干旱区绿洲土壤镉-锌-铅复合污染物在芹菜中的富集迁移规律

以干旱区绿洲土壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽实验研究了镉-锌-铅复合污染物在土壤/芹菜系统中的迁移富集特征.结果表明:随着外源添加重金属量的增大,芹菜根和叶中重金属含量也增大;芹菜根对Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量与土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn含量、外源添加Cd、Pb、Zn量之间都达到极显著正相关,芹菜叶对Cd 、Zn的吸收量与土壤中Cd、Zn含量、外源添加Cd、Zn量之间都达到极显著正相关;多元线形回归分析可知,芹菜根吸收Cd、Pb、Zn并没有受到共存元素的影响;重金属元素从土壤中分别向芹菜根/叶的富集能力顺序都为Cd＞Zn＞Pb,重金属元素在芹菜体内的迁移能力顺序为Zn＞Cd＞Pb.     

宝鸡某冶炼厂周边土壤铅镉总量及形态空间分布特征

采用克里金插值法对宝鸡某冶炼厂周边农田土壤中铅镉含量及形态空间分布特征进行了研究,并分析了土壤中铅镉总量及各形态含量与小麦中铅镉含量的相关性,目的在于为冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染的表征提供依据。结果表明,土壤中Pb形态的高低顺序为：残渣态>有机硫结合态>铁锰氧化态>可交换态,Cd形态为：可交换态>残渣态>有机硫结合态>铁锰氧化态。土壤中Pb总量及Pb、Cd铁锰氧化态在距离冶炼厂500 m处含量均显著高于1 500 m和2 500 m处,后两者之间无差异;而Cd总量及Pb、Cd可交换态、有机硫结合态和残渣态在三个采样距离并没有表现出显著性差异。克里金插值分析表明,除Pb可交换态外,Pb和Cd其余形态在一定程度上均显示出与风向的一致性。相关分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd可交换态、铁锰氧化态与小麦Pb和Cd含量均有显著的相关性,表明冶炼厂周边旱地土壤中,Pb、Cd可交换态和铁锰氧化态都可能作为土壤重金属污染空间分布和有效性表征的指标。     

外源铅在土壤中的年际变化及对土壤有机碳矿化和速效养分的影响

以关中土为供试土样进行田间试验,向耕层土壤中添加不同浓度外源铅(Pb0:背景值,CK;Pb1:175 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值;Pb2:350 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值),进行小麦—玉米轮作试验。分别于2011—2013年小麦收获季采集耕层(0~20 cm)土壤,分析土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量的年际变化,以及铅对小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,三年中,施铅处理下土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量分别下降13.22%和30.65%,总体呈现逐年下降趋势。与对照(CK)相比,Pb1、Pb2处理下SOC平均含量分别下降了16.30%和11.86%;DOC平均含量分别下降了4.05%和7.34%,与土壤铅含量呈现显著负相关关系;低浓度铅污染下土壤微生物商(q M)显著高于对照土壤,微生物量碳含量变化不显著。此外,土壤速效养分的分析显示,土壤碱解氮含量在外源铅加入初期下降明显,且在Pb1处理下碱解氮减少量最大;土壤速效磷含量随土壤铅含量增加而呈现下降趋势;土壤速效钾含量则随土壤铅含量的增加而增加。试验表明,外源铅的加入影响了土壤有机碳的稳定性,对土壤碳、氮循环产生了一定的影响;能够与土壤溶液中的磷酸根生成难溶性盐,与土壤胶体或土壤矿物晶格中的K+发生置换,加大土壤速效养分的流失风险。     

无公害猕猴桃生产基地土壤中重金属累积状况研究

对陕西省周至县猕猴桃生产基地土壤中砷、铅、汞、镉和铜的累积状况进行了研究,结果表明:(1)土壤中砷、铅、汞、镉和铜的平均含量分别为14.22±12.38、21.27±4.26、0.65±0.50、0.32±0.09和20.22±16.69 mg/kg,土壤重金属积累不明显,均没有超过GB15618-1995土壤环境质量标准.但是,有4个样点的砷和1个样点的汞含量超标;(2)应用土壤质量环境单因子污染指数进行评价,所有土样的平均土壤重金属单因子污染指数都小于1,故所检测果园在重金属元素方面适合发展无公害猕猴桃生产,也符合其土壤环境要求,土壤各元素污染指数的高低排列顺序为:汞>砷>镉>铜>铅,其中镉、砷、汞平均指数达到0.54～0.655,尤其以汞单项污染指数很高.     

