基于Landsat8吉林中北部地区土壤有机质定量反演研究

以Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,以吉林省中北部黑土过渡区为研究对象,对研究区进行土壤实地采样并化验土壤有机质含量,采用多元回归分析的方法,建立土壤有机质含量的反演模型,反演研究区土壤有机质含量。结果表明:研究区土壤反射率与有机质含量呈负相关,其中,第5波段达到最大值,为-0.827;将反射率进行倒数、对数等变换后可以显著提高与有机质含量的相关性;以第4、第5、第6波段反射率倒数为自变量,利用多元回归分析方法建立起来的反演模型,模型判定系数R2=0.860,总均方根误差RMSE=0.229,反演研究区土壤有机质含量获得了良好的效果。本研究成果实现土壤有机质含量监测的准确性与时效性,为我国黑土区土壤光谱分析提供借鉴,为区域土壤生态环境监测提供数据支持。     

基于地形因子的土壤水分反演研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究区域,应用Landsat5/TM遥感数据和DEM数据进行归一化植被指数和地表温度的反演,并对气温参数进行了高程、坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子的订正,更为精细地表达局地温度的空间分布差异。运用ERDAS的空间建模工具,反演得到温度植被干旱指数分布图。结果表明,此方法较好地反映了延河流域土壤的相对干旱状况,是一种比较有效和充分考虑地形因子影响的监测土壤水分的方法。     

基于地形校正后Landsat 8的土壤重金属反演研究

为快速地了解玛纳斯流域土壤中重金属的污染状况和潜在生态风险,在Landsat 8 OLI的基础上引入DEM数据进行地形校正,同时对地形校正后的反射率进行倒数、导数和对数等数学变换,从每种变换中筛选出与土壤各重金属相关性最高的波段构建土壤各重金属PLSR预测模型,并对研究区土壤重金属分布情况进行探索,并利用生态风险评价方法对研究区进行预警。结果表明：在Landsat 8的基础上,引入DEM数据对反射率进行地形校正,以B1波段反射率和重金属Cu为例,经过地形校正后的反射率值与实测土壤表层Cu含量的R²从0.46提高至0.52,表明地形校正后的表观反射率能够更好地反映土壤重金属状况;利用土壤各重金属的最佳预测模型分别反演相应的土壤重金属含量,并引入土壤重金属生态风险指数用于评价研究区的土壤重金属生态风险,研究表明土壤重金属风险等级总体上呈现从西南方向至东北方向逐渐减弱的趋势,其生态风险排序为恢复区(C区)＞退化区(B区)＞湖泊入湖口(A区);为了验证基于遥感的土壤重金属生态风险预警的预测精度,将研究区土壤重金属含量实测数据也通过重金属生态风险指数进行计算,两者结果较为一致,表明可以用遥感的手段来反演该研究区的重金属分布情况,同时研究区土壤重金属污染总体上处于轻警以上级别,生态服务功能已开始退化,应该加强对该地区的重金属污染进行治理。     

基于热红外遥感的小麦条锈病菌越夏区精准勘界

为减少小麦条锈病菌越夏区勘界的人力作业成本和劳动强度,实现大尺度、精准勘界,本研究采用一套基于卫星和地理信息技术的新方法进行小麦条锈病菌越夏区勘界,利用2009年7月的Landsat-5卫星图像,截取甘肃省陇南地区热红外遥感影像,利用辐射传输方程对影像进行地表温度反演,通过反演温度实现对该区域的小麦条锈病菌越夏区精准勘界。结果表明:辐射传输方程L_λ=[ε·B(T_s)+(1-ε)L↓]·f+L能较好地反演Landsat-5卫星的热红外遥感影像,建立辐射温度与气温温度的拟合方程t=0.81T-216.52,拟合度较好,R~2为0.61。使用ENVI和Google Earth软件能将反演的温度和地理信息实现图层叠加,并能精准定位到小麦条锈病菌越夏区范围内的村庄及田块。这一技术可实现跨省份、跨地区大面积的遥感监测与调查,并且不受时间、空间限制。随着卫星技术和信息技术的发展,这一方法能使与温度相关的勘界调查精度更高。     

