免疫对妊娠母牛血浆脂肪酸含量的影响

将 3 0头妊娠母牛随机分为 3组 ,每组 10头 ,第 1组用取自S .typhimurium0 9菌株的活菌苗免疫 ;第 2组灭活苗免疫 ;第 3组未免疫接种。经研究证明 ,在免疫妊娠母牛的血液中 ,作为非特异性免疫因素的亚油酸和其余不饱和酸的浓度增大     

手术治愈妊娠母猪会阴部子宫胎儿疝

妊娠母猪会阴发生子宫胎儿疝，在临床上少见，本人曾遇一例，经过手术治疗后，按期顺利产仔，效果良好，现报道如下。     

BCG对妊娠母猪血清及初乳免疫球蛋白含量影响的研究

本试验给妊娠后期的法国大白母猪接种卡介苗（ＢａｃｉｌｌｉＣａｌｍｅｔｔｅ－Ｇｕｅｒｉｎ；ＢＣＧ），以研究ＢＣＧ对母猪血清及初乳中ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｓＡ含量的影响。试验结果表明：一、活或灭活ＢＣＧ均可显著地提高妊娠母猪血清中ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ的含量，但对血清ＩｇＡ的含量影响不大。二、分娩前２个月及皮内多点注射活或灭活ＢＣＧ均可显著地提高分娩后２４小时内初乳中ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ的含量，但对初乳ＩｇＡ的影响甚微。三、对照组母猪在妊娠后期血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ呈下降趋势，而血清ＩｇＡ呈上升趋势。     

母猪妊娠及其诊断

母猪的生产是从妊娠开始的,了解母猪妊娠的机理和组织器官及其功能,可以更深地理解妊娠母猪的饲养措施,及时诊断妊娠状态,可以更精确地进行饲养管理,为提高母猪整体生产水平,打下良好的基础。1妊娠识别妊娠识别是卵子受精后至附植之前,早期胚胎产生激素信号传给母体,母体产生相应反应,识别胎儿存在,并与之建立密切联系的生物现象。在妊娠全     

妊娠母猪后期限制饲喂对其生产性能影响的研究

试验主要研究在母猪妊娠后期(妊娠91 d至分娩)限制饲喂对母猪生产性能的影响。试验方法:试验选择健康、与配公猪品种一致、预产期接近的长×大母猪约1 050头/批次,2016年10月至2017年7月配种批次作为对照组,2017年10月至2018年7月配种批次为试验组,妊娠前、中期饲喂标准一致:配种至妊娠30 d饲喂2.8 kg/(头·d);妊娠31~90 d饲喂2.2 kg/(头·d)。妊娠91 d至分娩,对照组饲喂3.8 kg/(头·d),试验组饲喂3.3 kg/(头·d)。试验结果:与对照组相比,产死胎率显著降低1.62个百分点(P<0.05);断奶前仔猪死亡率显著降低2.81个百分点(P<0.05);窝均断奶数显著提高0.54头(P<0.05);21日龄断奶个体重显著提高0.34 kg(P<0.05)。试验结论:降低妊娠母猪后期采食量有助于降低死胎率、减少断奶前死亡数、提高窝均断奶数、提高21日龄断奶重,提高经济效益,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

母猪日粮中脂肪酸组成对猪乳和血液以及仔猪血液中脂肪酸的组成的影响

本试验在母猪妊娠后2个月(妊娠早期)或分娩前2个月(妊娠后期)的日粮中添加橄榄油或鱼油,研究妊娠母猪日粮中的脂肪酸组成对猪乳和血液以及仔猪血液中脂肪酸的组成的影响。乳液及血浆中的脂肪酸组成用气相色谱法进行测定。试验表明,当妊娠后2个月阶段添加试验油脂时,在母猪妊娠56d时橄榄油组母猪血浆中油酸(OA)和花生四烯酸(AA)的比例高于鱼油组,而鱼油组母猪血浆中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的比例高于橄榄油处理组。在哺乳第7d,两处理组母猪血浆中DHA的含量不同,且两组母猪的初乳以及第3d、第21d的乳汁中血浆中的DHA含量较高,AA含量相对较低。当妊娠后2个月阶段添加试验油脂时,鱼油组母猪在妊娠第105d和哺乳第7d血浆中DHA含量较橄榄油处理组低;鱼油处理组母猪的初乳和第3、21d乳液及其3日龄仔猪的血浆中DHA的含量高于橄榄油处理组。因此,在母猪妊娠后2个月阶段,母猪脂肪组织在贮存日粮中长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LCPU-FA)方面起着重要的作用,它们因分娩而被动员到乳液中,并且,日粮中多余的n-3LCPUFA会降低哺乳仔猪对AA的利用率。     