17种蔬菜中铅铬镉元素含量分析研究

采用先进的分析技术——原子吸收光谱法测定了陕西省大中城市郊区的17种蔬菜 ,15 2个样品中的铅、铬、镉含量。并用翔实的测试数据分析了蔬菜中的铅、铬、镉含量及分布特征。结果表明 :铅是我省蔬菜中的主要污染元素 ,所检测的 17种蔬菜中 ,有 9.9%蔬菜样品的铅含量超出了国家卫生标准的允许量 ;铬和镉只发现在个别蔬菜上有污染 ,超标率分别为 1.3 %和 2 .0 %。西安市是我省蔬菜重金属污染较严重的地区 ,超标率为 10 .7% ,汉中市和咸阳市只发现在个别蔬菜上有重金属污染 ,超标率分别为 5 .0 %和 3 .9% ,宝鸡、渭南和铜川三市蔬菜无一超标 ,合格率为 10 0 %。从而探明了我省蔬菜中重金属的污染状况 ,分析了重金属污染的来源并提出了相应的防治对策     

4种复合钝化剂对水稻重金属镉吸收的影响

【目的】不同钝化剂材料组合以及钝化剂的使用含量对土壤重金属和水稻籽粒Cd含量的影响,初步讨论其钝化机理以及对土壤理化性质的影响,为复合钝化剂的土壤重金属修复和对土壤环境的影响提供理论指导和依据。【方法】选用活性氧化镁、钙矿粉、蒙脱石、硅藻土等的天然矿粉化合物,采用多种配比和不同剂量在水稻田中开展试验,探究4种复合钝化剂对水稻籽粒和土壤中镉Cd含量的影响。【结果】钝化剂的施用提高了土壤的pH值,显著降低了水稻籽粒和土壤中Cd的含量。将其和空白对照相比,施用4种复合钝化剂(S、JL、LA、SW)使水稻籽粒Cd含量降低了9.52%～82.9%,SW-3和LA-2（蒙脱石、硅藻土、高剂量添加）对水稻籽粒Cd的降低能力位于4种钝化剂中首位,JL-1（二氧化硅、硫酸亚铁、氧化铝的天然矿粉混合物）次之。4种钝化剂对土壤Cd钝化效果为7.27%～48.2%,JL-2对土壤Cd的降低最为显著,SW-3次之。施用复合钝化剂对土壤理化性质无显著影响。【结论】研究表明,不同钝化剂复合配比和施用剂量对土壤和水稻籽粒Cd的降低效果存在明显差异,且对土壤肥力有一定程度的增加,添加适量的蒙脱石和硅藻土对修复水稻田Cd...     

