不同粒径鹧鸪茶粉体表征与理化特性的比较研究

本研究以海南植物鹧鸪茶为研究对象,比较了鹧鸪粗粉（D₅₀为120.45 mm）、细粉（D₅₀为65.86 mm）、超微粉Ⅰ、超微粉Ⅱ和超微粉Ⅲ5种粉体的表征与理化特性。通过色度测定、粒径测定、电镜扫描分析、红外光谱分析,探究5种不同粒径鹧鸪粉体的加工特性、流动性,以及5种粉体茶多糖和皂苷含量的变化规律。结果表明:随着粉体粒径逐渐减小,其溶解度、润湿性、流动性均增大,膨胀度、持水力减小;鹧鸪茶超微粉的茶多糖、皂苷含量明显高于粗粉、细粉;随着超微粉碎时间的延长,茶多糖含量逐渐增大,皂苷含量各不相同。不同粒径鹧鸪茶粉体的特性各不相同,综合比较得出,超微粉的溶解度、茶多糖、皂苷含量较高,更容易被人体吸收,生物利用度高,加工方便。因此,鹧鸪茶超微粉具有较好的开发前景。     

超微粉碎对工夫红茶物化特性的影响

以物化性质为指标,将工夫红茶超微粉碎成平均粒度为26.116、9.612、4.338、3.742、3.328μm的超微红茶粉,探究超微粉碎对其物化性质的影响。结果表明,随着超微红茶粉粒度减小,堆密度、膨胀力和持水能力变小,休止角和滑角逐渐增大,茶粉流动性变差;色度的L值和b值逐渐增大,表明超微粉碎对工夫红茶色泽有提升作用。内含成分检测结果显示,随着超微红茶粉粒度减小,水浸出物含量、氨基酸含量及可溶性糖的含量明显提高,但是茶多酚、茶色素和粗纤维的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,推测其原因在于超微粉碎破坏了茶叶中以纤维素为主体的细胞壁结构,粗纤维受到破坏,从而内含成分更容易暴露出来,而多酚类物质不稳定,容易被氧化,因此茶多酚和茶色素的含量才会有降低的趋势。     

不同加工工艺对超微茶粉的理化性质影响

研究分析了不同加工工艺超微茶粉球磨粉碎工艺、气磨粉碎工艺超微茶粉主要理化性质。不同粉碎处理的超微茶粉在理化成分含量、色泽、香气及滋味特征等方面均有所差异。结果表明,球磨、气磨粉碎超微茶粉游离氨基酸含量分别为25.4 mg/g、22.9 mg/g;咖啡碱含量分别为33.8 mg/g、33.6 mg/g;水溶性糖含量分别为31.2 mg/g、30.8 mg/g;水溶性蛋白质含量分别为21.1 mg/g、19.2 mg/g;茶多酚含量分别为172.2 mg/g、150.3 mg/g。球磨粉碎超微茶粉感官品质特征优于气磨粉碎超微茶粉,茶叶中的茶多酚、咖啡碱等主要香气物质、营养物质的损失也低于气磨粉碎超微茶粉,本实验对比两者理化性质的区别分析,从而可以为提高超微茶粉品质的加工措施提供理论依据。     

振动超微粉碎处理对甘蔗渣粉体理化特性的影响

采用振动超微粉碎技术对甘蔗加工副产物——甘蔗渣进行活化处理,考察了超微粉碎时间对粉体粒径、结构、外观形貌、持水性、分散性等理化特性的影响,结果表明超微粉碎10 min的粉体改性效果最佳,与粗粉相比,其表面孔洞裂纹大大增加,持水性降低。采用红外光谱分析与X衍射分析得到其羟基活性提高,无定形部分增加,但超微处理并未改变纤维素的结晶类型。但表征发现经过超微处理的粉体在水中分散性较差,选取超声波处理的方式提高粉体分散性,发现超声20 min时粉体分散性达到最佳。      

