酶辅助提取协同大孔树脂纯化红麸杨果实黄颜木素

红麸杨果实经纤维素酶处理后,采用体积分数70%乙醇-大孔吸附树脂联用技术对黄颜木素进行提取、纯化,以黄颜木素得率为考察指标,采用正交试验优化了酶辅助提取工艺,并从8种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出对黄颜木素分离纯化最佳的树脂,研究了该树脂对黄颜木素静态、动态吸附与解吸效果。结果表明:酶处理的最佳条件为酶用量120 U/mL,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间60 min,酶解pH值4.5,黄颜木素得率可达1.35%,纯度为14.59%。通过静态吸附试验筛选出最有效的XDA-8树脂用于黄颜木素的纯化,XDA-8分离纯化黄颜木素动态吸附试验的最佳条件为上样质量浓度14.4 g/L,流速80.384 mL/h,洗脱液乙醇体积分数为60%,洗脱液流速80.384 mL/h,解吸率为91.86%,纯化后黄颜木素纯度达到了68.15%。     

大孔树脂提纯竹叶黄酮的吸附解吸动力学研究

通过对4种大孔吸附树脂吸附率及解吸率的测定,确定最佳型号树脂;通过静态和动态吸附解吸动力学研究,确定大孔树脂吸附法分离竹叶黄酮的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,AB-8型大孔树脂吸附量大,易于洗脱,纯化分离效果好。获得最佳分离纯化工艺参数为：上柱溶液pH为5．0,以1．0mL/min的吸附流速上样,用4倍床体积的60％乙醇以1．5mL／min洗脱速率洗脱。该工艺生产的竹叶黄酮纯度达到54．16％。     

大孔吸附树脂提甜茶苷的研究

从6种大孔树脂中筛选了适宜的提取分离甜茶苷的吸附剂,研究了大孔吸附树脂提取甜茶苷的工艺,包括甜茶苷溶液的质量浓度、pH值和流速对吸附过程的影响,解吸剂及解吸温度对解吸过程的影响.结果表明:AB-8树脂是理想的甜茶苷吸附剂,其吸附甜茶苷较理想的工艺条件是:原料液质量浓度约为7.7mg/L,pH值约为8,流速为3BV/h(BV为层析柱中树脂床的体积);理想的洗脱条件为:流速为3BV/h,室温下以70%乙醇溶液为洗脱剂,用量为5BV,或40℃下,以60%乙醇溶液为洗脱剂,用量为4BV.实验室利用该工艺成功地分离出甜茶苷.     

大孔树脂纯化白及多酚及其体外抗氧化活性研究

对比了10种大孔树脂对白及多酚粗提液的静态吸附与解吸效果,并对优选的LSA-21树脂纯化白及多酚粗提液的工艺进行了探讨,对纯化前后的白及多酚提取液的体外抗氧化活性进行检测。研究结果表明:室温下,多酚粗提液质量浓度0.4～0.6 g/L,pH值4,上样流速2.0 mL/min为LSA-21树脂吸附白及多酚粗提液的最佳工艺;乙醇体积分数80%,解吸液pH值6,上样流速1.0 mL/min为最佳解吸工艺。以100 mL质量浓度为0.47 g/L粗提液在最佳工艺条件下纯化,白及多酚纯度由4.48%提高到27.61%,纯化效果较好。纯化后的白及多酚清除自由基能力有显著提升,其对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为7.72、8.65和205.39 mg/L。     

亚临界水提取协同大孔树脂纯化杨树芽总黄酮

采用亚临界水提取-大孔树脂纯化联用技术对杨树芽中总黄酮进行提取、纯化,以提取温度、液料比和提取时间为考察因素,以总黄酮的得率为考察指标,采用正交试验优化亚临界水对杨树芽总黄酮的提取工艺;从4种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出对总黄酮有最佳分离纯化效果的一种树脂,研究其对总黄酮静态和动态吸咐以及解吸效果。结果表明,5 MPa下亚临界水提取杨树芽总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度180℃、提取时间10 min、液料比30∶1(mL∶g),总黄酮的粗品提取得率为11.83%,纯度为13.16%。通过静态吸附试验筛选出最有效的HP-20树脂分离纯化杨树芽总黄酮,通过动态吸附试验确定应用HP-20树脂吸附分离杨树芽总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:上样质量浓度为4 g/L,流速为60 mL/h,pH值为2~3,此时吸附量为42.69 g/L洗脱剂乙醇的体积分数为90%,解吸率为93.91%,经纯化后总黄酮的纯度为49.28%。     