施用沼液对紫花苜蓿种植土壤有机碳、氮组分影响研究

为明确沼液替代氮肥对种植紫花苜蓿石灰性土壤有机碳、氮组分的影响,开展田间试验,设置不施肥,常规施用化肥氮,基于化肥氮20%用量的沼液＋80%化肥氮,基于化肥氮50%用量的沼液＋50%化肥氮,基于常规施用化肥氮100%、200%用量的沼液共6个处理,分析比较各处理对土壤有机碳、氮组分影响。结果表明：随沼液配施比例的提高,土壤酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解总氮含量逐渐增加,与单施化肥相比,100%和200%沼液施用处理下土壤氨基酸态氮、酸解总氮含量分别显著提高13.93%~37.21%和8.22%~21.71%;20%~50%沼液施用利于提高土壤非酸解态氮含量;与100%沼液施用相比,200%沼液施用处理土壤酸解未知态氮和全氮含量分别下降9.01%~37.00%和0.89%~7.87%;沼液施用提高了土壤酸解氮组分尤其是酸解氨基酸态氮的比例。全氮与酸解总氮、氨基糖态氮和未知态氮含量呈极显著正相关关系。土壤腐殖酸、富里酸、游离腐殖酸和有机碳含量随沼液配施比例的提高而提高;与单施化肥相比,沼液100%和200%施用处理显著提高富里酸含量,沼液50%施用处理显著提高胡敏酸含量,胡富比随沼液施用比例提高呈下降趋势;有机碳与腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸、残渣碳、富里酸含量呈极显著正相关关系。综上所述,本研究条件下基于常规施用化肥氮100%用量的沼液更有利于土壤有机碳、氮组分含量的累积。     

黑河流域农业土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

受人类活动的影响,黑河流域的农业土壤在不断施肥、施药、灌溉、排水的影响下,重金属元素含量发生了明显变化,汞高出背景值2.76倍,铅高出0.46倍,镉高出0.32倍,铬高出0.16倍,铜高出0.12倍,砷高出0.1倍。富集因子能从自然异常中分离人为异常,准确判断干旱区农业表层土壤中重金属的人为污染状况,特别是对偏态元素的分析更为理想。     

常见蔬菜中重金属铅、镉含量的测定

通过对呼和浩特市主要大型超市的25种蔬菜75个样品中重金属Pb、Cd的含量进行测定,以期探明铅,镉两种重金属元素在蔬菜中的含量及分布规律。本试验采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品的铅,镉含量。试验结果表明:不同蔬菜有不同程度的超标现象,其中超标最严重的为架豆,铅含量超过国标15倍,超标率100%,镉含量超标7倍之多,超标率33.3%,韭菜中的铅含量超标5倍多,超标率100%。试验结论:不同种类的蔬菜对相同的重金属元素以及相同的蔬菜对不同重金属元素富集吸收都存在明显的差异性;不同产地的蔬菜对重金属元素的富集吸收也存在差异性。     

干旱区绿洲土壤外源Cd、Pb的形态分布及再分配

以干旱区绿洲土壤为研究对象,采用Tessier连续提取技术对外源Cd和Pb的形态分布与再分配进行了研究。结果表明:在盆栽试验完成后,Cd和Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态存在。Cd的全量是影响其可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态含量的主要因素,而有机物结合态和残渣态受其它因素的影响也较大。Pb的全量是其各种形态含量的主要影响因素。随着Cd和Pb添加量的增加,其土壤总的再分配系数呈增加趋势,结合强度系数则相反,表明Cd和Pb各形态间的稳定性下降。随着时间的推移,二者各形态会继续发生变化,但这一过程缓慢。因此,土壤重金属污染具有长期性。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

Interaction between Cd and Pb in the soil-plant system: a case study of an arid oasis soil-cole system

The Hexi Corridor,our study area,is located in Northwest China and is also the most developed area of oasis farming in arid regions of Northwestern China.However,the rapid development of metallurgy and chemical industries in this region poses a great threat to the accumulation of heavy metals in crops.The objectives of this study are(1)to determine the influence of heavy metals on plant growth;(2)to assess the translocation capability of heavy metals in soil-plant system;and(3)to investigate the interaction between heavy metals.Pot experiments were conducted on cole(Brassica campestris L.)grown in the arid oasis soils singly and jointly treated with cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb).Nine treatments were applied into the pots.Under the same planting conditions,three scenarios of Cd,Pb and Cd–Pb were designed to compare the interaction between Cd and Pb.The results showed that the response of cole weights to Cd,Pb and Cd–Pb treatments was slight,while Cd and Pb uptakes in cole were more sensitive to the single effects of Cd and Pb concentration in soils from the lower treatment levels.Under the influence of the single Cd,Pb and joint Cd–Pb treatments,Cd concentrations were lower in the cole roots than in the shoots,while for Pb,the results were opposite.Comparison studies revealed that the interaction of Cd and Pb could weaken the cole’s ability to uptake,concentrate and translocate heavy metals in arid oasis soils.     