妊娠母猪的饲养管理技术

<正>妊娠母猪是指处于妊娠生理阶段的母猪。猪的妊娠期平均为114d。妊娠母猪饲养管理的目的:一是保证胎儿在母体内正常发育,防止死胎与流产现象的发生,从而获得数量多、初生重大而健壮的仔     

浅谈妊娠母猪生理特性及发酵饲料对其影响

发酵饲料工艺是当前发展极为迅速的生物工程技术之一,具有极其重要的推广及应用价值。妊娠母猪阶段是养猪过程中最重要的环节,关系到养猪业的成败。该文介绍了妊娠母猪的自身生理特性、发酵饲料基于普通全价饲料的优势及我国发酵饲料的研究现状,并对发酵饲料对减少妊娠母猪便秘率、提高其繁殖性能、增强免疫调节作用进行了阐释。     

妊娠母猪的氨基酸营养

母猪的妊娠是一个漫长而复杂的生理过程,妊娠母猪营养供给的合理性直接影响母猪的繁殖性能。由于母猪体内胎儿和自身组织(乳腺等)的不断发育,母体对于饲料中各种营养的需求不断变化,尤其是氨基酸。氨基酸不仅是合成胎儿和母体组织蛋白质的构件物质,同时,特别是在母猪妊娠阶段,一些氨基酸还具有调节特殊生理过程的功能性作用。而且,妊娠母猪的氨基酸需要及理想比率随妊娠期进程而呈动态变化趋势[1]。本文旨在总结氨基酸在提高妊娠母猪繁殖性能、促进胚胎成活与发育方面的研究现状和新发现,探讨妊娠     

Omega-3 fatty acids in the gravid pig uterus as affected by maternal supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids

Two experiments evaluated the ability of maternal fatty acid supplementation to alter conceptus and endometrial fatty acid composition. In Exp. 1, treatments were 1) the control, a corn-soybean meal diet; 2) flax, the control diet plus ground flax (3.75% of diet); and 3) protected fatty acids (PFA), the control plus a protected fish oil source rich in n-3 PUFA (Gromega, JBS United Inc., Sheridan, IN; 1.5% of diet). Supplements replaced equal parts of corn and soybean meal. When gilts reached 170 d of age, PG600 (PMSG and hCG, Intervet USA, Millsboro, DE) was injected to induce puberty, and dietary treatments (n = 8/treatment) were initiated. When detected in estrus, gilts were artificially inseminated. On d 40 to 43 of gestation, 7 gilts in the control treatment, 8 gilts in the PFA treatment, and 5 gilts in the flax treatment were pregnant and were slaughtered. Compared with the control treatment, the flax treatment tended to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: C20:5n-3) in fetuses (0.14 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.03 mg/g of dry tissue; P = 0.055), whereas gilts receiving PFA had more (P < 0.05) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: C22:6n-3) in their fetuses (5.23 vs. 4.04 +/- 0.078 mg/g) compared with gilts fed the control diet. Both the flax and PFA diets increased (P < 0.05) DHA (0.60, 0.82, and 0.85 +/- 0.078 mg/g for the control, flax, and PFA diet, respectively) in the chorioallantois. In the endometrium, EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3) were increased by the flax diet (P < 0.001; P < 0.05), whereas gilts receiving PFA had increased DHA (P < 0.001). The flax diet selectively increased EPA, and the PFA diet selectively increased DHA in the fetus and endometrium. In Exp. 2, gilts were fed diets containing PFA (1.5%) or a control diet beginning at approximately 170 of age (n = 13/treatment). A blood sample was collected after 30 d of treatment, and gilts were artificially inseminated when they were approximately 205 d old. Conceptus and endometrial samples were collected on d 11 to 19 of pregnancy. Plasma samples indicated that PFA increased (P < 0.005) circulating concentrations of EPA and DHA. Endometrial EPA was increased (P < 0.001) for gilts fed the PFA diet. In extraembryonic tissues, PFA more than doubled (P < 0.001) the EPA (0.13 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.013 mg/g) and DHA (0.39 vs. 0.85 +/- 0.05 mg/g). In embryonic tissue on d 19, DHA was increased (P < 0.05) by PFA (0.20 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.023 mg/g). Supplementing n-3 PUFA, beginning 30 d before breeding, affected endometrial, conceptus, and fetal fatty acid composition in early pregnancy. Dynamic day effects in fatty acid composition indicate this may be a critical period for maternal fatty acid resources to affect conceptus development and survival.     

