陕西关中地区土地生态价值时空动态

为探明土地生态系统服务价值的空间差异性,以关中地区遥感影像、气象气候、土壤植被及地形地貌数据为依据,借助格网插值技术和土壤潜力测算模型获取土壤潜力栅格图,运用土地利用栅格图及生态系统服务价值当量因子加权,生成土地生态系统服务价值栅格图;从而在栅格尺度上揭示土地生态系统服务价值的空间异质性。结果表明:1986—2007年间,关中地区土地生态系统服务价值总量由509.61亿元增加到561.02亿元,增幅约为10.09%,2000—2007年段增速约为1986—2000年段的33.65倍;周边山地和黄土梁峁区生态价值增加,增量最大的为周至县;中部平原区的生态价值量减少,减量最大的是西安市区;研究期内的土地利用结构调整取得了较明显的生态效益。     

1977-2013年疏勒河中下游土地利用变化与环境响应

以甘肃省疏勒河中下游为研究对象,利用1977、1986、1993、2002年和2013年5期遥感解译影像获取土地利用变化数据,通过土地利用类型面积转移矩阵、区域环境质量指数、土地利用类型转换的生态贡献率等方法,定量研究了1977-2013年疏勒河土地利用变化过程及其生态环境响应.结果表明:①1977-2013年,疏勒河土地利用变化以耕地、草地和未利用地的相互转换为主.与1977年相比:耕地、水域和建设用地面积分别增加了921.52km2、75.6 km2、74.18 km2,林地、草地和未利用地面积分别减少了79.27 km2、253.46 km2和738.55 km2.②1977-2013年,疏勒河中下游环境质量整体呈现出恶化一改善一改善一改善的态势,区域内部同时存在着恶化一改善的双向演替趋势.③草地、林地和水域的退化是区域环境质量恶化的主导因素,未利用地转换为草地及草地转化为水域是区域环境质量改善的主要因素.     

基于遥感的陕蒙交界地区土地利用变化研究

选取陕蒙交界典型地区,利用1989、1999、2001、2002年4期遥感数据,通过土地利用类型变化量和变化率研究该地区土地利用类型变化的空间差异与影响。结果表明:该地区土地利用变化表现为湖泊和林草地/耕地面积减少,沼泽、沙丘稀灌和沙丘面积增加。湖泊和林草地/耕地面积减少了29.20km2和256.75km2,分别减少32%和16%;沼泽、沙丘稀灌和沙丘面积增加了20.60km2、131.89km2和129.7km2,分别增加了70%、7%和28%。影响因素分析表明,近20年来该地区气候变化呈暖干化的趋势,气温上升、降雨量下降;同时,陕蒙交界地区近20年来总人口增加了一万多,羊只数增加了3倍多,农业和畜牧业发展迅速,对当地的土地利用格局变化产生重要影响。     

过去20年兰州新区秦王川地区土地利用景观格局变化

兰州秦王川地区是国家级开发区-兰州新区的所在地,过去20年来土地利用景观格局发生了巨大变化.文中基于4期LandsatTM/OLI卫星影像的分类结果,采用状态转移矩阵和景观生态学方法分析了1994-2013年间秦王川地区土地利用景观格局变化.结果表明:1)大面积砂田被水浇地置换,水浇地、荒草地和砂田面积从1994年的100.39km2、709.52km2和266.09km2改变到2013年的389.13km2、531.81km2和10.18km2.居民地的土地面积从1994年的23.32km2增加到2013年的107.89km2.2)景观多样性和破碎性增加,优势度降低,斑块形状趋于复杂.3)“引大入秦”工程建设改变了区域水资源利用格局,人口增长和新区开发建设促使过去的水浇地和农村居民地被新城镇和工业用地类型所取代.针对景观生态质量下降的问题,提出发展高效精准农业,增加绿色生态廊道景观和湿地生态补水的建议.     

20世纪70年代中期以来奈曼旗土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究

本文在遥感技术与GIS技术支持下,以内蒙古自治区奈曼旗近二十五年来的土地利用为例,对土地利用/覆盖的时空演变、景观格局变化及其生态环境效应进行了探讨。结果表明:1976—2000年间,奈曼旗发生土地利用变化的面积约占总面积的22.70%,发生变化的土地总面积为184015.51hm2。林地、未利用地面积明显增加,耕地面积明显减少,减少幅度约为21.86%。景观斑块的聚集程度变小,破碎程度加大,趋于离散分布。从生态效应上来看,土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量变化呈现出改善和恶化并存的趋势,主要表现在草地生态功能的退化以及土地的沙化、盐碱化,沙地有扩展蔓延趋势;林地面积的增加、耕地面积的减少对提高区域生态质量和生态功能起到了积极的作用。     

