肇东苜蓿田杂草茎叶处理药剂筛选试验

研究除草剂对肇东苜蓿耐药性的影响,筛选出对肇东苜蓿无药害的茎叶处理除草剂品种。增产效果显著的除草剂药剂处理有：48％灭草松1440mL／hm^2＋6．9％骠星900mL／hm^2;48％灭草松l440mL／hm^2＋15％精稳杀得750mL／hm^2;48％灭草松1440mL/hm^2＋10．8％高效盖草能375mL／hm^2：48％灭草松1440mL/hm^2＋12％稳耕450mL／hm^2;30％草除灵750mL／hm^2＋6．9％骠星900mL／hm^2;30％草除灵750mL／hm^2＋12％稳耕450mL／hm^2.     

马蹄金草坪杂草发生特点及防除方法研究

研究了马蹄金草坪杂草的发生特点及采用人工除草和复配喷施马蹄净和大杀禾,防除杂草的方法,结果表明:(1)昆明地区新建马蹄金草坪秋冬季节杂草种类共有19种,其中,发生普遍且危害严重的杂草有金荞麦、荠菜、牛膝菊、鬼针草、马唐、狗尾草和紫苏,以荠菜和金乔麦发生密度和频度最高;(2)不同除草措施的除草效果及安全性分析,人工除草,复配喷施马蹄净195g/hm2和大杀禾750mL/hm2,马蹄净240g/hm2+大杀禾825mL/hm2是较适宜马蹄金草坪杂草的防除方法,若用药量增加为复配喷施马蹄净300g/hm2+大杀禾900mL/hm2,会使马蹄金草坪出现矮化、黄化,甚至死亡等药害症状。若采用化学除草剂进行马蹄金草坪杂草防除,应本着"先试验,后推广"的原则用药,以保证用药安全。     

几种除草剂防治白花三叶草苗期杂草试验

通过几种除草剂对白花三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)苗期杂草防除试验,证明15%精稳杀得乳油900ml/hm2、5%精禾草克乳油750 ml/hm2、6.9%骠马水剂900 ml/hm2、20%氯嘧磺隆可湿性粉刺60g/hm2 4种除草剂不仅除草效果好,而且对白花三叶草安全;75%百阔净胺盐水剂1 200ml/hm2、20%使它隆乳油900ml/hm2、75%星干燥乳剂21g/hm2药害严重,不宜采用.     

白三叶草坪杂草防治研究

白三叶是重要的牧草,亦是城市绿化的主要草种,本研究选用几种除草剂对白三叶草坪进行了杂草防除和安全性试验,筛选出灭草松和精喹禾灵联合使用可有效防除其杂草,灭草松和精喹禾灵的适宜用量分别为80、60g．ai／hm^2,对白三叶的生长相对安全,而乙羧氟草醚和氟磺胺草醚对白三叶会产生较重药害。     

50%氟胺草唑WG防除沟叶结缕草草坪杂草技术研究

为研究沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)草坪杂草控制技术,采用田间试验,于沟叶结缕草休眠期喷施50%氟胺草唑WG,调查其对沟叶结缕草草坪杂草的防效以及对沟叶结缕草生长的影响。2011、2012年试验结果表明:于沟叶结缕草休眠期使用750~2 000 g·hm~(-2)50%氟胺草唑WG,沟叶结缕草生长安全,且能有效控制看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)、小飞蓬(Conyza Canadensis)、牛繁缕(Malachium aquaticum)、紫苑(Veronica persica)、波斯婆婆纳(Aster tataricus)和龙葵(Solanum nigrum)的危害,株数防效和鲜重防效均大于90%,持效期可达90 d以上。750~2 000 g·hm~(-2)50%氟胺草唑WG对看麦娘、小飞蓬、牛繁缕和紫苑的防效与56.25 g·hm~(-2)25%啶嘧磺隆WG之间无显著差异,而对波斯婆婆纳和龙葵的防效显著优于25%啶嘧磺隆WG。从高效、经济、环保等角度综合考虑,50%氟胺草唑WG防除沟叶结缕草草坪中杂草的适宜剂量为750~1 000 g·hm~(-2)。     

冬季草坪化学除莠试验

为了筛选确定安全有效的适于四川冬季草坪中应用的除草剂,特设置本项试验。结果表明：使它隆、２,４－Ｄ丁酯对防治草坪阔叶杂草有效率可达９０％以上,幼龄杂草１００％死亡,老龄杂草死亡率可达６０％左右,是适合于草坪应用的有效除草剂。     

四川国际高尔夫球场草坪杂草及其化学防除研究

1997－1999年的调查结果表明：四川国际高尔夫球场草坪杂草有19科40种，其中数量最多，危害较严重的杂草5种：黄花酢浆草、天胡荽、香附子、水蜈蚣和马唐，占所有杂草数量的95％以上，化学防除试验结果表明：用百草敌1．0g/10m^2 2,4-D0.2g/10m^2可有效防除草花酢浆草等阔叶杂草；用苯达松1．0g/10m^2＋2甲4氯1．5g/10m^2可有效防除香附子等莎草科杂草，用Dithiopyr0.12-0.24g/10m^2可有效防除马唐。     

沟叶结缕草草坪杂草化学防治研究

采用苯达松、2,4-D丁酯、高效盖草能(10％乳油)3种除草剂对沟叶结缕草草坪进行了杂草化学防治研究。结果表明,苯达松(25％水剂)每15 kg水可加至80 ml左右,2,4-D丁酯(72％乳油)每15 kg水可加至25 ml,高效盖草能(10％乳油)每15 kg水可加至10-15 ml,每667m2控制用水25-30 kg可取得较好效果。但高温季节除草剂容易对草坪产生药害,施用时应在杂草幼苗期进行,并降低药剂浓度,以提高对草坪的安全性。     

SL-160对马尼拉草坪杂草的防除效果

秀百宫 (shibagen) 2 5 %水分散粒剂 ,通用名flazasulfuron ,啶嘧磺降代号SL 16 0。用SL 16 0马尼拉草坪上进行草坪杂草防除试验。结果表明 :各处理的SL 16 0对阔叶、莎草科杂草的防效均达10 0 % ;对禾本科杂草而言 ,高剂量SL 16 0 (45 0 g/hm2 )对杂草防效较好 ,对稗草及千金子防效达 10 0 % ,对 5叶期后的马唐、牛筋草抑制作用最强。SL 16 0对马尼拉草坪生长和草坪质量没有影响 ,可大面积推广应用。     

桑园恶性杂草主要种类及防除效果

当前,桑园除草将越来越依赖于化学除草.但单一除草剂连年使用(如草甘膦、盖草能等),桑园杂草生物群落将发生演替,恶性杂草不断增多.恶性杂草不仅与桑树争肥争水,而且是桑园病虫害的寄生场所,任其发展,将严重危害桑树正常生长.因此,摸清长期使用某种单一除草剂(如草甘膦)以后桑园恶性杂草的种类,筛选出有效的除草剂配方并明确关键防除技术具有重要的意义.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein