嗜水气单胞菌在浸泡感染团头鲂的组织动态分布

利用具有绿色荧光蛋白基因标记的嗜水气单胞菌(WJ-8G FP)对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)进行浸泡攻毒试验,探究温度对浸泡感染后嗜水气单胞菌在团头鲂各组织分布的影响。实验设立A组(水温25℃),B组(水温32℃),C组(水温25℃),其中C组为对照组。用菌株WJ-8G FP对实验组A、B进行浸泡攻毒,试验组C不进行攻毒处理,攻毒后分别于2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h采集各组鱼血液、脾、肾、鳃、肠道、肌肉,培养法统计分析各组织器官上的荧光细菌数量。实验结果显示,在各取样时间段实验组A(25℃)和实验组B(32℃)团头鲂各组织在均能检测到荧光嗜水气单胞菌,对照组未检测到嗜水气单胞菌;最高菌量出现在鳃,且鳃上嗜水气单胞菌数量显著大于其他组织(P0.05),其次是脾、肾;组织内的菌量随时间大体呈现先上升后下降的趋势;B实验组中各组织菌量显著大于A实验组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,鳃是嗜水气单胞菌浸泡感染团头鲂的主要组织器官,与25℃相比较,在水温32℃时团头鲂被嗜水气单胞菌感染的风险更高。     

虹鳟烂鳃病病原调查报告

从发病的三倍体虹鳟体内分离到2株细菌,经形态学、染色特性、溶血性和生理生化特性鉴定,确认为嗜水气单胞菌。将其接种到鲤鱼体内,鲤鱼于48h内全部死亡,从试验鲤鱼中分离到同样的细菌。药敏试验的结果表明,这种细菌对常用抗生素表现出不同程度的敏感性。结合流行病学调查、病理剖检和实验室病原分离鉴定,最终确诊,嗜水气单胞菌是引起三倍体虹鳟烂鳃病的病原体。药敏试验的结果表明,甲醛的抑菌效果最好。养殖基地的病鱼经过治疗,死亡现象得到控制。     

冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌体外抑菌效果及作用机制

通过测定冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)和对细菌生长的影响,及其对菌体形态、电导率、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活性、蛋白质和DNA的影响,探究冬凌草甲素对耐药性嗜水气单胞菌的体外抑菌作用及其机制。结果显示,冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌具有明显抑制作用,MIC为256μg/mL,MBC为512μg/mL。当2MIC浓度的冬凌草甲素作用于嗜水气单胞菌CW株8、16 h后,菌体变形,细胞壁和细胞膜分离,细胞质空化。与对照组相比,药物组菌悬液的电导率显著升高,并且在冬凌草甲素作用6 h后达到5.66%。冬凌草甲素作用8 h后嗜水气单胞菌的LDH活性降低了20.8%,可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。DAPI染色结果显示,药物组荧光密度和强度均较对照组弱。DNA外渗量结果显示,较对照组上升了(29.32±1.02) mg/L。研究表明,冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌具有较强的抗菌作用,主要通过增加细胞膜的通透性,干扰蛋白质代谢进而抑制细菌的生长繁殖。     

嗜水气单胞菌对框镜鲤免疫实验研究

嗜水气单胞菌是水产动物的常见致病菌,本研究利用在生理生化和PCR鉴定的基础上确定为嗜水气单胞菌,并经PCR和药物敏感性实验确定对多种抗菌药物具有耐药性的嗜水气单胞菌多重耐药株。用该菌株制备细菌疫苗对框镜鲤进行免疫实验,免疫方法采用浸洗2 min,1.5、3、6个月后分别进行注射攻毒,攻毒实验结果显示免疫保护率60%~95%,实验室安全性检测结果为安全可靠。该方法避免了逐尾鱼注射造成的较大的工作强度,为在生产实践中广泛应用预防多重耐药嗜水气单胞菌所引起的疾病奠定了基础。     

日本鳗鲡腐皮病组织病理学研究

本文报告了以原绵霉为原发病原、继发嗜水气单胞菌的日本鳗鲡腐皮病组织病理学的研究。外观症状:病鱼体表粘液斑块状脱落,皮肤坏死、溃烂,有出血和炎性渗出物。组织病理变化:烂鳃,鳃丝固有结构崩解;皮肤坏死,肌纤维融解、消失;心肌纤维紊乱、坏死,肌间炎性细胞浸润,血栓;肝脏肿大、空泡、坏死;脾出血,淋巴细胞数量减少;肠道粘膜上皮脱落、坏死,固有膜炎性白细胞浸润;肾脏受损严重,广泛充血、出血,炎性细胞浸润,肾小管肿胀、坏死,肾小球萎缩,囊腔内出现血球。     