松嫩沙地荒漠化现状和原因

通过对松嫩沙地2000年的遥感监测表明:松嫩沙地共有盐渍化土地面积1613.17 km2和沙漠化土地面积3765.38km2,分别占整个沙地面积的3.13%和7.3%。盐渍化最严重的是大安,共有盐渍化土地894.19 km2,占到总盐渍化土地面积的55.43%;在沙漠化土地中,草场沙漠化土地3130.51 km2占沙漠化总面积的83.14%,耕地沙漠化土地634.87 km2占沙漠化土地总面积的16.86%。其中以轻度和中度沙漠化土地为主,分别占50.72%和36.81%,重度沙漠化土地占12.23%,严重沙漠化土地面积较少,仅占0.24%。土地沙漠化最严重的是大庆,占整个行政区域面积的19.15%,面积达到969.65km2。在文章的结尾,简要分析了松嫩沙地荒漠化发生的自然和人为原因。     

基于土地利用/覆被变化的绿洲城市土地生态风险综合评价——以甘州区为例

土地利用/覆被变化通过改变土地生态系统的结构和功能,影响地区生态系统的安全与健康程度。基于甘州区2001-2008年的土地利用变更数据,建立土地利用生态风险评价指标,结合马尔可夫概率转移矩阵,对该区域土地利用变化的生态效益风险及其社会影响进行综合评价。同时,借助GIS技术与相关统计分析方法,对甘州区2008年土地利用/覆被现状存在的生态风险进行空间量化分析。研究表明：① 2008年,甘州区土地利用/覆被存在的生态风险集中在耕地和未利用地,两者的比例占全区总面积的87.32%;② 甘州区土地利用类型研究期内发生了复杂的相互转换,地类交错地带生态风险尤为显著;③ 土地利用程度指数的上升,反映出土地利用的广度、深度不断增加,土地利用处于发展期;④ 甘州区2008年较2001年的土地综合风险指数有所上升,人类活动的影响在一定程度上增加了区域潜在的生态风险。     

澜沧江源头杂多县1985～2000年土地利用变化分析

利用三期(1985、1995和2000年)Landsat TM图像解译结果,应用GIS技术,分析了杂多县土地利用的数量变化和时空变化特征。结果表明:15年期间杂多县土地利用变化具有稳定微动性,但在1985~1995年和1995~2000年两个研究时段的变化特征存在明显差异。1985~1995年,土地利用转移面积为5 954.00 km2,占该县总面积的16.47%,转移主要发生在草地内部及草地与未利用地之间,占总转移的93.87%,以高、中覆盖草地输出、低覆盖草地输入为特征,表现为草地数量增加,质量下降;1995~2000年,土地利用变化面积为6027.75 km2,占全县总面积的16.67%,主要转移类型为中低覆盖草地—未利用土地、中覆盖—低覆盖草地、低覆盖草地-中覆盖草地、沼泽地-草地,占总转移面积的90.87%,低覆盖草地向高、中覆盖草地正转移,草地数量减少,质量好转。两个研究时段的土地利用变化集中分布在杂多县东部、西南和西部。     

LUCC视角下的艾比湖流域典型区域景观格局时空变化研究

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,以艾比湖流域典型区域1990、1998、2011、2013年的四期Landsat影像为数据源,利用ENVI4.8得到艾比湖流域典型区域4个时期的土地利用/覆盖类型转移矩阵,并对土地利用面积变化量进行分析,利用土地资源数量变化指数单一土地利用类型动态度和区域土地利用综合动态度模型对土地利用问题进行信息的提取,借助景观生态学软件Fragstats3.3进行景观指数的计算,深入探讨了近20年来艾比湖流域典型区域景观格局的时空动态变化。从景观和斑块尺度上分析了1990~2013年艾比湖流域典型区域景观格局变化的整体特征和空间异质性。结果表明:从1990~2013年耕地面积不断增加且幅度最大,增加134354.07hm~2,其他地类的面积有所减少;各地类景观斑块数持续增加,斑块形状趋于不规则化,整体景观趋于破碎化;景观香农多样性指数在2011年出现最高值1.5173,景观丰富度在这一年最明显。该研究对艾比湖流域土地利用动态及环境演变等研究有着非常重要的意义。     

青海土地荒漠化评价及动态监测

应用RS与GIS技术,利用1976年的MSS数据和2000年TM遥感数据,对青海境内的荒漠化土地现状与动态变化进行监测研究,并对其时空特征进行分析.结果表明:青海荒漠化土地面积2000年为2.22×105 km2,占总面积的31.11%,其中沙质荒漠化面积为1.89×105 km2,占荒漠化总面积的84.83%.1976年荒漠化总面积为2.20×105 km2.近30年来,青海荒漠化土地总面积变化不大,但荒漠化程度明显加重,重度沙质荒漠化土地面积和沙漠面积分别增加了254.13%和94.78%.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.