树脂酸烯丙酯UV光固化反应性能研究

研究了树脂酸烯丙酯作为单体进行UV光固化反应的影响因素及其固化产物性能。采用红外光谱法对双键转化率进行了表征和分析,并对固化膜性能进行测试。结果表明,双键转化率随光照时间的增加而增加,随引发剂含量增加先上升后下降;固化过程中,表干时间随引发剂用量、光照强度的增加及光照距离的减小而变短,即相对固化速率增加;在较佳条件UV光照距离4.5 cm、光照强度100%下,以8%米氏酮(商品名MK)为引发剂、光照时间250 s时乙烯基双键转化率为97.9%,以5%2羟-基-2-甲基苯丙酮(商品名Darocure 1173)为引发剂、光照时间300 s时乙烯基双键转化率达97.6%;固化膜具有很好的柔韧性、耐冲击强度及附着力,具有较好的硬度及耐酸、耐碱、耐盐、耐水性。     

微波辐射下丙烯海松酸烯丙酯的合成、表征及UV固化反应

松香树脂酸经过结构修饰,得到具有两个烯丙基团的高纯度聚合单体,可以在聚合过程中为高分子产品引入刚性菲环结构。以丙烯海松酸钠和氯丙烯为原料(物质的量之比为1∶2),N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,同时加入5%的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为催化剂,0.2%的对苯二酚为阻聚剂,在微波功率400 W、反应时间2.5 h、反应温度50℃条件下发生反应,制备得到丙烯海松酸烯丙酯(AA),产品为黄色黏状液体,产物收率为72.9%。对产物结构进行表征,红外光谱分析表明AA上引入的CC特征吸收峰出现在1686 cm-1和1648 cm-1处,气相色谱鉴定纯化后AA的GC含量为98.6%,气质联用和核磁共振进一步验证了产物结构的正确性。以AA为单体对其UV固化反应进行了研究,红外光谱分析表明聚合单体是打开双键的自由基聚合反应,UV固化反应的表干时间随引发剂添加量的增加、光照距离的缩短以及光照强度的增大而缩短,TG和DSC分析结果表明AA的UV固化产物具有较好的热稳定性,初始热分解温度为292.9℃,玻璃化转变起始温度为49.6℃。     

枞酸烯丙酯的制备、表征及UV固化性能研究

以枞酸为原料先制备得到枞酸钠水溶液,后在此反应液中加入一定量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为催化剂和对苯二酚为阻聚剂,在微波辅助的条件下边搅拌边滴加氯丙烯,微波功率400 W,反应温度50℃,反应时间30 min,氯丙烯与枞酸钠物质的量之比2.5∶1,催化剂用量为原料质量的4%,在此条件下得到的枞酸烯丙酯得率为94.4%。采用GC、GC-MS、FTIR、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和元素分析对产物结构进行了表征,所得枞酸烯丙酯GC纯度为89.5%。经过分析,证明产物的结构和目标合成物结构一致。紫外光(UV)固化反应的结果表明,枞酸烯丙酯作为聚合单体有较强的聚合活性,所得聚合物热稳定性较好,初始热分解温度和玻璃化转变温度分别为218℃和22.32℃。枞酸烯丙酯UV固化产物的数均相对分子质量为4 176,数均聚合度约为12。     

丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯的光固化动力学研究

以丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯为主要原料制备紫外光固化涂料,通过全反射红外光谱分析(ATR FT-IR)研究了不同配方涂料紫外光照射后双键的转化率,用铅笔硬度、附着力等表征了固化过程中固化膜的力学性能。结果表明,随固化时间延长,固化膜的铅笔硬度由2H上升至3H至脱落,附着力由1级变化为2级至脱落,光引发剂浓度和紫外光强对固化初期碳碳双键转化率影响较大;当漆膜厚度由75μm变为25μm,采用薄的漆膜厚度或者Irgacure 1173光引发剂,都能加快反应速度;丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯能在50 s内实现固化。     