超微粉碎对毛竹笋微观结构及营养成分的影响

为了研究超微粉碎对毛竹笋微观结构及营养成分的影响,利用激光粒度仪和扫描电镜对超微粉碎不同时间的毛竹笋微观结构进行表征,并用国标检测等方法对膳食纤维、蛋白质、脂肪、糖类及金属元素等营养成分含量变化进行分析。结果表明：随着超微粉碎时间的延长,粉体粒径显著变小,颗粒表面纤维结构被明显破坏;可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）含量增多,不可溶性膳食纤维（IDF）含量减少;糖类含量上升,蛋白质、脂肪和金属元素含量变化不显著;根据红外光谱图可知,超微粉碎后其中的氢键作用和糖类吸收峰均有所增强。     

超微粉碎对咖啡果皮理化性质、结构及吸附能力的影响

本研究以咖啡果皮为原料,对其进行传统粉碎和超微粉碎,分别得到不同粒度的咖啡果皮粉。通过测定不同粒度粉体的持水性、膨胀性、持油性、溶解性和阳离子交换能力表明,随着粒度的减小,粉体的物理性状都有不同程度的改善,其中膨胀性和溶解性显著增加,分别从3.86 mL/g增加到6.14 mL/g、13.23%增加到44.50%;通过测定不同粒度粉体的吸附性能表明,随着粒度的减小,粉体对葡萄糖、胆固醇和亚硝酸盐的吸附能力增强,且超微粉与传统粉间差异显著,超微粉对三者的吸附能力分别为42.42 mg/g、29.34 mg/g、224.56 μg/g,吸附率分别为63.04%、67.38%、75.91%;扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱结果表明,超微粉碎能显著降低粉体粒度,但对粉体结构组成无显著改变。本研究结果表明超微粉碎能赋予咖啡果皮更好的加工和功能特性,下一步可考虑作为新的食品加工配料资源,提高咖啡副产物的利用价值。     

抹茶蛋卷贮藏品质与货架期预测模型研究

当前抹茶烘焙食品广受消费者青睐,对抹茶烘焙食品贮藏品质进行研究具有重要的实际应用意义。本文以抹茶蛋卷作为研究对象,采用食品保质期加速测试法,研究其贮藏过程中水分含量、过氧化值、酸价和色差的变化,并基于Arrhenius模型构建抹茶蛋卷的货架期预测模型。结果表明：抹茶蛋卷在贮藏过程中随着时间的延长水分含量、色差L值和b值较为稳定,色差a值呈上升趋势,过氧化值逐渐增加,酸价呈现先增加后减少的趋势。以色差a值作为主要品质劣变指标,进行零级反应动力学方程拟合,建立抹茶蛋卷货架期预测模型,25℃条件下预测货架期为325.39 d。     

抹茶的技术与人文分析

本文以中国国家标准为基础并参考日本国家食品标准对抹茶的物理化学特征进行了剖析,认为抹茶的技术本质就是优质茶粉,并没有什么超脱出茶粉基本特性的殊异之处。"抹茶"一词源于日文,"抹茶"的实质是"末茶",但日语汉字"抹"却没有直接释为"末"的义项,日语"抹茶"一词的来源仍有待探讨。从魏晋士人对茶叶冲泡过程"焕如积雪,晔若春敷"的汤花之美的欣赏和认识看,将茶叶碾细后冲饮从汉魏早期即已成习,基于抹茶是一种茶粉或粉末茶的认识,可以认为抹茶的源起可以追溯到魏晋时期。从唐人诗歌、茶器、生活纪事考察,点茶法在唐代已经形成,唐人饮茶基本以茶粉为型,茶粉冲泡击拂产生的汤花为文人所重。     

