秦岭太白山冰缘地貌特征与环境

通过对秦岭主峰太白山野外实地考察,明确海拔3000m以上发育有:石海、石河与石流坡、石冰川与地下暗河、倒石堆与岩屑堆、冰缘岩柱与石堡、雪蚀洼地及石环等典型冰缘地貌,并发现发育有冰缘黄土层存在.从各冰缘砾石组构看,砾石粒径大小不一,堆积混杂无序,砾石AB面倾向东南方向,除石冰川外,砾石AB面倾角值远大于坡面坡度,说明堆积不稳定.通过山体发育环境因素分析,发现因构造、岩性、坡向与山体高度的冰缘地貌存在差异,表现为冻融风化作用下的砾石组合地貌广泛发育,其中山体南坡石海、石冰川与地下暗河、倒石堆与岩屑堆大量典型发育,北坡冰缘岩柱与石堡、石河与石流坡发育典型,同时这也为形成山地灾害提供了条件基础,建议应人为加强干预,尽早制定合理措施.     

伊犁可克达拉剖面有机碳、碳酸钙分布特征及其环境意义

选取位于新疆伊犁塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠中部的可克达拉剖面作为研究对象,分析了该剖面不同深度土壤有机碳和碳酸钙的组成变化。该剖面的土壤有机碳含量变化范围为1.02g/kg～4.97g/kg,平均值2.52g/kg,标准偏差1.04g/kg,变异系数41.3%;碳酸钙含量变化范围为8.71%～15.99%,平均值13.44%,标准偏差1.94%,变异系数14.4%。整个剖面有机碳的含量较碳酸钙的含量有较大的变化,二者随剖面深度变化的总体趋势比较相似,但仍有较大差异。对有机碳和碳酸钙含量进行相关性分析,通过了0.01极显著水平的检验,呈正相关,相关系数R2=0.498。结合两种物质在剖面不同深度的含量变化,探讨了它们所对应的环境信息;结果表明有机碳、碳酸钙含量变化可以作为分析沙漠古环境的有效代用指标。     

新疆霍城县水环境同位素特征及其指示作用

在分析研究区水文地质条件基础上,根据同位素测试结果,重点分析了地下水、泉水及地表水氢氧稳定同位素和氚同位素的分布特征.潜水δD变化范围为-87.71 ～-75.40‰,δ18 O为-12.80～-10.91‰.承压水δD为-90.44～-65.57‰,δ18O为-13.08～-8.17‰.地下水氚浓度主要集中在15 ～ 30TU范围内,绝大部分地下水为1953年以前所补给.地下水与地表水均起源于当地大气降水.潜水与承压水水力联系较强,潜水与承压水属于同一含水系统,在开发过程中要十分注重保护这一含水系统,防止过度开发导致含水系统遭到破坏.     

中国主要沙漠和沙地碳同位素特征

为了解中国沙漠(沙地)的碳同位素(δ¹³C)特征,分别在中国8大沙漠4大沙地地表采集沉积物样品,采用同位素质谱技术全面分析了样品的碳酸盐碳同位素组成和分布规律。研究结果表明:(1)中国主要沙漠(沙地)碳酸盐δ¹³C值位于-10.7‰～1.9‰之间,具有明显的区域特点。根据δ¹³C值分布范围将8大沙漠4大沙地初步分为5个区域:A:库姆塔格沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠;B:巴丹吉林沙漠;C:柴达木沙漠和乌兰布和沙漠D:库布齐沙漠、腾格里沙漠和毛乌素沙地;E:古尔班通古特沙漠、呼伦贝尔沙地和科尔沁沙地。(2)中国沙漠(沙地)的δ¹³C值与采样区域的降雨量密切相关。(3)中国沙漠(沙地)的δ¹³C值分区性与中国北方大地构造和山脉分布密切相关。     