嗜水气单胞菌引致的金钱鱼细菌性疾病

为了分离鉴定实验室养殖的金钱鱼暴发性疾病的病原,利用传统病原分离的方法,从病鱼肝脏分离得到一株G–短杆菌(Ah201416),对其进行电镜观察和生理生化鉴定,对病鱼组织进行病理切片分析,并根据科赫法则,用分离株对健康金钱鱼进行人工感染。结果显示,该菌株电镜下观察细菌大小为0.8~1.0μm×1.0~2.0μm(宽×长),无芽孢和荚膜,生理生化特性与嗜水气单胞菌基本一致;16S r RNA序列(登录号:KR006248)与Gen Bank中嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah ATCC7966)的16S r RNA基因序列的同源性高达99%,系统进化树与Ah聚为一支。病理切片分析发现,发病金钱鱼与正常金钱鱼相比,鳃小片细胞不同程度地脱落,伴有白细胞浸润;肠绒毛结构消失,肌肉层疏松明显;肾脏中肾小管细胞脱落,管腔中有坏死细胞,并出现不同程度的颗粒变性;肝脏细胞形态不规则,伴有血细胞浸润等病理损伤。人工感染实验表明,其对健康金钱鱼96h的半数致死剂量(LD50)为7.35×107 CFU/m L。研究表明,发病金钱鱼中分离的Ah201416菌株为嗜水气单胞菌,丰富了金钱鱼细菌性病原的研究,此结果为金钱鱼细菌性疾病的防治和养殖业的健康发展提供了重要的理论依据。     

耐喹诺酮类药物嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及电镜观察

本研究对吉林省内12个水域采集和送检的66尾病鱼进行细菌分离鉴定,共检出46株嗜水气单胞菌疑似株,通过生化试验和PCR扩增气溶素基因aer鉴定法,确定其中22株为嗜水气单胞菌。进一步采用纸片扩散法和双倍稀释法测定嗜水气单胞菌分离株对多种抗生素的耐药性,其中部分菌株存在不同程度的耐药性,22株嗜水气单胞菌中有4株对喹诺酮类药物耐药,并且为交叉耐药。其对喹诺酮类药物的抑菌圈均小于19mm。嗜水气单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的检出率为18 2%。将病料中分离的8株嗜水气单胞菌在电镜下观察发现,2株耐药菌表面发现均匀分布的球形结构,而6株敏感菌表面未见此结构。     

嗜水气单胞菌对三种鱼血红蛋白的影响

以嗜水气单胞菌感染鲤鱼、鲫鱼、乌鳢,并检测了第4d和第8d的血红蛋白含量。同时,观察感染后鱼所出现的症状。结果表明,鲤鱼、鲫鱼出现典型的由嗜水气单胞菌引起的败血症症状,乌鳢则为腐皮病症状;与对照组相比,三种感染鱼的血红蛋白含量在第4d都显著下降(P<0.05),到第8d均极显著降低(P<0.01)。     

黄河鲤嗜水气单胞菌的分离、毒力及用药分析

自发病黄河鲤4种组织中分离致病菌,结合形态学和16SrDNA序列分析,发现分离到的细菌属气单胞菌属。回归感染试验发现,患病鱼体出现鳃盖等多处组织出血且伴随肠炎等症状,表明引起黄河鲤发病的致病菌为嗜水气单胞菌,命名为HNAh01。半致死密度测定发现,嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的半致死密度为1.38×10~7 cfu/mL。药敏结果表明,该致病性嗜水气单胞菌是典型的多重耐药嗜水气单胞菌,但对恩诺沙星极为敏感。因此,选择恩诺沙星对分离菌株进行体外药效学和用药分析试验。药效学试验表明,恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的最小抑菌质量浓度为1.56ng/mL,最小杀菌质量浓度为3.12ng/mL,防耐药突变质量浓度为12.5ng/mL,耐药选择窗的范围为1.56~12.5ng/mL。用药分析结果显示,黄河鲤口服剂量为10mg/kg时对嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的相对保护率达83%。本文研究为嗜水气单胞菌的防治提供了理论基础与实践依据。     