基于时序Landsat 8 OLI多特征与随机森林算法的作物精细分类研究

利用新疆阿克苏地区温宿县2014—2015年生长季的7景时序Landsat 8 OLI数据,提取光谱特征、纹理特征、植被指数等高维信息,并基于随机森林算法(Random Forest, RF)构建分类模型。分析了RF模型中重要参数树个数k、节点分裂特征个数m对分类精度的影响,计算GINI系数评估所有特征重要性,探索最佳特征子集,完成模型的参数率定与信息冗余消除,实现了温宿县研究区内的多种作物类型精细分类,并对比分析了随机森林与其他几种机器学习算法的分类性能。结果表明:作物分类的3类特征中,重要性排名靠前的分别是影像纹理平均规则程度Mean、与作物水分含量密切相关的地表水分指数(LSWI)及短波红外波段光谱反射率,对应干旱区作物的2个关键时相:生长旺盛期与播种期;随机森林分类精度受分类特征数量的影响。当特征删除量低于总特征数的30%时,RF模型的分类精度基本保持不变;当删除量超过70%时,分类精度下降的幅度加大;随机森林方法相对于决策树、支持向量机、朴素贝叶斯、K-近邻等监督分类算法,无论是分类结果的精度还是分类效率均具有优势。     

基于DEM的土地利用与地形因子关系研究——以商州区张地沟小流域为例

依据遥感影像和DEM数据,通过引入地形分布指数和土地利用程度综合指数,进行Kendall双参数相关性分析,研究张地沟小流域不同地形因子条件下土地利用的分布特征,以揭示流域内土地利用与地形因子的相互关系。结果表明:张地沟小流域土地利用基本符合自然规律;人类活动主要集中在海拔较低的缓地和斜坡地,坡向多为阴坡和半阳坡;高程、坡度和坡向对草地、林地和建设用地的分布影响较为显著,农地和果园的分布受地形因子影响不显著。针对目前土地利用现状,丹江上游低山丘陵区土地利用结构优化建议为:虽然地形较平坦,但海拔高水热条件较差的山顶区应退耕还林或还草以减少水土流失;整治坡耕地,护沟保地;依据坡向光照条件,调整作物布局。     

基于TVDI指数的冬小麦旱情动态研究——以河北省邢台市为例

以重大干旱年份2010年为例,采用冬小麦生长期的MODIS数据,提取邢台市归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度数据(LST),计算温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),制定农业干旱监测等级,利用该指标对邢台市2010年重大旱情进行分析,并利用降水数据和20 cm土壤湿度数据进行结果验证。结果显示:利用MOD11A2数据反演的地表温度与实测地表温度对比平均误差为0.295℃,反演结果能够代替实地温度进行计算;利用实测20 cm深度土壤相对湿度数据与该地区计算的TVDI值做线性拟合,拟合度R2最高为清河县站点0.722,最低是任县站点0.598,整体效果较好;从验证结果来看,TVDI能够较好地反映出邢台市整体的实际旱情。邢台市2010年冬小麦主要生长阶段中返青拔节阶段整体旱情等级较高,而且出现大面积重旱区域,进入抽穗阶段重旱区域减少,正常或湿润区域范围扩大,整体旱情减轻。     

基于地表高光谱与OLI影像的土壤含盐量和pH值估测

针对宁夏银北地区大面积土壤盐碱化监测的需要,利用实测植被冠层光谱与Landsat 8 OLI影像相结合进行土壤含盐量和pH值估测研究.对实测植被冠层高光谱与影像多光谱反射率进行倒数、对数、三角函数及其一阶微分等一系列变换,确定最佳光谱变换形式,筛选敏感植被指数和敏感波段,分别建立基于实测植被光谱与Landsat 8 O...     

城市公园夏季冷岛效应及其影响因素研究——以西安市中心城区为例

文中基于Landsat 8遥感数据和高清遥感影像,采用RS和GIS技术,提取西安市中心城区地表温度及城市公园信息,利用景观格局分析和相关分析方法定量研究了城市公园冷岛效应的最大作用距离以及影响因素。结果表明:(1)城市公园对周围环境的降温效果随距离的增加而逐渐减弱,西安市城市公园的最大降温距离普遍在300m左右。(2)城市公园内部水体温度最低,绿地次之,硬化地面温度最高。公园地表温度和公园面积、公园形状指数以及绿地面积的负相关性较强,和水体面积相关性较弱。(3)城市公园降温效果和公园面积、形状指数、绿地面积、水体面积、水体形状指数存在正相关性,和绿地平均邻近度存在极强的正相关性。文中从城市公园内部温度特征和外部影响范围两方面对冷岛效应的影响因素进行了分析,对指导城市公园的景观规划与设计具有重要意义。     