不同配方土壤熟化调理剂对新修梯田土壤改良效果的影响

针对西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田土壤瘠薄、保水保肥能力差的特点,通过3年的田间定位试验,在氮磷肥平衡施用基础上,研究添施不同配方土壤熟化剂对新修梯田土壤理化性状、养分状况与作物产量等方面的影响。结果表明:(1)施用不同配方土壤熟化剂可降低新修梯田土壤容重,增大毛管孔隙度和田间持水量,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;且表层(0~10 cm)熟化效果好于底层(10~20 cm)。与试验前相比,表层土壤容重降低5.14%~18.49%,孔隙度和田间持水量分别增加9.14%~18.86%和10.96%~17.19%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加56.11%~114.19%、9.84%~78.69%、48.52%~268.50%、70.10%~427.53%;(2)与CK相比,A处理的培肥效果最显著,容重年均降低0.06 g·cm-3,孔隙度和田间持水量年均分别增加3.15、0.45%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的年增加速率分别提高2.48 g·kg~(-1)、0.2 g·kg~(-1)、7.82mg·kg~(-1)、129.23 mg·kg~(-1);其余培肥处理的效果为BC、D、ECK;(3)施用土壤熟化剂提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,以A配方的效果最好,2012、2013年马铃薯产量较CK分别提高37.69%、50.93%,2014年小麦产量较CK提高94.41%;3年A配方的水分利用效率较CK分别提高43.09%、48.71%、102.31%,且差异显著。综合可知,A配方(黑矾、腐植酸、氯化钾、微肥、DA-6用量分别为375、600、150、45、150×10-3kg·hm-2)对于改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤养分、水分利用效率和作物增产效应最佳,为西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田快速培肥较适宜的措施。     

Heavy metal contamination of urban topsoil in a petrochemical industrial city in Xinjiang,China

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread phenomenon in many countries of the world.In this study,we conducted a field investigation to assess the status of heavy metal pollution in urban soils of Dushanzi,a district of Karamay city in Xinjiang,China.A total of 56 soil samples in the topsoil layer of 0–15 cm were collected within the urban area and seven elements(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni) were analyzed.The mean concentrations of these metals were all higher than their corresponding background values of soils in Xinjiang.We used the pollution index and ecological risk index to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution and the potential ecological risk of urban soils.The pollution index values of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni were 1.81,1.35,4.64,1.27,1.80,1.39 and 1.22,respectively;and the potential ecological risk index values for them were 12.03,1.79,185.05,8.39,4.78,18.44 and 1.79,respectively.These results indicated that urban soils in Dushanzi were polluted by heavy metals to some extent and demonstrated a high ecological risk,as influenced by industrial activities.Cd was the key element for the metal pollution of urban soils in the study area.Correlation analyses,principal component analysis coupled with the spatial distribution maps of element concentrations further revealed that heavy metal pollution of urban soils can be mainly attributed to petrochemical industry,coal chemical industry,traffic and commercial activities.     