马来海松酸三烯丙酯的制备与表征

【目的】通过Diels-Alder反应将马来酸酐引入松香结构单元,在微波辅助条件下在马来海松酸分子结构中引入含有3个活性碳碳双键的马来海松酸三烯丙酯,为我国松香基精细化学品的精深加工提供一条新路径。【方法】分别以水和乙醇为溶剂,通过中和反应制备马来海松酸钠盐,在微波辅助条件下,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,以马来海松酸钠与氯丙烯为原料,通过相转移催化法制备马来海松酸三烯丙酯。基于FT-IR、GC及MS等手段对产物结构进行表征。【结果】确定优化反应条件为:微波功率400 W,反应温度55℃,反应时间4 h,氯丙烯与马来海松酸钠物质的量之比为3,催化剂用量5%,在此条件下产物的收率为93.2%。从色谱分析结果可以看出,反应进行比较彻底,原料峰已完全消失,而且生成的产物纯度较高,优化条件下所得产物GC含量为96.1%。红外光谱表征中红外特征吸收峰的消失和生成说明马来海松酸三烯丙酯3个羧基均发生了酯化反应,且反应较为彻底。质谱分析确认了以乙醇为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得的马来海松酸三烯丙酯的副产物经甲酯化后主要有马来松香酸酐单烯丙酯及马来松香酸二烯丙酯,以水为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得产物主要为马来海松酸三烯丙酯,副产物只有马来海松酸酐单烯丙酯。质谱分析中m/z 538为马来海松酸三烯丙酯的分子离子峰,m/z 481的碎片峰为[M-OCH_2CHCH_2]~+是脱去1分子酯基部分生成的峰,m/z 439的碎片峰为脱去酯基后形成的稳定的马来海松酸酐结构,质谱碎片峰m/z 342为马来海松酸三烯丙烯酯的质谱分裂逆Diels-Alder反应,碎片离子197的基峰是稳定的三环菲骨架结构。制备的马来海松酸三烯丙酯为白色黏稠液体,其酸值为2.5 mg·g~(-1),密度为1.109 7×10~3 kg·cm~(-3),黏度为8.5×10~3mPa·s。【结论】开发了具有3个活性双键的马来海松酸三烯丙酯聚合单体,以水为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得马来海松酸三烯丙酯的纯度较高。     

丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯的本体聚合动力学

以丙烯酸松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(AR-2-HEA)为原料,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,研究AR-2-HEA本体聚合的动力学关系.结果表明,随着AIBN用量的增加,反应焓变逐步上升.在非等温条件下,在相同引发剂用量下,不同的升温速率,焓变基本相同.n级反应法的动力学方程为:da/dt=5.58×1013×exp(-103.1×103/RT)(1-α)0.941;在等温条件下,相同引发剂用量不同温度本体聚合的聚合反应焓变基本相同,随着聚合温度的提高,聚合反应速率得到较大提高,聚合反应的动力学方程为:dα/dt=1.48×1014 ×exp(-105.9×103/RT)(1-α)1.05.由上述动力学方程模拟的等温聚合反应程度与时间的关系曲线与实际情况基本吻合.     

去氢枞酸醇类香料酯的合成与表征

以去氢枞酸为原料,经去氢枞酸酰氯与醇类香料的O-酰化反应,合成得到去氢枞酸肉桂酯、去氢枞酸葑醇酯、去氢枞酸龙脑酯和去氢枞酸薄荷酯等4种去氢枞酸醇类香料酯,其中去氢枞酸肉桂酯和去氢枞酸葑醇酯为新化合物.目标产物的适宜合成条件为:反应时间10 h,反应温度95～100℃,反应物n(醇)∶n(酰氯)=1.2∶1.采用IR、UV、NMR和MS等方法对目标产物进行了结构表征.     

