旱涝胁迫条件下稗草对大豆植株含氮量及蛋白质产量的影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,而显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝 鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆籽粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害,旱涝结合的危害大于只旱或只涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。     

气候暖干化背景下黄土高原旱涝时空演变特征

选取58个国家气象基准站1960-2010年逐年降水资料,采用Kriging插值、Mann-Kendall检测及Morlet小波分析等方法,对该区降水及旱涝时空特征进行分析。结果表明：黄土高原暖干化趋势明显,气温、降水突变年份分别在1995年、1990年左右。旱涝等级呈上升趋势,尤以半湿润区最为明显。干旱区发生旱、涝频率最高,涝情略微严重,但干旱更易发生,大旱频次高值中心分散分布,洪涝发生频率西部低、中部高。该区旱涝情势存在多尺度的周期变化,25~30 a的振荡最强,推测涝期即将结束,旱期将要开始。研究成果可为黄土高原旱涝灾害防御提供参考。     

塔城地区干旱时空分布及变化特征

利用干旱Z指数对塔城地区1961~2005年旱涝等级进行划分,分析了塔城地区干旱时空分布及变化特征,得出以下结论:1)EOF第1、2特征向量分别反映了塔城地区干旱的一致变化及南北两气候区干旱气候的不同特点;2)20世纪60年代干旱指数围绕平均值小幅振荡,70年代为旱期,80年代前半期偏旱,后半期偏涝,振幅增大,90年代以后干旱有所缓解,但极端旱涝事件发生频率和强度增大;3)近45 a气象干旱的影响范围呈不显著减少的趋势;4)干旱Z指数序列存在着18 a、7~8 a、6 a、4 a、2-3 a的振荡周期;5)ENSO事件与塔城地区次年夏季降水存在着遥相关关系。     

近80年宝鸡市旱涝变化特征分析

文中使用1934-2010年5-9月降水总量资料,分析研究宝鸡近80a旱涝演变规律。结果表明:宝鸡市近80a有向干旱发展的趋势,并且以0.12次/10a的速度增加;旱涝出现的频率为39%和28.6%;旱涝演变具有24a左右的长周期和2a的短周期;20世纪40年代、80年代以偏涝为主;70年代、90年代和21世纪头10年以偏旱为主。宝鸡市近80a以来,年Z指数明显下降,其下降速度为0.16/10a。1953-1990年涝年多、旱年较少,1993年以后旱年多、涝年很少,近年来有旱涝交替的特点。四季的Z指数变化趋势不同,冬、夏季Z指数变化不大,冬季呈略上升趋势;夏季呈微弱的下降趋势;春、秋季呈明显的下降趋势,表明干旱趋势增强,春季最明显,秋季次之。春季涝、旱和正常年基本各占1/3;夏涝、秋涝、冬旱的发生频率高。各季旱涝变化都具有2a的周期。研究结果对旱涝趋势预测和防灾减灾具有一定的参考价值。     

新疆暖季短时强降水特征

基于新疆105个地面气象观测站2005—2015年5—9月逐时降水观测资料,分析短时强降水的时空分布特征和降水贡献率。结果表明:新疆暖季短时强降水频次分布,具有北疆多于南疆,山脉坡面多于谷地和沙漠的特点,但短时强降水的降水贡献率南疆反而高于北疆。短时强降水高频区位置由春到秋的季节性南北推移与太阳辐射和副热带锋区的南北推移密切相关;北疆和南疆短时强降水频次的月、旬分布均呈单峰形,但两者变化形态却有所不同,前者迅速增强、迅速减弱,后者迅速增强、缓慢减弱。全疆平均短时强降水频次的日内变化有3个峰值,主峰在午后(18:00—19:00),次峰在前半夜(22:00)和清晨(08:00),北疆与之相同,南疆3个峰值时间和强度均与之存在显著差异。     