新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱地土壤重金属评价及其来源

为了解新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱地土壤中重金属的污染状况,在未开垦盐碱地采集土壤样品,测定汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)和硒(Se)7种重金属元素的含量。运用多元统计分析方法、污染指数评价方法,并结合新疆土壤背景值(Se采用乌鲁木齐市背景值)对不同土层(020cm,2040cm)进行调查和评价,并对重金属的来源进行分析。结果表明:研究区土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、As、Se7种重金属元素在020cm土层平均值为0.023、0.165、17.999、62.587、29.928、16.325mg·kg^-1和0.696mg·kg^-1;在2040cm土层土壤中平均值为0.021、0.148、17.497、61.091、29.995、17.384mg·kg^-1和0.634mg·kg^-1。除Pb元素外,其他元素均不同程度超过对应的新疆土壤背景值,7种元素在2个土层中无污染、轻度污染样点所占比例分别为66.2%100%和74.7%100%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果以轻度污染为主,2个土层轻度污染样点占比均为78.4%。Cd、As、Se重金属元素的来源以自然因素为主,主要与土壤母质的组成和性质有关,影响因素包括山地岩石风化和季节性洪水搬运等;Cr、Pb、Hg元素的来源主要受人为因素的影响,工业开发、交通运输、煤炭燃烧产生的烟气中所携带的重金属沉降到土壤中,是造成未被开垦和破坏的自然盐碱地土壤背景值升高的主要原因;而Ni元素的来源可能是人为因素和自然因素共同作用的结果。     

Evaluation of semi-arid arable soil heavy metal pollution by magnetic susceptibility in the Linfen basin of China

The values of magnetic susceptibility and Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd concentrations of 70 topsoil samples were analyzed and assessed for soil contamination in the Linfen basin of China. The contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were used to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution. All heavy metal concentrations in the soil were greater than the background values of Shanxi agricultural soils. PLI values ranged from 1.27 to 2.18 indicating significant soil contamination. Principal component analyses and correlation analyses were adopted for data treatment to identify heavy metal sources. Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb were responsible for 31.2% of the total variance suggesting that these elements mainly originated from agrochemistry and atmospheric deposition. A positive correlation of magnetic susceptibility with Cu and PLI were observed in cultivated soils. This study shows that magnetic susceptibility measurements can be used as a technique in which different types of soil pollution can be distinguished and can also be used to rapidly monitor anomalies in areas that might require expensive and time consuming detailed chemical analyses.     

干旱区绿洲土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染对芹菜的影响及其富集迁移规律

通过盆栽试验和室内分析初步研究了干旱区绿洲土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染对芹菜生长的影响及重金属在芹菜体内的富集迁移规律。结果表明:随着外源重金属添加量的增加,芹菜的生长受到明显抑制。根据多元回归分析和偏相关分析,芹菜地上部和根部吸收Pb量分别与外源添加Pb、Zn、Ni量和Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni量达到极显著相关,其中土壤Zn含量的增加极显著的降低了芹菜地上部和根部对Pb的吸收。芹菜地上部及根部对Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni四种元素的富集系数大小顺序均为:Cd>Zn>Ni>Pb,且根部对四种重金属元素的富集能力显著大于地上部。Cd在芹菜中的平均迁移能力最强,Zn、Ni次之,Pb的迁移能力最弱。     

宁夏主要枸杞产区施肥现状与土壤养分特征

为了摸清宁夏主要枸杞产区施肥现状和土壤养分丰缺状况,采用问卷调查的方式分别调查了宁夏中宁(n=112)和惠农(n=20)不同树龄枸杞施肥种类和施肥量等情况,并分别通过48和18个监测点的土样采集与测定,分析评价了其土壤养分含量现状。结果表明,中宁枸杞施肥采用有机无机配施,而惠农枸杞重施化肥,两地枸杞施用化肥种类以尿素、二铵和复合肥为主(投入农户比例达88.9%~100.0%)。中宁不同树龄枸杞N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分投入量分别为716~909、654~1043、149~194 kg·hm~(-2),惠农分别为549~552、276~285、69~74 kg·hm~(-2)。两枸杞产地0~30 cm耕层土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾平均含量差异不大,但中宁土壤速效磷平均含量(135.7 mg·kg~(-1))明显高于惠农(49.3 mg·kg~(-1))。两枸杞地土壤速效氮素残留以硝态氮为主,且随着树龄增加而增加。6~10年和≥10年中宁枸杞地土壤速效磷含量分别是≤5年的3.3和2.5倍,但两地土壤速效钾含量差异不大。因此,建议宁夏中宁和惠农枸杞生产中,应采用有机无机配施的原则,根据不同树龄枸杞和目标产量,合理控制氮、磷肥总量,适当增施钾肥。