不同集约梯度下地价与城市土地集约利用关系研究

通过地价调控土地市场,促进城市土地资源合理配置,是提高城市土地集约利用水平的重要途径。以石家庄市城市地价动态监测数据、集约利用评价数据为基础,划分集约梯度,运用雷达图法和偏相关法,对不同集约梯度下地价与土地集约利用关系进行实证研究。结果表明:总体上分析,石家庄市住宅地价与土地集约利用契合度约为70%,二者关系密切,但不同集约梯度下,二者关系的紧密程度差别较大;分梯度分析,地价与土地集约利用契合度为80%(集约梯度下)>75%(低效梯度下)>55%(过度梯度下),偏相关系数为0.879(集约梯度下)>0.550(过度梯度下)>0.257(低效梯度下);集约梯度下,地价与土地集约利用契合度最大,关系为高度相关,地价越高,集约程度越好,二者关系最紧密。     

Spatiotemporal variation of land surface temperature and its driving factors in Xinjiang,China

Land surface temperature(LST) directly affects the energy balance of terrestrial surface systems and impacts regional resources, ecosystem evolution, and ecosystem structures. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located at the arid Northwest China and is extremely sensitive to climate change. There is an urgent need to understand the distribution patterns of LST in this area and quantitatively measure the nature and intensity of the impacts of the major driving factors from a spatial perspective...     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.     

Assessment of river basin habitat quality and its relationship with disturbance factors: A case study of the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China

The status of regional biodiversity is determined by habitat quality.The effective assessment of habitat quality can help balance the relationship between economic development and biodiversity conservation.Therefore,this study used the InVEST model to conduct a dynamic evaluation of the spatial and temporal changes in habitat quality of the Tarim River Basin in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China by calc ulating the degradation degree levels for habitat types that were caused by threat factors from 1990 to 2018(represented by four periods of 1990,2000,2010 and 2018).Specifically,we used spatial autocorrelation analysis and Getis-Ord Gi*analysis to divide the study area into three heterogeneous units in terms of habitat quality:cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.Hemeroby index,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),altitude and distance from water source(DWS)were then chosen as the main disturbance factors.Linear correlation and spatial regression models were subsequently used to analyze the influences of disturbance factors on habitat quality.The results demonstrated that the overall level of habitat quality in the TRB was poor,showing a continuous degradation state.The intensity of the negative correlation between habitat quality and Hemeroby index was proven to be strongest in cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.The spatial lag model(SLM)was better suited to spatial regression analysis due to the spatial dependence of habitat quality and disturbance factors in heterogeneous units.By analyzing the model,Hemeroby index was found to have the greatest impact on habitat quality in the studied four periods(1990,2000,2010 and2018).The research results have potential guiding significance for the formulation of reasonable management policies in the TRB as well as other river basins in arid areas.     

基于灰色系统的特大城市热岛强度的预测分析——以天津市夏季热岛为例

城市热岛已对城市居民的生产生活产生了十分严重的影响,研究其形成和演变规律对城市建设有着十分积极的意义。文中利用天津市近25年Landsat卫星影像反演的温度数据、近60年人口与城镇化率等数据,运用灰色关联模型分析了热岛强度与常住人口、市区人口、城镇化率、全国城镇化率等五个因素的关联程度。优选灰色预测、S型、线性等19种曲线模型进行热岛强度双指标的预测,根据热岛强度与中国城镇化率变化趋势进行相关驱动因素的讨论,结果表明:1)最高热岛升温与特大城市热岛强度曲线相似性和变化率都与国家城镇化率的变化相一致,主要受国家城市化空间格局影响。2)最高热岛升温采用灰色预测模型具有较高的模拟精度,热岛升温总量预测采用时间和中国城市化率的复合模型具有较高的精度,模拟结果与实际城市热岛效应的现状及其发展趋势具有较好的一致性。3)模拟结果显示2025年天津市城市热岛强度持续升温,热岛升温进一步加强,但趋势大大减弱,预计2025年达到顶峰。4)特大城市热岛与国家城镇化进程密切相关,主要原因是特大城市作为国家城市化战略的重要空间,担负国家城市化的重要职能。     

