肉羊密集繁殖体系的设计与应用效果预测研究

为了稳步推进宁夏农垦企业集团百万肉羊产业化生产,根据宁夏农垦地理生态条件、肉羊品种资源和饲料资源情况、母羊的繁殖性能特点以及规模化羊场的管理能力、设备条件和技术水平等具体情况,按照从实际出发、因地制宜的基本原则,选择两年三胎密集繁殖体系作为宁夏农垦规模化羊场最适宜的繁殖方式;同时,从生产节律的确定、生产单元的组建、配种方式的选择、配种和产羔计划的制定等4个方面对两年三胎密集繁殖体系的具体实施方案进行了系统研究。     

獭兔日常繁殖及管理技术

正1繁殖周期的选择一个繁殖周期是指从上胎产仔到下胎配种产仔的间隔时间。繁殖周期一般分为延期繁殖、半密集繁殖和密集繁殖。1. 1延期繁殖仔兔断奶后,才配种繁殖下一胎。1. 2密集繁殖母兔产仔后1～2 d(24～36 h较好)就把母兔送与公兔交配。一般又称"血配"。1. 3半密集繁殖在母兔产仔后8～16 d左右,对母兔进行配种繁殖。饲养獭兔的目的主要是为获取高质量的毛     

小尾寒羊适宜繁殖生产模式研究

本文通过对小尾寒羊适宜早配年龄、最佳繁殖周期、适宜产羔季节等方面研究,确定了小尾寒羊适宜的繁殖生产模式.小尾寒羊早配月龄为9月龄,母羊9月龄配种其受胎率、产羔率、羊繁活率及母羊成年体尺、体重均无不良影响;最佳繁殖周期为三年五产.三年五产既能保障羔羊8周哺乳期,又能使母羊有2周的恢复期迎接下一繁殖周期,这样利于羔羊的生长发育和母羊体况恢复,同时能保证最大年平均产羔数;最佳的繁殖产羔季节为春季、冬季,其次为秋季,一般产羔,应避开炎热的夏季;确定了三年五产羊群充分利用最佳繁殖季节的配种产羔时间安排表;并设计出了规模化羊场羊群生产周转的模式图.     

放牧藏羊两年三胎繁殖调控技术规范(试行)

本规范包含了放牧藏羊两年三胎繁殖调控组群、繁殖营养调控方案、羔羊早期断奶及培育、初产母羊早期配种、技术保障和风险防范的技术和措施,形成了完整的放牧藏羊两年三胎繁殖调控技术体系;适用于青海省高原型藏羊两年三胎高效繁殖技术的示范与推广。     

实现母羊多胎高产的几种方法

1 加强营养年产两胎 我国许多品种的绵羊属于季节性繁殖,大多数羊只在秋季发情交配,冬季产羔.如能加强营养,使羊在春末也能发情配种,可实现一年产两胎.如在当年10月份之后给母羊配种,翌年2～3月份可产羔,产羔后要加强营养,用三分之二时间实行舍饲,三分之一时间放牧;在4～5月份给母羊再配种,到秋季又可产羔.也可实行两年三胎的繁殖方式.     

羊繁殖障碍性疾病的发生原因与控制策略

正随着我国养羊业的快速发展,国内活羊交易流通频繁,羊的疾病也日渐增多,其中繁殖障碍性疾病已逐渐成为危害养羊业发展的重要疾病之一。羊繁殖障碍性疾病以妊娠母羊发生流产、早产、产死胎、木乃伊胎、畸形胎,产出弱仔以及公羊不育、母羊不孕等为主要特征,发病率有逐年上升之势。引起羊繁殖障碍性疾病的因素众多,羊场不规范的引种和配种、粗放的饲养管理成为羊场羊繁殖障碍     

宁夏鹦鹉热衣原体血清学调查

衣原体病是指由鹦鹉热衣原体引起的一类自然疫源性疾病，该病为人畜共患病，主要引起人畜流产综合征、肺炎、肠炎、关节炎、角膜炎以及睾丸炎、尿道炎等症状，常造成很大危害和经济损失，该病在世界各地普遍存在。近年来随着宁夏各地规模化饲养场及养殖小区迅猛发展，优良种畜大量引进，在规模化奶牛场、舍饲羊场、猪场中流行着一种以孕畜流产、早产、死产或产无活力弱仔的繁殖障碍性疾病，在调查的15家规模化奶牛场、28家规模化羊场、25个规模化猪场中，     

肉羊生产中密集产羔体系的安排

一、母羊密集产羔体系的含义　是指打破羊的季节性繁殖特性，一年四季发情配种，全年均衡产羔，使繁殖母羊每年提供最多的育肥羊胴体重量。其主要特点是最大限度地发挥母羊的生产性能，产生批量育肥的羔羊，全年均衡供应羊肉上市，缩短资金周转期；提高设备利用率和劳动生产效率，降低成本；适于进行工厂化的规模饲养。二、母羊密集产羔体系的安排１二年三产体系　一般按产羔间隔８个月设计，分成四组母羊相互错开２个月合理安排适宜的配种时间，随着配种月份的确定，各组母羊的配种、产羔将被随之固定。要求羔羊的哺乳期２个月，母羊在产…     

规模化羊场秋季疫病防治要点

规模化羊场由于羊群养殖密度较大、数量多更容易出现寄生虫病、传染性疫病等危害羊群养殖的疫病。秋季正是羊只长膘、配种的时期,因此做好规模化羊场秋季疫病的防治工作对提高规模化羊场的经济效益十分重要。本文根据秋季的特点分析了规模化羊场易发疫病的预防和治疗要点。     

小尾寒羊多产技术

小尾寒羊虽然终年发情，但也必须周密地安排繁殖计划，合理地确定配种时间，以提高繁殖率，做到一年两胎，两年三胎。一、科学地安排配种小尾寒羊怀胎天数平均为148．33天，产后40多天多数母羊可发情配种，这样可一年两产或两年三产。小尾寒羊春秋两季发情较集中，所以一年两胎可在3～4月配种，8—9月产羔；9～10月配种，翌年2—3月可产第二胎。2—3月份产的羔羊断奶后，正处在青草旺季，是培育后备羊的良好季节；8～9月份产的羔羊断奶后，经过育肥，正是冬季向市场供应羔羊肉的大好时机。两年三胎的羊可在8～9月配种，翌年1～2月产羔；3～4…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.