嗜水气单胞菌QseC在响应去甲肾上腺素中的作用

QseBC是一种普遍存在于细菌的双组分调控系统(two-component regulatory system,TCS),能感应细胞外环境因子信号,在调控细菌毒力中发挥着重要作用。为了研究嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)QseC在识别和响应宿主应激激素去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)及其对毒力因子表达的调控作用,本实验首先构建了嗜水气单胞菌NJ-35缺失突变株ΔqseC与互补株qseC+,分析了在NE诱导下野生株和突变株的体外毒力因子表达和鱼体死亡率的变化。结果表明,qseC的缺失抑制了NE对嗜水气单胞菌的促生长作用,降低了NE对生物膜形成能力和溶血活性的增强作用及其对罗非鱼的致死率,而对运动性、脂肪酶与蛋白酶活性没有产生显著影响。本实验明确了嗜水气单胞菌QseC能够响应NE,从而调节菌株的毒力,对全面认识嗜水气单胞菌的致病机理及其与宿主的互作机制有着重要意义,并为探索疾病防控新技术奠定相关理论基础。     

Effects of Cu-exchanged montmorillonite on growth performance, microbial ecology and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to 4 treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish/tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺-exchanged montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) on growth performance, microbial ecology of the skin, gill and intestine, and intestinal morphology. The dietary treatments were: 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet + 1.5 g/kg MMT, 3) basal diet + 30 mg/kg copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu-MMT treatment group), or 4) basal diet + 1.5 g/kg Cu-MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu-MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared to control and fish fed with Cu-MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu-MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with a tendency of Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with control. Measurements of villus and microvillus heights at different sites of the intestinal mucosa indicated that dietary addition of MMT or Cu-MMT improved intestinal mucosal morphology. However, the microbial ecology of the skin and gill was not affected by the addition of CuSO₄, MMT or Cu-MMT. Supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on the growth performance, microbial ecology and intestinal morphology. The results showed that Cu-MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo and protected intestinal mucosa from invasion of pathogenic bacterium and toxins, resulting in a positive effect on the growth performance.     

Isolation and characterization of fish Aeromonas hydrophila adhesins important for in vitro epithelial cell invasion

The molecular mechanisms involved in the invasion of Aeromonas hydrophila (strain PPD 134/91) into host cells were studied in vitro using a carp epithelial cell line. Bacterial fractions were extracted with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) to investigate the adhesins involved. Two groups of adhesins were found. The major group was high molecular weight proteins with the largest component being a 43-kDa protein. Amino terminal sequence analysis indicated that this may have been an outer membrane porin. This supports previous suggestions that a 43-kDa outer membrane protein may be important in adhesion of a human isolate of A. hydrophila . The minor group of adhesins were low molecular weight proteins likely to be less effective in mediating bacterial adhesion and invasion into carp epithelial cells.     

Adherence, haemagglutination and cell surface characteristics of motile aeromonads virulent for fish

Abstract. Motile Aeromonas spp. virulent for fish were studied with regard to their adhesion profile. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of fimbriae (pili) on Aeromonas cells regardless of virulence potential. The results show no significant correlations between ability to haemagglutinate, yeast cell co-agglutination and virulence. All strains expressed mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin activity against guinea pig erythrocytes. Using four types of red blood cells no characteristic haemagglutinin pattern related to virulence could be discerned. Expression of surface haemagglutin(s) on Aeromonas hydrophila appears to be medium dependent; strains grown in liquid media demonstrated enhanced haemagglutination activity. Both virulent and avirulent strains had in vitro epithelial cell adhesive capabilities. Cell surface characteristics measured by agglutination in acriflavine and stability after boiling indicated that most virulent strains agglutinated in the presence of acriflavine, but not all sedimented after boiling. The ability of 10 selected strains of A hydrophila to grow in normal pooled catfish serum was determined. Only 17% of the virulence variations can be explained by their sensitivity to serum.     

