胡杨、灰叶胡杨蒸腾耗水规律初步研究

以塔里木盆地3年生胡杨、灰叶胡杨幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方法模拟不同土壤干旱条件,研究胡杨、灰叶胡杨的蒸腾耗水规律。结果表明:生长期胡杨、灰叶胡杨的蒸腾耗水量表现出适宜水分>轻度胁迫>中度胁迫>重度胁迫,月蒸腾耗水量呈单峰变化,最高值出现在7月。不同土壤水分条件下,两树种月耗水量差异均较明显,说明土壤水分含量是决定树木蒸腾耗水量的主要因素;天气状况也影响苗木耗水量,耗水峰值多出现在晴天,峰谷多是阴天。不同土壤水分条件下灰叶胡杨单株耗水量均高于胡杨,水分条件较好时灰叶胡杨的生长较胡杨好,水分利用效率高,但随水分的减少胡杨的水分利用效率提高,表明胡杨对干旱环境的适应性较灰叶胡杨强,能有效地利用有限的水资源在荒漠生境中生存。     

胡杨不同发育阶段叶片形态解剖学特征及其与胸径的关系

采用MSR-9600TFU2扫描仪和常规石蜡切片,分析胡杨不同发育阶段叶片形态解剖学特征及其与胸径的关系。结果表明:1叶片宽、叶面积、气孔密度、厚度均随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐增大,叶片长和叶形指数则随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐减小。2叶片上下表皮细胞数和表皮细胞长、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织细胞长和宽均随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐增大;海绵组织厚度随胸径的增加而逐渐减小,树冠基部向顶部方向则逐渐增大。3相关分析显示,叶片宽、叶面积和叶片厚度分别与胸径呈极显著/显著正相关,叶形指数与胸径呈极显著负相关;叶片栅栏组织厚度、表皮细胞数、表皮组织厚度、表皮细胞长分别与胸径呈极显著/显著正相关,海绵组织厚度与胸径呈极显著负相关;叶片形态指标与解剖结构指标间也存在正/负相关关系,表明胡杨叶形态结构变化与个体发育阶段密切相关。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨水势对不同地下水位的动态响应

在不同地下水位条件下,采用植物水势仪测定了新疆荒漠区优势树种胡杨与灰叶胡杨1年生小技的水势日、月动态变化.结果表明:不同地下水位胡杨、灰叶胡扬枝水势日、月变化均呈"V"字型曲线,一天中最低值出现在正午14:00,一年中最低值出现在8月.清晨、正午水势月变化呈"V"字型,月份间变幅较大,月平均永势表现为6月＞7月＞9月＞8月.胡杨水势日变幅、正午水势月交幅均小于灰叶胡杨,不同生境胡杨水势平均值均高于灰叶胡杨.方差分析表明两树种水势差异不显著但不同处理间差异显著.胡杨P-V水分参数ψ100、ψ0、ψ100-ψ0、RWC低于灰叶胡杨,而VP/V0、ROWC、AWC高于灰叶胡杨,表明两优势树种在长期适应干旱荒漠环境过程中采取了不同的生理生态对策.地下水位直接影响树木水势,两树种清晨与正午水势均随地下水位的下降而降低.     

干旱胁迫对胡杨和灰叶胡杨光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究正常供水(土壤相对含水量70%～80%)、轻度干旱胁迫(50%～60%)和重度干旱胁迫(30%～40%)条件下2年生胡杨(Populus euphratica)和灰叶胡杨(P. pruinosa)的光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:在干旱胁迫进程中,轻度和重度干旱胁迫下胡杨、灰叶胡杨的净光合速率经历了急剧下降--缓慢回升--下降3个阶段.在相同的干旱胁迫处理下,光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数Pn,Gs,Ci,WUE,Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,qP和NPQ胡杨明显高于灰叶胡杨,表明胡杨比灰叶胡杨对干旱胁迫具有更强的适应性.     

胡杨和灰叶胡杨锈菌夏孢子形态和侵染结构观察

 借助直接观察、显微和超微结构观测等手段,对胡杨和灰叶胡杨锈病显症叶片、锈菌夏孢子的形态、孢子萌发和侵染结构进行了观测。结果表明,胡杨和灰叶胡杨的锈菌夏孢子堆、夏孢子形态结构相似;夏孢子堆散生于叶片正反两面,近半球形或半椭球形,呈橙黄色或金黄色;夏孢子散落分布于叶片正反两面,圆形或卵圆形,透明、橙黄色,厚壁,单胞,表面密生刺瘤;胡杨和灰叶胡杨锈菌夏孢子的长轴和短轴长度、刺瘤高度及刺瘤间距四项指标均无显著性差异;夏孢子萌发产生芽管后形成菌丝,通过叶表气孔直接侵染叶片,以菌丝的形式在叶片组织内扩展。     