小绿叶蝉不同为害程度对鲜叶化学成分的影响

本研究探讨小绿叶蝉不同为害程度对茶芽叶内含物质成分的影响,结果表明,随着小绿叶蝉咬食时间延长,为害程度的增加茶多酚含量,氨基酸含量明显增加,而咖啡碱含量均呈现降低的趋势;儿茶素,黄酮,可溶性糖含量呈现先增后减趋势;这些变化在不同品种间存在差异;经过小绿叶蝉为害的样品其芳香物质总含量增加,不同的为害程度出现某些新的香气物质,如对二甲苯、2-乙基己醇、四氢薰衣草醇、鲸蜡醇、茶香螺烷、角鲨烯、柏木脑、2-丁基-1-辛醇等。     

基于《大观茶论》点茶法的器物选择原理初探

点茶法是宋代烹茶的主要方式,北宋宋徽宗亲撰的《大观茶论》是记述点茶技法的经典茶著。基于此茶书的解读,并结合当代恢复、创新的径山抹茶的冲饮方法,通过不同茶品、不同茶碗和不同击拂器具的点茶法单因素试验,初步探究点茶法的原料和器具选择原理,结果表明:相比于红茶和绿茶,黑茶超微茶粉更适合作为点茶原料;在建盏中进行点茶操作优于白瓷碗和木碗;八十本立茶筅比和果子竹刷、32穗长柄茶筅更适宜作为专用的击拂工具。     

Superfine grinding improves functional properties and antioxidant capacities of bran dietary fibre from Qingke (hull-less barley) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The effect of particle size of hull-less barley (HLB) bran DF on antioxidant and physicochemical properties was investigated. HLB bran and extracted DF was ground by regular and superfine grinding, their particle sizes were determined using laser diffraction method. The results showed that superfine grinding could significantly pulverize DF particles to micro-scale; the particle size distribution was close to a Gaussian distribution. The soluble DF in HLB bran was increased effectively with superfine grinding. Insoluble DF with submicron scale showed increased total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). With particle size reduction, the water retention capacity (WRC), swelling capacity (SC), oil binding capacity (OBC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the water holding capacity (WHC) had no significant change. A kind of health beneficial DF with higher soluble DF content, WRC, SC, OBC, NIAC and antioxidant activity was obtained using superfine grinding.     

Effects of superfine grinding on the quality characteristics of whole-wheat flour and its raw noodle product

Four particle size distributions of whole-wheat flour (WWF) with mean particle sizes (MZ) of 125-μm, 96-μm, 72-μm, and 43-μm were obtained by superfine grinding. Starch damage and Farinograph water absorption were significantly affected by the reduction of particle size, while dough development time, stability, tolerance index and time to breakdown of WWF were little changed. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of WWF significantly decreased as particle size reduced. Although finer WWFs produced by superfine grinding caused more discoloration of whole-wheat noodle (WWN) after 24 h storage, they still showed brighter noodle appearance (higher L^∗) than coarser WWFs. A significant increase in the cooking yield of WWN was noticed from the 125-μm WWF group to the 43-μm group, perhaps due to increasing damaged starch, while the 72-μm group exhibited the smallest cooking loss of WWN. Additionally, the hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience values of texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked WWN significantly increased from the 125-μm group to the 72-μm group, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the 72-μm group revealed the largest coverage of starch granules and degree of protein network connectivity among the WWF groups. The results demonstrated that the superfine grinding technique could improve the quality of WWN by significantly reducing the particle size of WWFs.     

碾茶蒸汽杀青加工工艺及品质缺陷改进措施

碾茶是抹茶研磨前的原料,抹茶质量的好坏很大程度上取决于碾茶品质的高低。碾茶是将杀青后的茶叶不经揉捻,直接进行干燥等加工工艺而制成的茶片,看似简单的工艺,其实生产过程却非常复杂,稍许的鲜叶差异、蒸汽流量不同、温度变化,都会使碾茶品质产生较大的差异。文章介绍碾茶蒸汽杀青加工工艺,容易产生的品质缺陷及相应改进措施。     

茶叶粉对小麦面粉流变学及糊化特性的影响

为进一步提高茶叶在食品工业中的应用范围,以小麦西农538(中筋)为供试材料,分别添加0、2%、4%、6%、8%和10%的绿茶、红茶和黑茶3类茶叶粉于面粉中,并对其进行面团流变学特性及糊化特性分析。结果表明,3类茶叶粉均可显著改善面团的流变学特性及糊化特性。随着茶叶粉添加量的增加,面团吸水率均显著增大;添加2%~10%的绿茶粉及6%~10%的黑茶粉,面团的形成时间和稳定时间均显著提高,弱化度均显著降低。添加6%的绿茶粉时,面团的拉伸能量和最大拉伸阻力增幅均达到最大值,延伸度出现小幅度升高的拐点;添加4%的红茶粉,面团的拉伸面积显著增大,继续增加添加量则变化不明显;黑茶和红茶粉添加量分别大于4%和6%时,面团延伸度均显著降低。面粉中添加适量的茶叶粉可改善面粉的品质,绿茶粉的添加对面团网络结构形成速度和面团筋力的改良效果大于红茶粉和黑茶粉。面粉糊化的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、峰值时间、回生值随着茶叶粉添加量的增大均呈不同幅度的降低趋势;3类茶叶粉对面粉糊化的热稳定性具有不同程度的改善作用。     

我国抹茶产业创新发展前景

抹茶是一种纯天然超细微粉体绿茶,它最大限度地保持了绿茶的天然绿色以及营养、药理有效成分,具有较好的市场潜力和前所未有的发展机遇。本文介绍了抹茶的起源、现状及生产与加工技术,并从适制茶树品种创新、茶园管理模式创新、加工与制粉技术创新、品质安全与应用创新等方面展望我国抹茶的发展前景。     

Gum and protein enrichment from sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seed by fine grinding and sieving

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) is a weed species that has contaminated soybean and other crops. Although sicklepod continues to be a problem weed, the advent of herbicide-resistant soybeans has reduced the problem somewhat in the last few years. Sicklepod seed contains a gum of commercial interest in addition to protein and fat. An inexpensive process to enrich gum and protein contents of sicklepod seed is desirable for increased utilization and further processing. This study was conducted to determine whether fine grinding and sieving of sicklepod seed into separate fractions according to particle size could enrich gum and protein. Sicklepod seed was finely ground in a pin mill at different speed, and the resulting ground seed was separated into various fractions according to particle size. Gum content increased with particle size, and protein content decreased with particle size. Fine grinding and sieving of sicklepod seed can enrich gum in the fraction with largest particle size and can enrich protein in the fraction with smallest particle size. Fine grinding and sieving of sicklepod seed can make further processing more economical.     

How manipulation of wheat bran by superfine-grinding affects a wide spectrum of dough rheological properties

The present study explored the effect of size reduction by superfine grinding on the performance and rheological properties of bran-enriched dough. Coarse (D₅₀ = 328.98 μm) and superfine-ground (D₅₀ = 50.76 and 28.37 μm) wheat brans were incorporated into the wheat dough to replace 10–30% of plain flour. Both fundamental and empirical tests were performed to assess the mixing properties, pasting properties, large deformation rheology, small deformation rheology, and stickiness of the dough. With the increasing amount of bran added, dough water absorption capacity increased, while the dough became less sticky and more rigid. Superfine grinding reduced the water retention capacity of the bran by 17–20%. Dough fortified with the finest bran (D₅₀ = 28.37 μm) showed an overall better stability and uniaxial extensibility. However, the results suggested that superfine grinding not necessarily improve every aspect of dough performance, particularly the pasting properties. High peak and final viscosity were observed for dough fortified with superfine bran, indicating their end products, such as noodle, might exhibit high stickiness after cooking, and a high degree of starch retrogradation. Results of this study contributed to a better understanding of the modification effect of superfine grinding on dietary fibre.