高丝氨酸内酯酶AI-96对嗜水气单胞菌NJ-1浸浴攻毒斑马鱼保护效应的研究

为评价斑马鱼口服高丝氨酸内脂酶AI-96对嗜水气单胞菌NJ-1浸浴攻毒的保护效应,实验设置基础料与实验料两组饲料,实验料是在基础料中按3 U/g饲料添加N酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶AI-96(以下简称AI-96),通过高浓度(2.5×108 cfu/mL)及低浓度(0.7×108 cfu/mL)两组剂量的嗜水气单胞菌NJ-1(以下简称NJ-1)分别浸浴攻毒斑马鱼,在12h、24 h、3d、7d和14d取鳃丝、肠道壁、肝和肾样,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测取样器官中NJ-1量,并统计攻毒周期内的死亡率,来评价高丝氨酸内酯酶AI-96的保护力.结果显示:在攻毒周期内所取组织内均检测到NJ-1,按菌数肠＞鳃＞肝＞肾,其中高NJ-1剂量未加酶组各组织NJ-1数量均分别明显高于低剂量处理组.在高剂量攻毒条件下,加酶组各组织NJ-1数量均显著低于未加酶处理组(P＜0.05),鳃除外;在低剂量攻毒条件下,未加酶组的NJ-1数量在鳃(3 d)、肠(0.5、1、3、7及14 d)、肝(3 d)和肾(7 d)显著高于加酶组(P＜0.05),其余差异不显著(P＞0.05).此外无论在高、低剂量攻毒条件下,加酶组的死亡率均低于未加酶组,其中低剂量攻毒7d及以后其死亡率显著低于对照(P＜0.05).结果表明,口服AI-96可以有效预防NJ-1≤0.7×108 cfu/mL范围内的侵袭.     

长丰鲫c型溶菌酶基因的克隆及其在细菌感染条件下的表达分析

为了解c型溶菌酶基因与长丰鲫(Chang Feng Carassius auratus)的抗菌效应关系,本研究利用同源克隆方法获得长丰鲫c型溶菌酶基因cDNA全长序列。结果显示:c型溶菌酶基因全长698 bp,包括5'端非翻译区60 bp,3'端非翻译区200 bp,开放阅读框438 bp,编码145个氨基酸。长丰鲫c型溶菌酶基因在肾脏组织中表达量最大,在脾脏、肠道、心脏和脑中大量表达,在肝脏和鳃中表达量相对较低,在皮肤和肌肉中几乎不表达。长丰鲫在感染迟钝爱德华氏菌、嗜水气单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌后,在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和鳃等组织中基因表达量均发生显著变化,出现不同程度的上调。感染迟钝爱德华氏菌后,在脾脏中的上调幅度最大,其次为鳃、肝脏和肾脏;感染嗜水气单胞菌后,在脾脏中上调程度最大,其次是鳃;感染金黄色葡萄球菌后,在脾脏中上调幅度最大。在肝脏和肾脏中,经金黄色葡萄球菌刺激后c型溶菌酶基因的上调幅度最高;在脾脏和鳃中,经嗜水气单胞菌感染后c型溶菌酶基因上调幅度最高。三种刺激后,c型溶菌酶基因升高幅度的不同,说明不同刺激使鱼体组织产生的应激反应能力不同。     

Lesions associated with natural and experimental infections of Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Abstract. Histologic differences were observed in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), with naturally occurring cutaneous (bacteria isolated only from lesions of skin and superficial muscle) and systemic Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Systemic infections were characterized by diffuse necrosis in several internal organs and the presence of melanin-containing macrophages in the blood. Fish with only cutaneous infections had several types of concealed lesions including increased amounts of lipofuscin and haemosiderin in the liver and spleen; however, most visceral organs were not necrotic. The average condition factor of fish with cutaneous infections was lower than for fish with systemic infections. Early histologic lesions in channel catfish experimentally infected by immersion in a suspension of A. hydrophila were similar to lesions observed in naturally occurring systemic infections and to lesions previously reported in channel catfish injected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila . In experimentally infected fish, all lesions healed in fish that did not die, and prolonged infections limited to skin and muscle did not occur.     

对虾抗菌肽转基因水稻抑制饲料腐败和防治罗非鱼细菌病害的初步研究

探讨了以植物生物反应器开发利用抗菌肽类物质防治水产动物病害的效果和机理。以携带中国明对虾抗菌肽—对虾素3-2的转基因水稻米糠制作罗非鱼饲料,研究其对饲料腐败和吉富罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌肠炎的抑制效果。通过测定米糠和饲料中的霉菌总数、细菌总数,发现水稻中表达的对虾素3-2能有效抑制饲料中的霉菌与细菌的繁殖,对于保持饲料品质具有显著的效果。选取规格一致、体质健壮的吉富罗非鱼,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含20%非转基因米糠的饲料与含不同质量比(10%、20%、30%)的转基因米糠的饲料。通过嗜水气单胞菌攻毒保护实验,结果发现,转基因米糠对罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌肠炎具有显著的保护效果。对吉富罗非鱼的肠道主要微生物数量、中肠石蜡切片的进一步分析发现,摄食转基因米糠饲料组的罗非鱼肠道内大肠杆菌比例降低,乳酸菌比例提高,肠道微绒毛的结构完整性显著改善。由此推断抗菌肽转基因水稻的防病效果可能与肠道微生物的改变和对肠道结构的保护作用有关。但是石蜡切片发现过量添加转基因米糠(30%)也会导致吉富罗非鱼肠道上皮细胞损伤。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌对黄河鲤血液免疫效果研究

