模拟漆酶——Ⅰ.铜和弱碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂的复合物Cu-D370模拟漆酶催化漆酚氧化聚合成膜的红外光谱分析

用红外光谱研究了Cu-D370催化漆酚氧化聚合交联过程。在漆酚氧化聚合阶段,漆酚醌的特征吸收峰先涨后落;三取代苯型结构变为四取代联苯型;共轭双烯型结构变为共轭三烯型;并出现Ar-O-R型醚结构。所以漆酚的氧化聚合反应主要发生在苯环上。在漆酚聚合物交联阶段,双键数目迅速减少,共轭三烯也减少。而α,β—不饱和醛或酮以及不饱和醚型结构却逐渐增加。所以交联反应主要发生在漆酚的侧链上。这些结果表明,在漆酚氧化聚合交联过程中Cu-D370模拟了漆树酶和固定化漆树酶的催化作用。     

HPLC-MS法表征坝漆酚类化合物的结构

应用中低压柱分离毛坝漆酚类化合物,漆酚质量分数90％以上.应用HPLC、HPLC-MS、MS分析表征毛坝漆漆酚化学结构,HPLC以甲醇-水体积比9∶1为流动相,总流速1 mL/min,UV 210 nm能够分离18个酚类化合物,HPLC-MS表征13个酚类化合物,主要为C15不饱和三烯漆酚和C17不同饱和度的漆酚.漆酚的中低压柱分离及HPLC跟踪为漆酚提供了快速分离方法.     

铜—吡啶类络合物模拟漆酶催化漆酚氧化聚合成膜的红外光谱分析

用红外光谱研究了Ｃｕ－Ｐｙ，Ｃｕ－ＰＶＰｙ和Ｃｕ－ＱＰＶＰｙ催化漆酚氧化聚合交联过程。漆酚氧化聚合阶段的共同特征是：１．漆酚醌吸收峰１６５２ｃｍ＾－１先涨后落；２．共轭双烯吸收峰９８２和９４５ｃｍ＾－１逐渐减弱，而共轭三烯吸收峰９９２ｃｍ＾－１和芳醚吸收峰１２１５ｃｍ＾－１却逐步增强；３．苯环三取代吸收峰８３０，７６５ｃｍ＾－１都有所减弱，苯环四取代吸收峰８７５和８０５ｃｍ＾－１出现；４．苯环骨架     

铜－吡啶类络合物模拟漆酶催化漆酚氧化聚合成膜的红外光谱分析

用红外光谱研究了Ｃｕ－ｐｙ、Ｃｕ－ＰＶＰｙ和Ｃｕ－ＱＰＶＰｙ催化漆酚氧化聚合交联过程。漆酚氧化聚合阶段的共同特征是：１．漆酚酿吸收峰１６５２ｃｒｎ￣－１先涨后落；２．共轭双烯吸收峰９８２和９４５ｃｍ￣－１逐渐减弱，而共轭三烯吸收峰９９２ｃｍ￣－１和芳醚吸收峰１２１５ｃｍ￣－１却逐步增强；３．苯环三取代吸收峰８３０、７６５ｃｍ￣－１都有所减弱，苯环四取代吸收峰８７５和８０５ｃｍ￣－１出现；４．苯环骨架吸收峰１６２０、１５９２ｃｍ￣－１之间的界限缩小甚至消失。到了漆膜的实于阶段，漆酚酿吸收峰１６５２ｃｍ￣－１再度兴起，但９９２ｃｍ￣－１吸收峰却由涨转落，其他吸收峰也有变化。以上光谱变化表明这３种催化剂都模拟了漆酶的催化作用。在Ｃｕ－ＰＶＰｙ催化漆酚氧化聚合阶段，发现孤立双键吸收峰３００８ｃｍ￣－１比共轭双烯吸收峰９８２和９４５ｃｍ￣－１消失得更早；并且从反应一开始就出现了１７１５ｃｍ｀－１羰基吸收峰。还比较了Ｃｕ－ＰＶＰｙ与Ｃｕ－ＱＰＶＰｙ催化的异同。     

慈竹竹原纤维与黄麻纤维红外及二维相关光谱分析

以慈竹竹原纤维和黄麻纤维为对象,采用红外光谱法和二维相关红外光谱分析技术,对2种纤维及其化学处理后的单根纤维进行研究。结果表明:慈竹竹原纤维和黄麻纤维的一维红外光谱主要区别于1736cm-1处的CO伸缩振动和木质素苯环特征吸收峰;二者经双氧水-冰醋酸处理后,黄麻单根纤维在1736cm-1附近仍存在明显的吸收峰。在高分辨的二维同步相关谱中,慈竹竹原纤维和黄麻纤维特征差异更为明显,慈竹竹原纤维在1000～1250cm-1范围内有8个自动峰,1008cm-1处强度最大;黄麻纤维有7个自动峰,1217cm-1处强度最大;同时在1435～1750cm-1范围内,黄麻纤维在1726cm-1(C=O伸缩振动)处出现较强的自动峰,而慈竹竹原纤维光谱中没有。各区域内自动峰均为正相关。与化学处理前纤维谱图相比,二者单根纤维的二维相关红外光谱发生了改变,表明纤维成分对其热微扰过程中的变化有一定影响。初步研究表明:二维相关红外光谱为竹原纤维的识别提供了更为丰富的信息,可作为竹原纤维识别的一种新方法。     