Plasma and skin concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis

OBJECTIVE: To determine essential fatty acid concentrations in plasma and tissue before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis. ANIMALS: 30 dogs with atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE: Dogs received supplemental flaxseed oil (200 mg/kg/d), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 50 mg/kg/d)-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 35 mg/kg/d), or mineral oil as a placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Clinical scores and plasma and cutaneous concentrations of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LLA), EPA, DHA, prostaglandin E2, and leukotriene B4 were determined. RESULTS: Total plasma concentrations of alpha-LLA and EPA increased and those of arachidonic acid decreased significantly with administration of EPA-DHA, and concentrations of alpha-LLA increased with flaxseed oil supplementation; nevertheless, there was no significant change in the concentrations of these fatty acids or eicosanoids in the skin. There was no correlation between clinical scores and plasma or cutaneous concentrations for any of the measured fatty acids or eicosanoids. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that at the dose used, neither the concentrations of fatty acids in skin or plasma nor a decrease in the production of inflammatory eicosanoids was a major factor involved in the mechanism of action in dogs with atopy that responded to fatty acid supplementation.     

Direct supplementation of diet is the most efficient way of enriching broiler meat with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

1. Concentrations of beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) in poultry meat can be improved by increasing the concentration of n-3 PUFA in poultry diets.

2. A decrease in flavour quality is, however, usually associated with the dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA, which is due to the susceptibility of PUFA to oxidation.

3. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of introducing two different n-3 fatty acid sources (extruded linseed and DHA Gold?, a proprietary algal product rich in docosahexaenoic acid), either separately or together, on broiler productive performance, and meat quality, oxidative stability, sensory traits and LC-PUFA profile.

4. Birds given the algal product displayed better productive performances than animals from other groups.

5. The data revealed an improvement in the fatty acid nutritional value of meat from birds receiving the algal product and an inefficient conversion of α-linolenic acid (LNA) into LC-PUFA.

6. Metabolisation of LNA in vivo is not sufficient to improve meat quality in n-3 LC-PUFA and direct supplementation of the diet with n-3 LC-PUFA is a better alternative to modulate an increase in beneficial fatty acids of broiler meat.

7. The overall acceptability of meat was negatively affected by the dietary supplementation with 7.4% of DHA, in contrast to the supplementation with 3.7% of DHA, which showed to be efficient in improving LC-PUFA meat content without affecting its sensory properties.     

Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter avian glucose metabolism

(1) This investigation studied the effects of dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from the n-3 and n-6 series on insulin action and glucose uptake in broiler chickens. (2) One-day-old male chicks were fed on a commercial starter diet for 3 weeks, randomly divided into three groups (n = 6) and fed ad libitum on isonitrogenous experimental diets of equal energy density for a further 6 weeks. The diets contained 20.8 g/100 g protein and 80 g/kg of either edible tallow, fish oil or sunflower oil, giving diets high in saturated fatty acids, n-S PUFAs or n-6 PUFAs, respectively. (3) Jugular catheterisation was performed under general anaesthesia during week 4 of the dietary treatments and the birds given 7 d post-surgery to recover. To estimate insulin action, a bolus glucose infusion (1 g/kg) was given to each chicken and sequential blood samples taken over a one-hour period. To estimate the disappearance rate of glucose from the plasma and its incorporation into tissues, 2-deoxy-D-3H glucose (2DG-3H glucose) was infused into each chicken (50 microCi) 2 d later. (4) Although there were no significant differences in glucose clearance rate following the glucose infusion, the maximal insulin release in response to the glucose infusion was higher in the tallow group than in either the n-3 or n-6 PUFA dietary groups. There were no significant differences in the clearance rate of 2DG-3H glucose. Labelled glucose incorporation into the breast muscle was greater in birds given fish oil than in birds given tallow and significantly greater than in birds given sunflower oil. (5) The data suggest that the type of dietary fat can influence glucose metabolism and that this change in glucose utilisation may alter the energy metabolism of the broiler.     

