮、土壤氮及根瘤固氮积累量,其中根瘤固氮积累量的增幅大于土壤氮和肥料氮,年份和品种间表现基本一致;随施磷量增加,根瘤数量、鲜重及根瘤固氮积累比例呈增加趋势,土壤氮、肥料氮积累比例呈降低趋势;施磷量在45～90 kg hm–2范围内,氮肥利用效率、荚果氮素利用效率及产量均呈增加趋势,施磷量超过90 kg hm–2,上述三指标呈降低趋势或不再增加;磷肥农学效率随施磷量增加而降低;根瘤固氮积累量与荚果产量、植株全氮积累量呈极显著正相关,与土壤氮、肥料氮积累比例及氮素荚果利用效率呈极显著负相关。根瘤固氮积累比例与土壤氮和肥料氮积累量、供氮比例及氮肥利用率呈极显著负相关。综上,施磷能增加花生根瘤固氮供氮量及供氮比例,降低对肥料氮和土壤氮的依赖,但过量施磷不利于氮、磷效率和产量的提高。45～90 kg hm–2 (P2O5)为花生适宜施磷量。     

长期定位施肥土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累特征及其与玉米产量的关系

为潮土中硝态氮和铵态氮的运移、积累特征及其与夏玉米产量之间的关系,以始于1978年的莱阳长期定位施肥试验为基础,在2014,2015年夏玉米收获后,分别测定0~20,20~40,40~60,60~80,80~100 cm土层硝态氮、铵态氮含量,并计算0~100 cm不同土层硝态氮、铵态氮积累量及夏玉米产量。结果表明:施用有机肥或化学氮肥均能提高土壤硝态氮或铵态氮含量及其积累量;在0~100 cm土层中各处理硝态氮的垂直迁移趋势不同,而铵态氮的垂直迁移趋势基本一致;与化肥相比,施用有机肥可滞缓硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,但两者对铵态氮向土壤深层迁移趋势的影响不明显;长期施用有机肥、氮肥对硝态氮、铵态氮积累量的影响均达极显著水平,且对土壤硝态氮积累量存在极显著的交互效应;与长期不施肥M_0N_0(CK)相比,施肥处理(M_0N_1、M_0N_2、M_1N_0、M_1N_1、M_1N_2、M_2N_0、M_2N_1、M_2N_2)硝态氮积累量、铵态氮积累量分别显著增加112%~396%和69%~259%(P0.05);在0~20,0~40,0~60,0~80,0~100 cm各土层中,硝态氮、铵态氮积累量与夏玉米产量具有不同线性关系。研究表明,合理的有机无机肥配施可以降低土壤硝态氮、铵态氮淋溶及其积累,从而有利于提高作物产量,维持农田土壤生态系统的稳定性,促进农业可持续发展并保护地下水源。     

覆膜与施氮互作对高粱产量及水氮利用效率的影响

为探索旱地覆膜栽培条件下适宜机械化高粱水氮利用效率,本试验于2015、2016年以机械化生产高粱品种晋杂34、晋杂35为试验材料,研究了2种栽培措施（B₁：裸地,B₂：覆膜）、3个施氮量（C₁：0kg/hm ²、C₂：225kg/hm ²、C₃：450kg/hm ²）条件对高粱不同生育期不同深度土壤贮水量、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜有效提高了高粱不同生育期0~60cm土层土壤贮水量,但施氮水平对土壤贮水量的影响差异不明显。两年试验覆膜处理平均产量比裸地显著提高11.63%,降雨偏少年度（2015）增产12.03%,降雨偏多年度（2016）增产11.17%;不同施氮处理产量差异不显著,其与品种或覆膜方式的交互作用差异也不显著,但覆膜有效提高了氮肥利用率,尤以施氮225kg/hm ²处理氮肥偏生产力显著高于其他处理。降雨偏少年度的水分利用率、降水生产效率显著高于降雨偏多年度。与裸地处理相比,2015年覆膜处理水分利用效率提高15.93%;2016年提高12.21%。两年试验晋杂34、晋杂35都以覆膜施氮225kg/hm ²处理水分利用效果最佳,2015年表现尤为突出,水分利用效率和增产率分别为37.01、31.72kg/（mm·hm ²）和19.076%、38.286%。综合考虑,在本试验条件下,覆膜、施氮225kg/hm ²为晋杂34、晋杂35高产、水氮高效利用的最佳组合。     