典型国家和地区的暴雨变化及其与城镇化因子关系的初探——以美国、欧洲、中国、巴西和印度为例

极端降水事件导致的严重灾害已经引起越来越多的关注,气候变化与极端降水之间的关系成为广泛关注的科学前沿问题之一。文中通过对比1981-2010年美国、欧洲、中国、巴西和印度的年际和年代际的暴雨雨量、暴雨雨日和暴雨雨强,来分析在不同城镇化发展速度国家的暴雨变化情况。结果表明:暴雨雨量、暴雨雨日和暴雨雨强在这五个国家和地区都呈现增加趋势,并且整体上在中国、巴西和印度的增加显著高于美国和欧洲。基于目前已有研究成果表明大气海洋等气候因子不能完全解释暴雨在五个地区的增加趋势。因此,文中引入国民生产总值(GDP)、城市化率(UR)和黑炭气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)作为快速城镇化的表征因子与五个国家和地区的暴雨雨量、暴雨雨日和暴雨雨强做相关和散点图,结果表明在GDP、UR和AOD增长速率较快的中国、巴西和印度,暴雨雨量、暴雨雨日和暴雨雨强与GDP、UR、AOD的相关性明显高于美国和欧洲。因此,城镇化发展速率越快,越有可能触发大面积暴雨的显著增加。     

城市居民使用共享单车的行为意愿及影响因素分析——以西安市为例

基于西安市居民问卷调查数据,以技术接受模型和计划行为理论为基础,运用结构方程模型,实证分析了居民的感知易用性、感知有用性、行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制五大因素对其使用共享单车行为意愿的影响。结果表明:五大因素对居民使用共享单车的行为意愿均有显著的正向影响,但各因素影响程度存在差异,呈现"行为态度>感知易用性>感知有用性>主观规范>感知行为控制"的递减特征,表明居民使用共享单车的行为意愿很大程度上取决于其对共享单车的行为态度。     

干旱区农业土地生产力增进中人类活动要素定量研究--以塔里木河流域1980～2000年县域为例

采用探索性数据分析技术——投影寻踪回归(PPR)模型,定量研究了干旱区农业土地生产力影响因素问题。以塔里木河流域40个县市作为研究单元,以近20a(分5个研究时段)的农业土地生产力(粮食产量)作为因变量,人类活动的5个因素(引水量、耕地、人力、化肥和机械力)作为自变量,通过建立PPR模型,研究了这一区域农业土地生产力增进中人类活动因素的贡献度。研究结果表明,耕地、引水量等资源性因素虽然在20世纪90年代后有一定程度的下降,但仍是这一区域生产力增进的主要因素,化肥增进作用显著。结果也表明,PPR模型适合于这类研究。     

Oasis cold island effect and its influence on air temperature: a case study of Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold island effect(OCIE) intensity, spatial-temporal variation of OCIE, factors influencing the OCIE and impacts of OCIE on air temperature using geographical statistics and GIS methods based on the MODIS land surface temperature, land use/cover change(LUCC) and observed air temperature data. Results showed that all the oases in the Tarim Basin exhibited cold island effects, with the OCIE intensity highest in summer(-9.08°C), followed by autumn(-4.24°C) and spring(-3.85°C). The total area of oasis cold island(OCI) and the comprehensive OCIE index showed the same seasonal change trend as the OCIE intensity. However, the changing trends in areas of OCI with strong, medium and weak OCIEs were inconsistent across different seasons. Farmland and water areas were found to be the key contributors that affected the OCIE, and the area and aggregation metrics of these two land use/cover types directly contributed to the OCIE. By contrast, natural vegetation, such as forest and grassland, almost had no contribution to the OCIE. Simulation of observed air temperature data showed that if farmland is replaced by forest or grassland in the oasis, the mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures will increase significantly. This heating effect will be higher in summer(reaching 1.14°C to 2.08°C) and lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the heating effect of farmland being replaced by forest will be higher than that of farmland being replaced by grassland. These results can provide a basis for understanding the cold island effect of oases in arid regions.     

Successful disinfestations of sap-beetle contaminations from organically grown dates using heat treatment: A case study

Palm dates suffer from high infestations of sap-beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) populations. Organically grown dates are particularly subject to high infestations for lack of alternative treatments both during pre- and postharvest, while export requirements of null infestations are in effect. Present methods of postharvest control include treatments using CO₂, which are expensive and require several hours. In this report we describe an effective, short-duration and inexpensive method of postharvest heat-treatment using a postharvest heating container (PHHC). Laboratory experiments determined the optimum temperature regime for maximum escape of beetles from the fruit to be 55°C for 2.5 h; this temperature was attained at a rate of 1.8°C/min. Subsequent successful disinfestation of beetles was obtained in the PHHC after a total exposure time of 2.5 h. Sampling dates before and after treatment and quality control tests on cartons ready for export showed that this method compared in efficiency with CO₂ treatments but was much more economical.