长结织叶蚁蚁巢在腰果树上的空间分布型及其垂直分布

运用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Taylor法进行测定检验,研究了长结织叶蚁Oecophylla longinoda蚁巢在腰果树上的空间分布型和垂直分布。多项聚集度指标表明长结织叶蚁蚁巢在腰果树上属聚集分布,但负二项分布K值大于8,说明长结织叶蚁蚁巢空间分布近似随机。从地表至树顶4～5 m树高范围和40%～50%树高比例范围长结织叶蚁蚁巢分布比率均最高,分别为30.49%和26.48%,显著高于其它树高范围或比例范围。不同树高范围的腰果树分布的蚁巢数量不同,但差异不显著。而不同树高范围的腰果树上分布的长结织叶蚁蚁巢平均高度则显著差异,分布在树高10～11 m腰果树上的蚁巢平均高度最高（5.19 m）,显著高于其它树高范围的腰果树。腰果树高度与分布其上的长结织叶蚁蚁巢数量和平均高度分别呈显著和极显著正相关。     

香蕉叶斑病的发生及防治

香蕉叶斑病在香蕉产区普遍发生,常见的叶斑病有褐缘灰斑病、煤纹病、灰纹病,其中褐缘灰斑病尤甚。病害发生严重时,病株产量减少,果实质量下降。一、症状１．褐缘灰斑病：叶片感病初期叶面或叶背上出现淡褐色条纹,沿叶脉纵向扩展为圆形或长条斑,暗褐色至黑色。后期病斑周缘黑褐色,中央灰白色,长有稀疏灰色霉状物。病斑发生多时,全叶枯死。２．煤纹病：病斑多发生于叶片边缘,多呈短椭圆形、褐色,斑上轮纹较明显,病部在叶背面长出的霉状物,色泽较深。３．灰纹病：叶片感病初期为随圆形小斑,后扩展为两端略尖的长椭圆形大斑,中央…     

塔里木河中游灰杨种群的径级结构与格局动态

在新疆塔里木河中游轮台县胡杨林自然保护区内设置0.5hm2的样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获取野外资料,研究灰杨种群径级结构和空间格局特征。结果表明:灰杨种群幼苗、幼树极度缺乏,中、大龄个体较多,其径级结构呈中间大、两头小的壶形,属衰退型种群,其生存发展前景堪忧。灰杨种群空间格局符合聚集分布,随发育进程其空间格局由随机向聚集型转变,大树阶段聚集强度逐渐减弱。种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局差异与物种本身的生物、生态学特性有关,而且与物种的生境密切相关。     

番茄叶霉病的发生特点及防治方法

番茄为害症状 :病害主要为害叶片 ,严重时也为害茎、花、果实等。叶片染病 ,叶面出现椭圆形或不规则形淡黄色病斑 ,叶背面病斑上长出灰紫色至黑褐色的绒状霉层 ,是病菌的分生孢子梗和分生孢子。条件适宜时 ,病叶正面也长出霉层。病害严重时可引起全叶卷曲 ,植株呈现黄褐色干枯。果实染病 ,果蒂附近形成圆形黑色病斑 ,硬化稍凹陷 ,不能食用。嫩茎及果柄上的症状与叶上相似。褐枝孢霉分布区域 :番茄叶霉病是番茄的常见病害全国各地均有发生 ,以北方保护地番茄上为害严重。发病特点 :病菌随病残体或在种子上越冬 ,第二年条件适宜时产生分生孢子…     

新疆茶花上两种叶病新纪录——茶花灰斑病与炭疽病

在新疆茶花上发现了茶花灰斑病和茶花炭疽病两种新病害。茶花灰斑病有两种症状类型 :有限病斑型初期叶上出现黑褐色小点 ,病斑扩大后微凹陷 ,灰褐色至灰白色 ,叶背病斑茶褐色 ,多为不规则形或带圆形 ,病健交界明显 ;无限病斑型多表现在叶缘或叶尖 ,初出现黑褐色小点 ,病斑即速向健康部位呈扇形扩展 ,暗红褐色 ,无边缘 ,其外缘呈墨绿色浸蚀状。茶花炭疽病叶上病斑呈不规则圆形 ,灰白色 ,但近边缘处为深褐色 ,叶背面病斑褐色 ,后期叶部病斑两面同时出现略突起的小黑点物 ,成熟后顶端破裂 ,溢出玫瑰色胶质物。该病与茶花灰斑病的有限病斑类型的症状相似 ,但可视叶背面有无小黑点相区分     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.