镰叶西番莲藤茎脂溶性化学成分的研究

为研究镰叶西番莲藤茎的化学成分,从其脂溶性成分中分离了6个化合物,通过IR、MS、NMR等波谱手段鉴定它们的结构为4-氧代-3,4-降-木栓烷-2-酸(Ⅰ)、2-羟基-3,4-断-木栓烷-3-酸乙酯(Ⅱ)、4-烯-3-谷甾酮(Ⅲ)、3-(2,4-二羟基苯基)-2-丙烯酸(Ⅳ)、碳十八酸甘油酯(Ⅴ)和正二十八醇(Ⅵ).其中化合物Ⅰ是首次经提取分离的天然产物,应用二维NMR技术归属了它的碳谱.结果表明,化合物Ⅰ与化学合成的4-oxo-3,4-seco-A(1)-norfriedelan-3-oic acid结构一致.化合物Ⅱ为新的人工化合物.     

小远志中酮类化学成分及生物活性研究

以小远志干燥根茎为原料,采用乙醇提取、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、MCI-gel和半制备型HPLC分离等方法对小远志中酮类化学成分进行研究。从中分离得到18个酮类化合物,根据理化性质及ESI-MS、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR等波谱数据,分别鉴定为:1,7-二羟基酮(1),3,6-二羟基-1,2,7,8-四甲氧基酮(2),1,7-二羟基-5,6-二甲氧基酮(3),1,5-二羟基-6,7-二甲氧基酮(4),6-羟基-1,7-二甲氧基酮(5),7-羟基-1-甲氧基酮(6),3,8-二羟基-1,2,4-三甲氧基酮(7),6,8-二羟基-1,2,3-三甲氧基酮(8),1,3,6-三羟基-2,7,8-三甲氧基酮(9),3-羟基-1,2,8-三甲氧基酮(10),1,3,7-三羟基酮(11),1,6-二羟基-2,3-二氧亚甲基-7,8-二甲氧基酮(12),1,7-二羟基-2,3-二甲氧基酮(13),1,6-二羟基-5,7-二甲氧基酮(14),3,7-二羟基-1,2-二甲氧基酮(15),3,7-二羟基-1,2,8-三甲氧基酮(16),1,2,3,7-四甲氧基酮(17),1,6-二羟基-3,5,7,8-四甲氧基酮(18),除化合物13外,其它化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。对其中分离所得量较多的化合物1~7进行了抗氧化及抗菌实验,发现化合物4和1有较好的抗氧化活性,对ABTS·的IC50值分别为12和13 mg/L;化合物3对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑制作用,MIC值为217μmol/L。     

中的鞘氨醇类代谢产物

从中国香港红树林的两株南海海洋真菌(2526#和1850#)的代谢产物中分离到4个化合物，通过完整的波谱数据分别解析为鞘氨醇类化合物N-(2’，3‘-二羟基二十四碳酰基)-1，3-二羟基-2-氨基十八烷(A)、n-(2’，3‘-二羟基二十六碳酰基)-1，3-二羟基-2-氨基十八烷(B)、2‘-dehydroxycerebroside D(C)和cerebroside D(D)。化合物A和B未见文献报道。     

新型漆酚基异羟肟酸衍生物的合成及HDAC抑制活性研究

以漆酚为原料,通过对其邻二酚羟基进行醚化反应,在其侧链尾部引入异羟肟酸基团,在苯环或脂肪链引入硝基、羟基等官能团,合成了3种新型亚甲基醚漆酚异羟肟酸衍生物,分别是亚甲基醚漆酚异羟肟酸(化合物1)、8'-羟基亚甲基醚漆酚异羟肟酸(化合物2)和6-硝基亚甲基醚漆酚异羟肟酸(化合物3)。用1 H NMR,13C NMR和MS等方法对所合成的化合物进行结构表征。采用分子对接研究了化合物与组蛋白去乙酰化酶-2(HDAC2)的作用模式,结果表明:3种化合物均能很好地与HDAC2的活性口袋结合,可与氨基酸(His145、Tyr308、Glu103和Asp104等)残基形成氢键相互作用,并能与活性口袋底部的Zn^2+形成稳定螯合。采用试剂盒AK-501检测化合物对HDAC2的抑制活性,结果表明:化合物2和3对HDAC2的抑制效果要优于化合物1,其半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)值和阳性药SAHA(0.20 mg/L)的相当,化合物1,2和3对HDAC 2的IC 50分别为0.33,0.29和0.24 mg/L。     