基于干旱指数与主成分分析的干旱评价——以锡林河流域为例

利用锡林河流域逐月气象数据,分析了历年降水与气温的最值变化;计算了标准化降水指数(SPI)与综合气象干旱指数(CI)并用其对研究区干旱状况进行表征;利用主成分分析法对锡林河流域的干旱情况进行评价。结果表明:1981-2016年的最高气温变化呈微弱的升高趋势,最低气温的变化趋势基本持平。最大降水量的变化趋势是减小的,各月的最小降水量基本趋于0。CI指数表明,36 a中只出现过轻旱事件,且春季最多,其次为秋季,夏季发生的最少。SPI指数表明,36 a中出现了重涝、中涝、轻涝、重旱、中旱、轻旱事件,且事件的危害程度越高发生的概率相对越小,冬季发生的旱涝事件大多危害程度相对较高。主成分分析结果表明,研究区气象因素的第一主成分主要反映水分胁迫对干旱的影响,第二主成分主要反映日照对干旱的影响,第三主成分主要反映气温对干旱的影响;综合得分结果表明,各地的干旱情况排名为:扎鲁特>巴林左旗>翁牛特旗>多伦县>化德>西乌珠穆沁>锡林浩特>林西县>东乌珠穆沁>朱日和>阿巴嘎旗>二连浩特>苏尼特左旗。     

陕西关中西部作物生长季近70年旱涝指数分析--以杨陵为例

用Bhalme和Mooley提出的旱涝指数计算方法，计算分析了作物生长季（3月－10月）杨陵近70年的旱涝指数。结果表明，作物生长季各月不同等级的干旱出现频率远大于涝等级的出现频率，其中重旱以4月－5月和9月－10月出现频率＞5％，中旱以3月－4月，6月和8月出现频率＞10％；1930s-1940s和1970s-1990s旱多于涝，中旱－重旱出现频率分别比中涝－重涝高9.9%-12.1%和11.2%-30.0%;1950s-1960s大旱大涝并存，涝略多于旱，中涝－重涝出现频率比中旱－重旱高3．8％－7．5％。旱涝指数在1952年和1976年出现气候突变现象。     

近37年甘肃省夏季旱涝特征分析

选取甘肃省61个气象站1965～2001年共37 a夏季(6～8月)逐日降水资料,应用正态化Z指数变换,对甘肃省夏季降水进行了旱涝等级划分,并应用EOF、REOF、Maxican hat小波分析等方法对旱涝发生的空间分布和时间演变规律进行了研究.结果表明,就整个夏季而言,干旱出现机率明显高于雨涝;6～7月旱涝机率均等, 7～8月较重干旱的出现机率明显高于较重雨涝.甘肃省夏季旱涝主要存在3种变化模态,并可将旱涝分为5个敏感区.甘肃省旱涝从26a以上尺度范围看呈干旱化趋势,旱涝准4a周期在各个年代均比较显著.     

新疆北部地区春夏季干旱的区域性和持续性特征

基于1961-2007年36站的逐日降水资料,分析新疆北部地区春、夏季干旱的区域性和持续性特征。结果表明：新疆北部春、夏季干旱发生较为频繁,尤其在北疆西北部地区,春旱平均3 a一遇,夏旱为4~5 a一遇。季节间的连旱概率较低,不足10%,主要以月际间的连旱为主,其中2个月的持续干旱次数占干旱总次数的20%左右。进一步的分析表明,春夏之交的5~6月,是2个月连续干旱发生次数相对频繁的时期,北疆西北部地区此类连续干旱事件最多。伊犁河谷、北天山地区和北疆北部春旱较夏旱频繁,春旱以北疆北部发生最多;夏旱3个区域发生频次相似,但北天山地区大旱发生频数较高。3个区域的春、夏季干旱程度均呈减弱趋势,春旱在20世纪90年代中后期、夏旱在80年代中后期处在一个较低的发生期。     

近30年新疆降水量及雨日的变化特征分析

利用新疆1971-2006年98个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了新疆年和四季降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明：新疆多年平均年降水量及雨日的空间分布均为北疆大于南疆,山区大于平原,二者长期变化的空间分布相似程度较低,有些地区甚至完全相反。南疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是由于雨日增加而造成的;北疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.