山西左云县兴隆沟煤矸石山自然定居植物群落数量分类与排序

采用空间代替时间方法获得数据,应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)相结合的方法,对山西左云县兴隆沟煤矸石山自然定居植物群落进行分类和排序,将54个样方划分为8个群丛,即菊叶香藜群丛(Ass.Chenopodium foetidum)、旱榆-披碱草群丛(Ass.Ulmus glaucescem-Elym dahuricus)、铁杆蒿+沙生冰草群丛(Ass.Artemisia sacrorum-Artemisia sieversiana)、黄刺玫群丛(Ass.Rosa xanthina)、野艾蒿+蒙古蒿群丛(Ass.Artemisia lavandulaefolia-Artemisia mongolica)、二裂委陵菜+披碱草群丛(Ass.Potentilla bifurca-Elymus dahuricus)、针茅+蒙古蒿群丛(Ass.Stipa capillata-Artemisia mongolica)、益母草群丛(Ass.Leonurus artemisia),分类结果很好地反映了植物群落类型的分布与环境因子之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证.54个样方DCA排序表明,影响左云县兴隆沟煤矿矸石山自然定居的植物群落分布的主导环境因子是土壤水分、矸石堆积时间和坡向.     

民勤绿洲边缘不同演替阶段白刺灌丛水分利用动态

白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛是民勤绿洲边缘的建群种,也是绿洲风沙灾害防治的重要天然屏障。水分是干旱区植物生存发展的限制性因子,研究不同演替阶段白刺灌丛水分利用动态对民勤绿洲边缘生态恢复与重建具有重要的理论和实践意义。通过测定白刺灌丛不同季节降水、土壤水、地下水、植物木质部水的稳定氢氧同位素变化特征,结合IsoSource模型,定量分析了不同演替阶段白刺灌丛生长季的水分利用策略。结果表明:不同演替阶段白刺灌丛土壤水分0-200cm垂直分布的季节变化差异明显,土壤水分排序表现为衰退阶段>发育阶段>稳定阶段。5月-9月民勤绿洲大气降水线性方程LMWL为δD=6.59δ~(18)O-4.38,R~2=0.90,n=114。土壤水、地下水、植物水、降水δ~(18)O随季节和演替阶段的变化规律各异。白刺灌丛发育阶段,春季主要利用中层土壤水,夏季和秋季利用地下水。稳定阶段,春季主要利用浅层土壤水分,夏季主要利用降水,秋季主要利用地下水。衰退阶段,春季主要利用深层土壤水,夏季和秋季主要利用地下水。地下水埋深、结皮覆盖度、灌丛与农田之间距离等环境因子以及植株枯枝程度共同影响着不同演替阶段白刺灌丛的水分利用策略。     

土壤环境因子对乌鲁木齐地区灌木群落分布的影响

在多元划分的基础上,使用典型对应分析(CCA)对乌鲁木齐地区的灌木物种进行排序,研究影响该地区灌木群落类型的因素,以及与主要环境因子的关系,结果表明:1 CCA排序图较好地显示了灌木群落与主要环境因子的相关性,并指示了灌木物种的生境梯度;2海拔较土壤环境因子对灌木群落分布的影响更显著;3土壤环境因子中,不同土壤层次处土壤全盐含量对灌木群落的分布有重要的作用,全磷含量的影响最小;4研究区灌木群落更易生活在粗质土壤中;5表层土壤性质决定了山地灌丛及灌木荒漠的分布格局,中-浅层和深层土壤的影响较小。     

黑河中游荒漠地面节肢动物分布特征

采用陷阱法,对黑河中游绿洲边缘和外围3种荒漠生境地面节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,并利用perMANOVA、NMDS和RDA等排序方法,定量分析了3种荒漠类型地面节肢动物群落分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。主要结果如下:1砾质荒漠与沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落明显不同(P0.001),沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落活动密度、类群丰富度和优势度指数显著高于砾质荒漠,而多样性和均匀度指数变化相反;2地面节肢动物群落中,捕食性类群与腐食性+杂食性类群的比值变化,反映了荒漠地面节肢动物群落中捕食者的捕食强度随着干旱程度的增加而增加;3确定了影响荒漠地面节肢动物群落分布的关键环境因子是草本盖度(相对贡献率62%)、土壤黏粉粒(相对贡献率18%)和容重(相对贡献率11%),3个环境因子解释了91%的动物群落变异。     