中亚哈萨克斯坦西部过去～30000年以来有机碳同位素变化及其意义

选取位于中亚干旱区哈萨克斯坦中西部的VA剖面作为研究对象,在AMS14C测年基础上,分析了该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来的有机碳同位素组成变化。结果表明:该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来有机质碳同位素值(δ13Corg)变化于-26.19‰--22.12‰之间,均值为-23.77‰,植被主要为C3植物,C4植物仅仅在末次冰盛期出现且其相对丰度极低。因此VA剖面土壤有机碳同位素组成变化主要反映的是C3植物对气候环境因子的响应,进一步对影响该地区植物碳同位素因素的分析发现,降水是控制该地区C3植物碳同位素变化的主要因素,即:降水增多导致C3植物碳同位素值偏负,可以用来指示研究区古降水变化趋势,CO2浓度以及温度仅仅在末次冰盛期对C3和C4植物相对丰度有一定的影响。     

沙柳稳定碳同位素值的特点及其水分利用效率

通过对沙柳5个种源苗木叶片不同月份稳定碳同位素组成(1δ3C)的测定,研究不同种源沙柳δ13C值的特点,试图找出影响δ13C值季节变化的关键环境因子。结果表明:沙柳碳同位素值在-26.753‰~-29.915‰之间变化,其中,乌审旗和榆林种源1δ3C值较高,表明在该试验条件下具有较高的水分利用效率;叶片与枝条相比,δ13C值在6月和8月差异明显,达到0.930‰~2.469‰;而枝条的碳同位素值差异较小,为0.032‰~0.838‰;沙柳δ13C值在不同月份间有显著性差异,6月δ13C值明显高于8月;在将各环境因子分离开的情况下,主要研究了大气相对湿度对植物的1δ3C值季节变化的影响,结果显示,δ13C值随大气相对湿度的降低而偏重。     

雅鲁藏布江中游地区地表水、地下水同位素特征及其指示作用

为了解雅鲁藏布江中游地区不同水体的补给来源以及相互补给关系,对该地区降水,地表水,地下水中的氢、氧稳定同位素进行了分析,以便对今后该地区的水资源评价和水污染研究提供科学依据.本研究共采集地表水、地下水水样57个.由于不同水体的稳定同位素组成受蒸发的影响,当地大气降水线的方程为δD=8.08δ18O+12.37,与全球大...     

阿尔泰山泥炭α-纤维素碳和氧同位素的古环境意义——以黑阳坡泥炭为例

常年受西风影响的阿尔泰山是古气候研究的重点区域之一.为探究将阿尔泰山泥炭植物碳和氧同位素(δ13Ccell和δ18Ocell)的现代过程研究直接运用到百年或千年尺度古气候重建中的合理性,在可靠的210Pb、137Cs测年基础上,分析了1962-2017年哈巴河气象站冷季(10月—次年4月)、暖季(5-9月)以及年尺度上...     

锡林郭勒草原土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

土壤有机碳是土壤养分评测和质量分析的重要指标之一,研究不同草原类型土壤有机碳的空间分布规律有利于草地的生态恢复和土地的合理利用.以锡林郭勒草原为研究对象,运用克里格插值法、相关性分析法、一元线性回归法和主成分分析法探讨土壤有机碳的空间分异规律,以期揭示不同影响因素对草原土壤有机碳的影响程度.结果表明:(1)在草甸草原中...     

准噶尔盆地早春短命植物碳同位素组成研究

通过对准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠南缘17科30属36种早春短命植物的稳定碳同位素分析,结果显示,准噶尔盆地早春短命植物的叶片稳定碳同位素值在-23.80‰～-29.71‰之间变化,平均值为-26.53‰.根据碳同位素比值可用来区分植物不同的光合途径类型,可判定本研究区内的早春短命植物均属于C3植物.准噶尔盆地早春一年生短命植物和多年生类短命植物均为草本,它们的稳定碳同位素(加权)平均值十分接近,分别为-26.55‰和-26.51‰.这或许是早春短命植物的两种生活型在长期进化过程中对准噶尔盆地这一特殊生境形成的趋同适应.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠灌草丘的发育特征及环境意义