三酸复合体系催化α-蒎烯合成松油醇研究

以柠檬酸为代表的α-羟基羧酸与磷酸和以丙酸为代表的低碳链脂肪酸组成三酸复合催化体系，应用于α-蒎烯的催化水合制备松油醇。考察了溶剂种类、脂肪酸链长、α-羟基酸种类、催化剂用量、水用量、反应温度和反应时间对水合反应的影响。结果表明：在α-蒎烯、水、丙酸、柠檬酸、磷酸的质量比为1∶1∶2∶0.05∶0.1和反应温度70℃、反应时间24 h的反应条件下，α-蒎烯转化率、松油醇GC含量和选择性可分别达到99.0%、 53.3%和54.9%。在同样条件下将α-蒎烯水合时产生的单环单萜烯类副产物加入起始原料一起反应，可以提高目标产物松油醇的选择性，当加入量为40%时，松油醇选择性可提高到76%。产物组成分析发现：产物中总松油醇GC含量为53.3%,总水合产物GC含量为57.1%,总丙酸酯GC含量为8.1%。     

-蒎烯氧化制备诺蒎酸

利用水和叔丁醇的混合溶液作为反应的溶剂,用高锰酸钾氧化β-蒎烯制备诺蒎酸,考察了叔丁醇含量、高锰酸钾和碱用量以及温度对产物收率的影响.最佳反应条件:反应温度15～25 ℃,β-蒎烯、KMnO4、NaOH物质的量的比为1:3:1.5,用 30 % 的叔丁醇水溶液做溶剂,诺蒎酸的收率(质量分数)在 70.0 % 以上.     

草酸二异龙脑酯的合成及其结构表征

通过莰烯和草酸在硼酐催化作用下的重排加成(酯化)反应合成了草酸二异龙脑酯,探讨了原料配比、催化剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间对酯化反应的影响。研究结果表明,莰烯(13.6 g)、草酸和催化剂的质量比为1.7∶2∶1,反应温度为55℃、反应时间为96 h的条件下,莰烯的转化率为89.5%,草酸二异龙脑酯的选择性为95.6%。产物通过IR、LCMS-IT-TOF、1H NMR、13C NMR等手段进行了结构鉴定与表征。     

松香烯丙醇酯的合成研究

探索了一种两步合成松香烯丙醇酯的新方法,即先以烯丙醇和对甲苯磺酰氯为原料,以NaOH为催化剂,通过O-酰化反应合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯,再与松香纳皂发生亲核取代反应合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯.通过单因素试验,得出合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(烯丙醇)∶n(对甲苯磺酰氯)为3∶1,反应温度0℃,反应时间3 h,产率达89.5%;合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(松香钠)∶n(对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯)为1.3∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,产率达75.4%.利用TLC、IR和GC-MS对目标产物进行了分析和表征.试验表明,该法具有反应时间短、反应温度低的优点,能很好地避免原料因高温而发生的副反应.     

聚松香丙烯醇酯及其氧化物的合成及表征(Ⅱ)——大孔网状聚松香丙烯醇酯氧化物的合成研究

以歧化松香胺席夫碱铜催化剂,H2O2(30%)氧化聚松香丙烯醇酯(PRAAE),得到聚松香丙烯醇酯氧化物。对聚合物进行了红外、紫外、软化点和热失重分析,BET法测定聚松香丙烯醇酯氧化物的微孔大部分分布在5nm以上;对聚松香丙烯醇酯氧化物相对分子质量进行了分析,其量在25266以上。结果表明所合成的聚松香丙烯醇酯氧化物为大孔聚合物。     

聚松香丙烯醇酯及其氧化物的合成及表征(Ⅰ)——微波加热法合成聚松香丙烯醇酯

采用微波加热和常规加热方法聚合得到聚松香丙烯醇酯,分别对聚合物进行了红外、紫外、软化点和热失重分析。结果表明,微波加热聚合得到聚松香丙烯醇酯具有交联结构,松香的共轭双键参与了反应,软化点在300℃以上,微波加热反应的聚松香丙烯醇酯的相对分子质量在29 305以上,常规加热方法聚合得到聚松香丙烯醇酯相对分子质量在3 910以上,常规加热方法聚合时加入交联剂后得到的聚合物,相对分子质量在9 729以上,聚合物中残留有更多的双键,聚合物的热稳定性减弱。采用微波加热合成聚松香丙烯醇酯快速简便,聚合物性能优于常规方法。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.