日粮n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸作为一种重要的营养物质,能影响家畜繁殖性能。本文主要从n-3多不饱和脂肪酸作用机理、使用效果等方面阐述n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响。     

Effect of diets containing n-3 fatty acids on muscle long-chain n-3 fatty acid content in lambs fed low- and medium-quality roughage diets

In two experiments, each with 32 cross-bred ([Merino x Border Leicester] x Poll Dorset) wether lambs (26 to 33 kg weight range), animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. A mixture of lucerne chaff:oaten chaff was used as a basal diet, offered in different ratios. Animals were allowed to consume on a free-access basis in Exp. 1 or 90% of ad libitum intake in Exp. 2 in order to provide a low- (6.5 MJ ME/d) and medium- (9.5 MJ ME/d) quality basal diet, respectively. Isoenergetic amounts of lipid supplements, fish meal (80 g DM), canola meal (84 g DM), and soy meal (75 g DM) were tested in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, fish meal (9% DM), unprotected rapeseed (7% DM), and protected canola seed (6% DM) were fed as supplements. At the end of 53-d (Exp. 1) or 46-d (Exp. 2) experimental periods, lambs were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir and at 24 h postmortem longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle was collected for the analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition of structural phospholipid and storage triglyceride fractions. Fish meal diet increased LT muscle long-chain n-3 FA content by 27% (P < 0.02) in Exp. 1 and 30% (P < 0.001) in Exp. 2 compared with lambs fed the basal diet, but fish meal decreased (P < 0.01) the n-6 FA content only in Exp. 1. Soy meal and protected canola seed diets increased (P < 0.01) LT muscle n-6 FA content but did not affect long-chain n-3 FA content. Longissimus thoracis muscle long-chain n-3 FA were mainly deposited in structural phospholipid, rather than in storage triglyceride. In both Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA in LT muscle was lowest (P < 0.01) in lambs fed fish meal supplement compared with all other treatments. Protected canola seed diet increased the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA (P < 0.01) and PUFA:saturated fatty acid (P < 0.03) content from those animals fed the basal, fish meal, and unprotected rapeseed diets in Exp. 2. This was due to an increase in muscle n-6 FA content, mainly linoleic acid, of both phospholipid (P < 0.001) and triglyceride (P < 0.01) fractions and not to an increase in muscle n-3 FA content. The results indicate that by feeding fish meal supplement, the essential n-3 FA can be increased while lowering the ratio of n-6:n-3 content in lamb meat to an extent that could affect nutritional value, attractiveness, and the economic value of meat.     

Evaluation of the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in dogs with lymphoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in dogs with lymphoma. ANIMALS: 23 dogs with lymphoma in stages IIIa, IVa, and Va. PROCEDURE: Dogs receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy were randomly allocated to receive food with a high (test group) or low (control group) content of n-3 fatty acids. Serum doxorubicin and doxorubicinol concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography before and 6 to 9 weeks after initiation of the diets. Lymph node concentrations of doxorubicin were assessed 6 hours after the initial treatment. Dogs' body composition was assessed by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. RESULTS: No significant differences in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics were detected between treatment groups. Significant differences existed between the first and second sampling times among all dogs for area under the curve, maximum serum concentration, and clearance. Differences in body composition did not affect measured pharmacokinetic variables. The terminal elimination half-life was longer in dogs in which a long-term remission was achieved than in dogs that did not have remission. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dietary supplementation of n-3 fatty acids is common in veterinary patients with neoplasia, but supplementation did not affect doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in this population of dogs. Explanations for the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids other than alterations in the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy drugs should be investigated. Dogs may metabolize drugs differently prior to remission of lymphoma than when in remission. The pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin at the time of the first administration may predict response to treatment.     

Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids

Background

In dogs, increasing the tissue n-3 fatty acid (FA) content is associated with potential benefit in some medical conditions, e.g. atopic dermatitis, cancer or heart disease. Therefore effectively and conveniently increasing tissue n-3 FA levels in dogs is of interest. Incorporation of dietary n-3 FA into cell membranes may be studied by FA analysis of erythrocyte membranes (EM), because of the correlation of its FA composition with the FA composition of other cells. Aim of the study was to determine whether an n-3 FA additive added to a control diet is as effective in increasing EM n-3 FA content as feeding an n-3 FA enriched diet. Furthermore the time course of the incorporation of dietary n-3 FA into canine EM was investigated.

Methods

Thirty dogs were randomly divided into three dietary groups with ten dogs per group. CONT got a dry dog food diet which did not contain EPA or DHA. FO got a dry dog food diet with a high EPA and DHA content. ADD got the CONT diet combined with an n-3 FA additive rich in DHA and EPA. After a feeding period of 12 weeks the additive was discontinued in ADD and these dogs were fed CONT diet for another four weeks to observe washout effects. Erythrocyte lipids were extracted from venous blood samples and their FA composition was determined by gas chromatography. The Mann-Whitney-U-test was used to detect significant differences between the different groups and time points.

Results

After one week the proportions of n-3 FA, DHA and EPA were already significantly increased in ADD and FO, apparently reaching a plateau within eight weeks. In our study DHA and not EPA was preferably incorporated into the EM. After discontinuing the administration of the additive in ADD, the n-3 FA values declined slowly without reaching baseline levels within four weeks.

Conclusions

In dogs, an increase of dietary n-3 FA content leads to a rapid inclusion of n-3 FA into EM, regardless of whether the n-3 FA are offered as an enriched diet or as a normal diet supplemented with an n-3 FA additive.     

Effect of type and level of fish oil supplementation on yolk fat composition and n-3 fatty acids retention efficiency in laying hens

1. Laying hen performance and yolk fat fatty acid (FA) concentrations were evaluated with respect to the inclusion in the diet of different sources and levels of marine fish oil (MFO). 2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three sources (MFO1, MFO2_EPA, MFO3_DHA) and four levels of inclusion (15, 30, 45 and 60 g/kg) of MFO. 3. Type of diet had little effect on egg production traits, although laying rate and shell thickness slightly decreased at the highest level of MFO supplementation. 4. An increase in level of inclusion of MFO from 15 to 60 g/kg linearly increased concentrations of C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 and total n-3 FA in yolk fat, but greatly impaired their efficiencies of deposition (g retained/g ingested). 5. An interaction between type and dietary concentration of MFO was found, as the reduction in efficiency of retention of n-3 FA in egg fat with level of MFO was less when the proportion of n-3 in total FA decreased or when that of DHA in total n-3 FA increased. 6. MFO3_ DHA was more efficiently used for total n-3 FA yolk deposition than MFO2_EPA at a similar total n-3 FA intake. 7. Dietary inclusion of MFO reduced LC n-6 FA yolk fat content, which additionally decreased the ratio between total n-6 and total n-3 FA in egg fat. 8. Regression equations were calculated in order to predict efficiency of retention and n-3 FA concentration of yolk fat in the range of diets studied.     

Platelet function in dogs treated for lymphoma and hemangiosarcoma and supplemented with dietary n-3 fatty acids

A prospective randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed to test the hypothesis that dogs with malignancies that are supplemented with n-3 fatty acids do not have clinical or laboratory evidence of coagulation disorders or altered platelet function when compared with unsupplemented dogs with similar malignancies. Thirteen dogs with hemangiosarcoma and 66 dogs with lymphoma were evaluated. Coagulation status of the dogs with lymphoma and hemangiosarcoma was evaluated with prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, and in vitro platelet aggregometry using the whole-blood method. These tests were performed at 5 time points: before beginning the diet (week 0), at weeks 3, 15, and 21, and at 1 year or when progressive disease was evident. Alterations in platelet function in dogs receiving a diet supplemented with dietary n-3 fatty acids were not identified when compared to dogs fed a control diet. Dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation using this dosage and ratio in dogs with lymphoma or hemangiosarcoma did not induce clinically significant hemorrhage in these animals. Therefore, supplementation with n-3 fatty acids did not result in clinical or laboratory evidence relating to uncontrolled hemorrhage in these dogs.