对灌草丘的发育条件及沉积特征的研究表明，塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的灌草丘形成在绿洲受风沙入浸，由水沉积转为风沙沉积过程中，气候变化对灌草丘的发育未产生重要影响，但流水在其中起了决定性作用。灌草丘开始发育之后，可以依某一速率持续增长，也可能被埋没（主要是风沙流），或被侵蚀夷平，但部分灌草丘在沙漠的发展过程中保存达数千年之久。有限的测年数据及地表景观显示灌草丘发育的阶段性，实际上也是沙漠发展的阶段性。     

江西九江市庐山风景区天牛科昆虫种类及分布

[目的]为了解江西庐山风景区天牛昆虫的种类.[方法]采用诱捕器诱集和样木解剖等调查法,对庐山风景区海拔0～1200 m处天牛种类进行了调查研究.[结果]庐山风景区天牛种类13种,隶属于5亚科12属,其中沟胫天牛亚科8种最多,占总种数的61.54％;天牛亚科2种,占总种数的15.38％;花天牛亚科、椎天牛亚科和幽天牛亚科...     

太白山锐齿栎树干基部两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其蚁巢、体表真菌组成研究(英文)

本文研究了太白山锐齿栎景观林带树干基部筑巢的两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其巢内真菌的组成。研究结果表明:亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides Ruzsky是锐齿栎林中的优势蚁种,可在地表及树干上活动,主要取食栎树枝条上蚜虫所分泌的蜜露及其他昆虫和植物材料;盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.仅在蚁巢周围活动,捕食其他小型昆虫;亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides蚁巢材料含水量非常高,而盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.的蚁巢较为干燥。锐齿栎林中树干的平均蚁栖率为20.3%,但蚁栖率随海拔差异而不同(海拔1800m的锐齿栎林带蚁栖率仅为6%,海拔1600m的锐齿栎林带蚁栖率高达38.5%)。两种蚂蚁的长期营巢活动造成树干基部腐朽、孔洞不断扩大,严重影响锐齿栎树干的水分、营养传输及生长,且极易倒伏和风折。两种蚂蚁巢内及其体表真菌的种类组成明显不同,从亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides蚁巢材料中可分离出7种真菌,而从盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.巢中仅分离出2种;从亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides体表可分离出4种真菌,而从盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.体表分离到3种真菌;其中Tri...     

Carbon fixation and influencing factors of biological soil crusts in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,northern China

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） are an important type of land cover in arid desert landscapes and play an important role in the carbon source-sink exchange within a desert system. In this study, two typical BSCs, moss crusts and algae crusts, were selected from a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert in northern China, and the experiment was carried out over a 3-year period from January 2010 to November 2012. We obtained the effec- tive active wetting time to maintain the physiological activity of BSCs basing on continuous field measurements and previous laboratory studies on BSCs photosynthesis and respiration rates. And then we developed a BSCs carbon fixation model that is driven by soil moisture. The results indicated that moss crusts and algae crusts had significant effects on soil moisture and temperature dynamics by decreasing rainfall infiltration. The mean carbon fixation rates of moss and algae crusts were 0.21 and 0.13 g C/（m2.d）, respectively. The annual carbon fixations of moss crusts and algae crusts were 64.9 and 38.6 g C/（m2.a）, respectively, and the carbon fixation of non-rainfall water reached 11.6 g C/（m2.a） （30.2% of the total） and 8.8 g C/（m2.a） （43.6% of the total）, respectively. Finally, the model was tested and verified with continuous field observations. The data of the modeled and measured CO2 fluxes matched notably well. In desert regions, the carbon fixation is higher with high-frequency rainfall even the total amount of seasonal rainfall was the same.     

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge,residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions.Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge,the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China,is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area.In this study,71 groundwater samples(mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River)and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected,and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions,together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources,residence time and their associated recharge processes.Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley,while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation.Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity.The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and Na+are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland.Theδ¹⁸O(from-11.70‰to-8.52‰)andδ2H(from-86.15‰to-65.75‰)values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone,suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past(≤220 a).The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old,indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods.Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east,south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a.The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability.Based on theδ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater,we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4℃-6.0℃ colder than the present.The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer,which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.     