竹纤维在1100～950cm~(-1)区间的红外吸收光谱分析

用红外光谱分析不同竹种的竹纤维在1 110～950 cm-1区间的光谱吸收,研究不同竹种的竹纤维结构的差异性,结果表明,不同竹种竹纤维的红外特征吸收峰基本一致;经NaOH溶液处理后,各竹种竹纤维在红外吸收峰处均有加强,且随NaOH浓度的增加,竹纤维在995 cm-1处的吸收峰有更多的增强。     

6种阔叶树材红外光谱特征的比较

采用红外光谱(FT-IR)法对6种阔叶树材进行研究,通过对共有吸收峰、特征峰、相对吸收强度和二阶导数谱进行比较分析,得出了6种阔叶树材的具体差异。试验结果表明:6种阔叶树材的红外图谱共性特征较为明显,1 000～4 000 cm-1范围内的14个吸收峰中有12个吸收峰为共有峰;其中最强峰分别为1 033～1 052 cm-1范围内的C—O伸缩振动吸收峰和3 394～3 412 cm-1范围内的羟基特征峰。6种阔叶树材的FT-IR图谱、相对吸收强度和二阶导数谱均有不同程度的差异:在1 110～1 122 cm-1范围内只有楠木出现较小吸收峰;楠木和杜仲在1 237～1 264 cm-1范围内形成较宽吸收峰; 1 624～1 657 cm-1范围内,杜仲、花榈木、凹叶厚朴这3种木材具有一定的差异;而枫香和喜树在1 559～1 648 cm-1范围内明显区别于其他4个树种。相对吸收强度的比较结果为A3 402/A1 510和A1 661/A1 510处的2个峰位的差别较大;在1 000～1 800 cm-1区域内,6个树种的红外光谱的二阶导数谱在从峰形、吸收峰的位置、形状以及出峰数量上存在显著差异。通过对6种常见阔叶树材红外光谱特征的比较和分析,可为木材的快速鉴定和分类提供理论依据。     

Analysis of Different Part of Z.jujuba, var.spinosa by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二阶导数和二维相关红外光谱技术对酸枣的不同部位进行了分析与评价研究.酸枣不同部位的一维光谱和二阶导数谱中峰位和峰强有明显差异,在1750 - 1300 cm-1范围存在一些共有特征峰,对主要吸收峰进行了化学成分或基团的归属分析.在1300 - 850 cm-1范围内的二维相关谱中,酸枣根、叶均有4个明显的自动峰;酸枣核有2个明显的自动峰,酸枣仁只有1个自动峰,直观的反映出3者的差异.可见红外光谱法结合二维相关红外光谱技术为药材不同部位的成分差异分析提供了一种全面、快速的方法和手段.     

酸枣不同部位的红外光谱分析

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二阶导数和二维相关红外光谱技术对酸枣的不同部位进行了分析与评价研究。酸枣不同部位的一维光谱和二阶导数谱中峰位和峰强有明显差异,在1750～1300 cm-1范围存在一些共有特征峰,对主要吸收峰进行了化学成分或基团的归属分析。在1300～850 cm-1范围内的二维相关谱中,酸枣根、叶均有4个明显的自动峰;酸枣核有2个明显的自动峰,酸枣仁只有1个自动峰,直观的反映出3者的差异。可见红外光谱法结合二维相关红外光谱技术为药材不同部位的成分差异分析提供了一种全面、快速的方法和手段。     

紫外光固化漆酚铈聚合物涂层的制备与 性能研究

以稀土化合物氯化铈和漆酚为原料,在无引发剂的条件下利用紫外光(UV)辐照法制备漆酚铈聚合物涂层。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)等测试方法对涂层的结构和热稳定性进行了表征。考察了氯化铈用量对涂层的物理机械性能和耐化学介质性能的影响,并对制备的漆酚铈涂层进行电化学阻抗测试(EIS),结果表明:在UV辐照条件下,漆酚羟基与铈离子发生配位作用,同时侧链不饱和键发生交联聚合反应从而固化;掺杂氯化铈可显著改善天然生漆(RL)固化膜的热稳定性和耐碱性;随着氯化铈掺杂量的增加,涂层的附着力、硬度、耐腐蚀性能呈先上升后下降的趋势。氯化铈用量为18%的漆酚铈聚合物复合涂层的硬度和附着力分别达到6H和1级,且其耐腐蚀性能最佳。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.