雷公藤化学成分及其热稳定性研究

从雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)的根中分离得到7个化合物,经1H NMR、13C NMR和MS鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、丁香醛(2)、雷公藤乙素(3)、3-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)丙酮(4)、5,5'-二甲氧基落叶松脂素(5)、新刺五加酚(6)和16-羟基山海棠酸-18-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)。其中化合物2、4、5和6为首次从雷公藤属植物中分离得到。采用热重和差热分析技术研究了雷公藤乙素(3)、新刺五加酚(6)以及雷公藤活性成分雷公藤内酯甲和去甲泽拉木醛的热稳定性。结果表明:雷公藤乙素、新刺五加酚、雷公藤内酯甲和去甲泽拉木醛的热分解温度均大于200℃。结果可为雷公藤质量标准以及雷公藤煨制机理研究奠定基础。     

油樟叶水提物化学成分分离鉴定和抗肝癌活性研究

对油樟叶水提物的化学成分进行研究,采用大孔吸附树脂、PRP-512A树脂和Sephadex LH-20等色谱分离技术分离纯化得到24个化合物,利用UV、MS和NMR等波谱学手段对化合物结构进行鉴定。研究结果表明24个化合物分别为：6-甲氧基-7-羟基香豆素(1)、异嗪皮啶(2)、甲基牛蒡酚(3)、(+)-表芝麻酮(4)、(7R,7’S, 8R, 8’R)-3,4-亚甲二氧基-3’-甲氧基-4’-羟基-7,9’:7’,9-双环氧木脂烷(5)、(+)-表松脂醇(6)、(+)-松脂醇(7)、(+)-松脂素单甲基醚(8)、(+)-O-去甲基木兰木脂素(9)、连翘脂素(10)、(2R, 3S)-4’-羟基-5, 7, 3’-三甲氧基黄烷-3-醇(11)、(2S,3S)-4’-羟基-5, 7, 3’-三甲氧基黄烷-3-醇(12)、槲皮素(13)、黑麦草内酯(14)、2, 6-二甲氧基对苯醌(15)、邻苯二酚(16)、香草酸(17)、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇(18)、二氢松柏醇(19)、3, 5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯丙醇(20)、2-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3, 5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(21)...     

四川山姜的化学成分研究

采用正相硅胶和Sephalex LH-20凝胶色谱柱层析等分离方法对姜科山姜属植物四川山姜的乙酸乙酯部位的成分进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定.分离得到了8个化合物,分别鉴定为3,5-二羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基黄酮(1)、4′,7-二羟基-5-甲氧基二氢黄酮(2)、4′,5,7-三羟基黄酮(3)、5,7-二羟基-4′甲氧基黄酮(4)、对香豆酸(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)和豆甾醇(8).化合物1～5为首次从该植物中获得.     

圆齿野鸦椿枝条化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

对圆齿野鸦椿枝条化学成分进行研究,从中分离得到15个化合物,通过理化性质与波谱分析分别鉴定为1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2[4-(4′-羟丙基)-2′-甲氧基苯氧基]-1,3-丙二醇(1),acernikol(2),罗汉松脂素-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3),罗汉松脂素-4′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4), 2-[4-(1-羟丙基)-3-甲氧基苯氧基]-1,3-丙二醇(5), 5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮(6), 5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7), 5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8),槲皮素-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖(9),没食子酸(10), 4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(11),硬脂酸(12), 19α-羟基熊果酸(13),β-谷甾醇(14)和胡萝卜苷(15)。除化合物7、8、14和15外,其他化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。抗炎活性评价结果显示:当浓度为10μmol/L时,化合物2和4对脂多糖诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞白介素-6的分泌抑制率分别为(63.4±7.1)%和(58.6±4.6)%,显示中等抑制活性,略低于阳性对照药地塞米松的(85.8±5.3)%。     

滇白珠种子抗炎化学成分的研究

采用小鼠耳肿胀法对滇白珠种子75%乙醇提取物的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取物和水溶部分的抗炎效果进行测试。结果表明乙酸乙酯萃取物能显著减轻二甲苯致炎小鼠的耳廓肿胀度。采用色谱技术分离抗炎效果较好的乙酸乙酯萃取物的化学成分,得到8个化合物。通过NMR、IR、MS等波谱法鉴定,8个化合物为:大黄素甲醚(1)、6-乙基-5-羟基-2,7-二甲氧基-1,4-萘醌(2)、杨梅素(3)、对苯二酚(4)、香草酸(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)和丁二酸(8)。以上所有化合物都为首次从滇白珠种子中分离得到。     

小远志化学成分研究

对小远志化学成分进行研究,从中分离得到12个化合物,依据理化性质及波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为:丁香醛(1),4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基-苯乙酮(2),8-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基)苯基-1-丙酮(3),水杨酸(4),反式芥子酸甲酯(5),3,4,5-三甲氧基肉桂酸甲酯(6),3,4,5-三甲氧基肉桂酸(7),5-羟基-4',6,7-三甲氧基黄酮(8),芥子醇-4-O-β-D-芹糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9),(±)-丁香脂素(10),(+)-梣皮树脂醇(11),(±)-松脂醇(12)。除化合物4外,其它化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.