中国天山山区新疆贝母居群遗传多样性及其环境适应性

新疆贝母(Fritillaria walujewii)具较高的药学利用价值,但现存量稀少,被列为新疆Ⅰ级保护植物。通过选取3个叶绿体基因片段,分析新疆贝母18个居群的遗传多样性,检测18个居群样地的土壤因子,利用SPSS软件分析了遗传多样性与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:新疆贝母居群总的遗传多样性较高,单倍型多样性指数与土壤中的全盐、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、有机碳、有机质、全氮、全磷含量呈显著正相关;平均等位差异与土壤SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、有机碳含量呈显著正相关;核苷酸多样性指数与土壤中的全盐、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、有机碳、有机质、全N呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH呈显著负相关。对新疆贝母居群土壤因子进行主成分分析,得到3个主分量,占总信息量的80.22%,得出新疆贝母的分布主要与全盐、有机碳、有机质、全N、全P、Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)有关。土壤中硫酸盐和土壤有机质与新疆贝母居群遗传多样性显著相关,对新疆贝母居群的遗传多样性具有一定程度的选择性压力,在维持新疆贝母居群遗传多样性方面扮演较重要的角色,同时在一定程度上影响了新疆贝母目前的分布格局。     

Seasonal changes in the water-use strategies of three herbaceous species in a native desert steppe of Ningxia,China

Frequent periods of drought conditions are known to limit plant performance,primary production,and ecosystem stability in arid and semi-arid desert steppe environments.Plants often avoid competition by shifting their water use seasonally,which affects the water-use patterns of dominant species as well as the composition and structure of plant communities.However,the water-use strategies of dominant herbaceous species,which grow under natural field conditions in the desert steppe region of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China,are poorly known.Here,we explored the possible sources of water uptake and water-use efficiency(WUE)of three dominant herbaceous plant species(Stipa breviflora,Agropyron mongolicum,and Glycyrrhiza uralensis)in a native desert steppe in the semi-arid area of Ningxia through an analysis of multiple parameters,including(1)the stable isotopic oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O andδ2H)compositions of precipitation,soil water,and stem water,(2)the carbon isotope(13C)composition of leaves,and(3)the soil water contents,based on field sampling across varying water conditions from June to September,2017.Frequent small precipitation events replenished shallow soil water,whereas large events only percolated down to the deep soil layers.Changes in soil water availability affected the water-use patterns of plants.Generally,during light precipitation periods,the deep root system of G.uralensis accessed deeper(>80 cm)soil water,whereas S.breviflora and A.mongolicum,which only have shallow roots,primarily absorbed water from the shallow and middle soil layers.As precipitation increased,all three plant species primarily obtained water from the shallow soil layers.Variation in soil water uptake between the dry and wet seasons enabled plants to make better use of existing satoil water.In addition,theδ13C values of G.uralensis and S.breviflora were higher than those of A.mongolicum.Theδ13C values of the three plant species were significantly negatively correlated with soil water content.Therefore,G.uralensis and S.breviflora maintained a higher WUE through their conservative and water-saving strategies across the entire growing season.In contrast,A.mongolicum,with a relatively low WUE in the wet season but a high WUE in the dry season,exhibited a more flexible water-use strategy.The different water-use strategies of these dominant plant species demonstrated the mechanisms by which plant communities can respond to drought.     

南疆农业综合开发的环境效应及保护对策

本文根据实地考察和有关资料,分析了南疆农业综合开发的效益,探讨了其产生的生态环境问题,并提出了若干环保对策。     

山西生态环境破坏对可持续发展的影响及对策研究

山西地处黄土高原生态环境脆弱带 ,长期以煤炭为主的资源型经济发展加剧了生态环境的恶化。目前 ,山西是全国生态破坏最严重、环境质量最差、可持续发展能力最低的省份之一。作为中国重要的能源重化工基地之一 ,山西生态环境建设在全国占有举足轻重的地位。本文从山西生态环境破坏的现状出发 ,分析生态破坏对可持续发展的严重影响 ,提出遏制山西生态环境破坏 ,促进可持续发展的主要对策。