策勒西部荒漠-绿洲过渡带地下水特征及生态影响分析

荒漠-绿洲过渡带属于典型的干旱区生态环境脆弱带,在这交错带上植被的生长与分布受地下水环境状况(地下水埋深、水质)制约,显示出地下水重要的生态调控作用。通过对过渡带的观测井数据资料进行分析,结果表明:地下水埋深的年内变化趋势与地表径流变化联系紧密,埋深最高一般发生在1~3月,埋深最低一般发生7~9月,最大变幅在0.23~2.25m之间;地下水中对矿化度起主要作用的阳离子是(Na++K+),Mg2+次之,Ca2+最小,阴离子是C l-、SO42-,HCO3-次之,CO32-在其中的比重最小,几乎为零;矿化度小于5g/L,植被生长不会受到抑制,植被生长与分布主要取决地下水埋深。     

贺兰山灰榆群落的种间关联、排序及分类研究

贺兰山的灰榆群落具有重要的生态学意义和研究价值。在系统的样方调查基础上,对贺兰山灰榆群落类型及特征进行全面分析。结果表明:贺兰山灰榆群落的主要特征与海拔及地形因子相关。种间关联分析显示,群落中存在显著差异的喜阳耐旱种组和阴湿林下种组两组,灰榆与前者呈负相关,而与后者呈正相关。CCA排序将群落分为4个群丛,海拔和坡向是群落类型分异的主要影响因子。针阔混交林群丛分布在高海拔的阳坡,落叶阔叶疏林群丛分布在中高位置的阴坡,灰榆-蒙古扁桃疏林分布在中低海拔的阳坡,灰榆疏灌林分布在最低海拔的阴坡。4个群落的空间分布位置、物种组成和群落特征差异显著。在研究结论的基础上,对贺兰山灰榆群落的重建和保育提出了相对应的措施。     

干旱胁迫和风沙吹袭对白刺光合作用的影响

以民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带分布的天然白刺灌丛为实验材料,采用两因素实验设计,分别设置两个土壤水分条件(补水和干旱)和两个风沙吹袭水平(沙障遮挡的无风沙和自然风沙吹袭),用LI-6400XT型光合作用测量系统测定白刺叶片的气体代谢参数,从叶片水平上研究干旱胁迫和风沙吹袭对白剌光合作用的影响.结果 表明:单一的干旱胁迫使白刺叶片...     

策勒绿洲地下水和地表覆被时空变化的研究

策勒绿洲是新疆典型的荒漠绿洲区,地下水是维持该绿洲及过渡带植被生长的关键因素,以绿洲灌区为主体,以2008—2015年地下水时空变化为主线,采用遥感、GS+地统计学、优化K-means聚类和空间信息叠加等方法分析绿洲地下水和地表覆被的变化特征。结果表明:(1)绿洲地下水埋深变幅最大是11号井,为9.66 m;变幅最小是25号井,为0.1 m;地下水埋深存在明显的空间自相关,相关距离为11.852 km;绿洲东北部地下水埋深明显下降,下降区域面积为184.85 km²,占绿洲面积的72%;(2)对绿洲地下水埋深进行优化K-means聚类分区,结果分为4个子区,其中第一、第二聚类中心的地下水埋深均呈现下降趋势;(3)2000—2015年绿洲土地覆盖类型发生较大转变,林地面积显著性减少了26.02 km²,草地面积增加了11.15 km²,农田向东北部明显扩增;(4)绿洲不同地表覆被类型的地下水埋深从深到浅依次为:农田>林地>草地。     

塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植物群落多元分析及其土壤环境解释

应用对应分析(CA)与典范对应分析(CCA)排序方法,对塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植物群落进行了多元统计分析,并给出各群落类型的土壤环境定量解释。结果表明:塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林地区多数物种出现频次不高,物种丰富度低;CCA排序结果显示出土壤含水率、总盐、HCO3-是决定植物群落分异的主导土壤环境因子,得到CCA第一轴、第二轴与环境因子之间的多元回归方程,并将样地划分为4种群落类型,定量地揭示研究区植物群落类型的分布与土壤环境之间的关系。     

近30 a黑河流域中游临泽县地下水变化趋势

基于黑河流域中游临泽县1984-2010年地下水埋深的监测资料,结合GS⁺、ArcGIS软件和地统计方法,对1986、1991、1996、2001、2006年和2010年的地下水埋深分别进行了半变异函数分析、理论模型选取以及空间插值分析。结果表明：受地形和土地利用变化等因素的影响,临泽县各灌区地下水埋深整体上呈逐年下降趋势。从不同的景观带来看,戈壁荒漠、河岸湿地地下水埋深年内波动很小,绿洲内部农田生态系统、绿洲边缘和绿洲-荒漠过渡带地下水埋深年内基本呈双峰型波动,两个峰值分别出现在5月和12月。地下水埋深的理论模型是指数模型,其空间变异主要是由气候、地形、地质等结构性因素引起的,且埋深变化没有显著的区域分异。地下水埋深空间分布特征为南北深,中间浅;小于4 m的区域1986-2010年面积减少了337.01 km²,占全县的12.58%,缩小趋势明显;而大于6 m的区域逐渐扩大到了全县面积的近2/3。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.