氮素对大蒜产量影响和氮素供应目标值的研究

以地方品种金乡白皮蒜为试材,设6个施肥处理5个氮素水平,研究了氮素对大蒜产量的影响以及该条件下土壤氮素平衡等。结果表明：随着氮肥用量的增加大蒜的产量随之增加,MN1~MN4处理大蒜分别增产25.4%~40.2%。施氮240kg/hm2的MN3处理为该试验条件下的适宜用量。在大蒜整个生育期,土壤有机氮表观矿化量为N 134.5kg/hm2、有机肥净矿化量为N 34.2kg/hm2。大蒜在苗期、鳞芽花芽分化及蒜薹伸长期、鳞茎膨大期氮素的供应目标值应为N 158.6、128.0、211.6kg/hm2。随着氮肥用量的增加氮素的损失增加,MN1~MN4处理分别损失32.0%~40.4%。单位氮素投入所获得的收益随着氮肥施用量的增加逐渐减少,MN1~M4处理每投资1元钱的氮肥分别可获得97、67、51、35元的收益。大蒜施肥在注重产量的同时,也应兼顾环境和经济效益。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲料产量、养分吸收与土壤性质的影响

大田试验条件下采用苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作,分别设CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮磷肥)、NK(施氮钾肥)、PK(施磷钾肥)、NPK(施氮磷钾肥) 5个处理研究施肥对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施显著提高苏丹草与黑麦草鲜草产量,2005—2006年与2006—2007年两季饲草分别为162.7 t hm^-2、114.9 t hm^-2,分别比同期PK、NK、NP处理增产312.9%、26.9%、17.9%和338.5%、20.3%、17.2%。施肥影响饲草的氮、磷、钾含量,且氮磷钾配施可以改善饲草养分吸收,2005—2006年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为500 kg hm^-2、91 kg hm^-2和997 kg hm^-2,2006—2007年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为312 kg hm^-2、56 kg hm^-2和402 kg hm^-2。轮作系统中,氮磷钾肥配施条件下氮、磷盈余最少,而钾亏缺。在苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,随着种植次数的增多,各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮均有不同程度上升,施磷(NPK、NP、PK)处理的速效磷、施钾(NPK、NK、PK)处理的速效钾均有上升,而NK处理的速效磷、NP处理的速效钾略有下降。     

高肥力土壤氮钾配施对鲜食型甘薯产量及品质的影响

为了探明高肥力土壤氮钾配施对烟薯25产量和品质的影响,采用二因素三水平完全随机区组试验设计,分别设3个N处理(0,45,90 kg/hm~2)和3个K_2O处理(0,75,150 kg/hm~2),共计9个氮钾组合处理,分别于收获期调查甘薯地上部性状,测定块根干鲜质量、Vc、淀粉、蛋白质、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:高肥力土壤上施用氮肥可增加甘薯蔓长、茎叶鲜质量、T/R值,并提高甘薯块根内蛋白质、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量,高肥力土壤上施用氮肥情况下,块根干鲜质量、淀粉和果糖含量有所降低。施用钾肥能显著提高块根干鲜质量、薯干率及淀粉和葡萄糖的含量;促进了甘薯对Mg的吸收,降低了甘薯对Ca的吸收。在氮钾互作条件下,甘薯分枝数、结薯数及Vc、蛋白质、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量与不施肥处理相比均有所提高;鲜薯产量与氮肥、钾肥的施用存在交互作用,即在不施N、施K_2O 150 kg/hm~2时,甘薯产量达到最高,较不施肥处理增产10 825.5 kg/hm~2,增幅为29.2%。同时在施N 90 kg/hm~2、不施K_2O时,甘薯产量最低,较不施肥处理减产1 435.5 kg/hm~2,降幅为3.9%。因此,在高肥力土壤,应不施或少施氮肥并配施适量钾肥以期获得鲜食型甘薯的高产优质。