笃斯越桔花色苷纯化工艺的研究

比较6种大孔树脂对笃斯越桔花色苷的吸附和解吸效果,筛选适合笃斯越桔分离纯化的树脂类型,并对其吸附性能进行研究,获得适合的树脂及动态吸附和解吸的最佳条件。研究结果表明:AB-8大孔树脂为越桔花色苷吸附和解吸效果最佳的树脂类型;花色苷粗提物用pH值为3的缓冲液配制、上样流速为1.0 mL/min、上样浓度为1.5 mg/mL、上样体积为400 mL,采用90 mL的60%乙醇溶液以1.0 mL/min的流速进行花色苷解吸,效果较好。     

栗壳天然食用色素纯化工艺的研究

为纯化栗壳色素,研究D-4020型大孔吸附树脂纯化栗壳色素的工艺条件,结果表明：当上样液pH值为5、质量浓度为0.20 mg/mL,吸附流速1.0 mL/min,静态吸附180 min,用80%乙醇作为解吸剂,解吸流速为0.5 mL/min,3.0 BV的解吸剂时,栗壳色素即可解吸完全。     

大孔吸附树脂提取甜茶苷的研究

从6种大孔树脂中筛选了适宜的提取分离甜茶苷的吸附剂,研究了大孔吸附树脂提取甜茶苷的工艺,包括甜茶苷溶液的质量浓度、pH值和流速对吸附过程的影响,解吸荆及解吸温度对解吸过程的影响。结果表明：AB-8树脂是理想的甜茶苷吸附剂,其吸附甜茶苷较理想的工艺条件是：原料液质量浓度约为7．7ms／L,pH值约为8,流速为3BV／h（BV为层析柱中树脂床的体积）;理想的洗脱条件为：流速为3BV／h,室温下以70％乙醇溶液为洗脱剂,用量为5BV,或40℃下,以60％乙醇溶液为洗脱剂,用量为4BV。实验室利用该工艺成功地分离出甜茶苷。     

LSA-10大孔吸附树脂分离纯化栀子黄色素研究

通过静态吸附试验选择对栀子黄色素吸附效果较佳的大孔吸附树脂,然后通过动态吸附试验考察上样流速、上样浓度、洗脱剂对大孔吸附树脂分离纯化栀子黄色素的影响。结果表明,LSA-10大孔吸附树脂能高效分离纯化栀子黄色素。分离纯化条件为:上样液体积与树脂质量的比值为5∶1(mL∶g),上样流速为6mL/min,上样浓度为7mg/mL,先用水洗脱杂质和部分的栀子苷,再用浓度为20%乙醇洗脱栀子苷,最后用浓度为80%的乙醇洗脱栀子黄色素。在此条件下,得到色价为337.5,OD值为0.37的栀子黄色素产品。LSA-10大孔吸附树脂适合于高效分离纯化栀子黄色素。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化常春藤皂苷C工艺研究

通过静态吸附试验比较7种树脂对常春藤皂苷C的吸附与解吸,筛选出效果最佳树脂,通过动态吸附试验对最佳树脂的上样p H、上样体积、洗脱液浓度、洗脱体积、洗脱流速进行优化。结果表明:HPD-100树脂对常春藤皂苷C的吸附与解吸性能最好,HPD-100树脂对常春藤皂苷C纯化的最佳条件为:上样体积为6BV,洗脱液乙醇浓度为80%,洗脱体积为7 BV,洗脱流速为1 BV/h。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.