研究了苏云金芽孢杆菌对黄河鲤血液免疫应答的影响.将苏云金芽孢杆菌按1.0×10~(11)、3.0×10~(11)、5.0×10~(11) cfu/kg 3个浓度添加在鱼用全价颗粒饲料中,投喂经嗜水气单胞菌疫苗免疫组(A_0～A_3)和未免疫组(B_0～B_3)黄河鲤,分别于0、15、30、40 d时检测各组黄河鲤白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性以及血清凝集抗体效价,并进行攻毒试验.结果表明:添加苏云金芽孢杆菌可使黄河鲤血液中白细胞吞噬活性和血清溶菌酶活性显著提高.添加组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),添加浓度越高,血液白细胞活性和溶菌酶活性越强.免疫组与未免疫组白细胞吞噬活性差异不显著(P>0.05),而溶菌酶活性差异显著(P<0.05).在停止投喂后10 d,白细胞活性、血清溶菌酶活性逐渐下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05).添加苏云金芽孢杆菌还可提高黄河鲤的凝集抗体效价及攻毒后的存活率,其中,当菌株添加浓度为5.0×10~(11) cfu/kg时,受免疫的黄河鲤免疫保护率最高.即投喂苏云金芽孢杆菌对黄河鲤血液免疫应答有明显促进作用.     

Pathology of bacterial gill disease: ultrastructure of branchial lesions

Abstract. The range of branchial lesions associated with bacterial gill disease (BGD) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson), was investigated through the ultrastructural examination of 23 separate outbreaks of the disease condition within commercially reared stocks. Diseased branchial tissues had a large and diffusely distributed monomorphic population of filamentous bacteria which were strictly epicellular. Although bacterial colonization was restricted to the branchial cavity, it was neither site nor cell specific: epithelial and chloride cells of the lamellae, filaments and lining tissues of the branchial cavity were all uniformly affected. The bacteria possessed an extensive glycocalyx which appeared to facilitate adhesion to the apices of the microridged sub-unit modifications of the cell surface. Sites of colonization were accompanied by a diffuse pattern of cellular degeneration and necrosis that was generally restricted to the outer layers of epithelium. The polarity and nature of these changes suggest that the mechanism of interaction between the bacteria and host cells includes progressive hydropic change as a sequel to primary membrane damage and consequent increased cell permeability. These cellular changes were accompanied by the range of stereotypical responses of the gill to damage frequently reported for BGD including lamellar fusion, epithelial hyperplasia, and squamous and mucous cell metaplasia, in addition to lamellar spongiosis.     

吉富罗非鱼sIgM基因多克隆抗体的制备及组织定位分析

为研究sIgM在吉富罗非鱼体内的组织分布及其在亚细胞水平上的定位,本实验利用纯化的SIGM融合蛋白,按照常规方法免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了兔抗吉富罗非鱼SIGM多克隆抗体;并对吉富罗非鱼肠、脾脏及鳃组织进行了免疫组织化学分析以及胶体金免疫电镜分析。结果显示,ELISA检测所获得的抗血清效价为1∶256 000,该血清能与SIGM融合蛋白发生特异性免疫反应。在肠和鳃组织中,阳性信号存在于富含黏液细胞的上皮细胞层表面,在杯状细胞和黏液细胞中则不存在;在脾脏组织中,阳性信号存在于特定的细胞中。免疫电镜结果显示SIGM主要存在于肠上皮细胞膜附近,并且在肠组织上皮细胞膜表面的微绒毛处含量较多;在鳃上皮组织中,SIGM主要存在于包围鳃丝和鳃小片的上皮细胞及部分红细胞内;而在脾脏组织淋巴细胞内部高尔基体的分泌小泡处存在大量的胶体金颗粒。研究表明,sIgM在鱼体黏膜免疫中具有重要作用,这为探讨鱼类sIgM的特性及功能奠定了基础,并丰富了鱼类黏膜免疫的研究内容。