流域输沙量和输沙率的B-P人工神经网络预测

提出了应用B-P人工神经网络,建立流域输沙量和最大输沙率的预测模型.以降雨量、降雨历时、洪峰流量和洪量等因子建立的李子溪流域的输沙量和最大输沙率的B-P网络预测模型效果表明拟合率达90%左右,预留检验报准率在75%以上.     

丹江口水库水沙淤积特性分析

丹江口水库是由汉江库区和丹江库区组成的并联水库.根据多年平均入库水沙资料,分析了水库的水沙特性和淤积变化.结果表明,丹江口水库入库水沙地区分布极不均匀,汉江库区来水量和来沙量占绝大多数.入库水沙年内分布也极不均匀,来水来沙量均集中于汛期.水库十流库区淤积量占全库的85%左右,支流库区淤积量在15%左右.在于流库区中,汉江库区淤积量占全库的70%左右,淤积主要发生在汉江库区.汉江库区泥沙颗粒组成常年回水区以泥土为主,占81.9%～100%;变动回水区以泥沙为主,占46.8%～98%.汉江干流库区纵向淤积特点是常年回水区淤积多,变动回水区少;从库容变化上来看,中间库段库容损失大;两头库段库容损失小.横断面淤积特点主要分布在两岸边滩.最后,对丹江口水库泥沙淤积变化进行了预测分析.     

不同植被空间配置下的坡面产沙及泥沙连通性变化特征

植被是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因子，探讨坡面产沙和泥沙连通性对植被分布的响应对揭示土壤侵蚀过程机理及预测坡面侵蚀具有重要意义。通过室内人工放水冲刷试验，分析3种植被布设位置(坡上、坡中、坡下)在不同冲刷流量(3.2,5.2 L/min)和不同覆盖度(0,30%,50%,70%)下的减沙效益，结合坡面产沙潜力指数探究植被覆盖影响下的泥沙连通性变化特征。结果表明：(1)从不同盖度下的平均减沙效益及其稳定性来看，植被布局的减沙效益随盖度变化，且坡下植被空间分布最优。随冲刷流量增加，不同植被布局间的减沙效益差距缩小；(2)当植被盖度≤30%时，冲刷流量对坡面产沙的影响贡献较大；随盖度增加，植被的影响贡献程度大于冲刷流量，成为影响坡面侵蚀的主要因素；(3)坡面产沙潜力指数在不同植被盖度和分布位置下表现出明显差异。随盖度增加，产沙潜力指数减小，泥沙连通性减弱；坡下布设植被相比坡上和坡中产沙潜力指数最小，泥沙连通性最弱。该指数与产沙量之间存在显著的正相关关系，即产沙潜力越大，泥沙连通性越强，产沙量越大。研究结果可为深入探索土壤侵蚀机理及植被的生态效益提供科学依据，为黄土高原地区的生态建设提供参考。     

黄河流域水库拦截泥沙量的计算及泥沙分布特征

根据黄河输沙量等观测资料,提出了一个简便的用于计算流域水库拦截泥沙量的公式。据对1950—2003年黄河流域水库拦截的泥沙量进行计算,54年来拦截的泥沙总量为196亿t,其中大约有70%的泥沙分布在三门峡和小浪底水库库区。研究指出,对现有黄河干流控制性水库制定科学的调水调沙方案,对在建和拟建的水库采取积极的调水调沙设计,制定黄河流域系统的水沙调配总体方案,将有利于解决黄河下游和三角洲地区与水沙有关的一系列环境问题。     

人工模拟降雨条件下坡面产沙规律及侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究

利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了坡面产沙规律及其与径流的相关关系,并对比分析了侵蚀泥沙与原土壤的颗粒特征。结果表明:1产流时间受降雨强度与坡度共同影响,降雨强度和坡度越大,产流时间越短,随降雨强度增加坡度对产流时间的影响越加明显。2不同降雨强度作用下,产沙量(4 min产沙量)均随降雨历时的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但峰值不同,降雨强度越大峰值越大。3累计产沙量与累计径流量呈显著的幂函数关系,可用方程y=AxB来表达,相关系数R2均大于0.986,达极显著水平,系数A随降雨强度和坡度的增加而减小,系数B受降雨强度和坡度的影响无明显规律性变化。4不同降雨强度作用下的侵蚀泥沙颗粒级配不同,与原坡面土壤颗粒级配的差异程度表现为1.2 mm/min0.8 mm/min0.5 mm/min,随着降雨强度的减小,侵蚀泥沙中0.01 mm颗粒的相对含量有所增加,0.01 mm颗粒的相对含量减少,并且降雨强度越小,这种变化程度越明显。     

前期降雨与不同沙源条件小流域产沙关系的对比研究

为了解不同沙源条件下前期降雨对小流域产沙的贡献和作用,本文利用不同沙源条件下2个典型小流域(云南蒋家沟流域和四川遂宁玉丰小流域)以及一组篱笆减少侵蚀试验的降雨和产沙资料,选取前期降雨、过程降雨、产沙历时以及雨强因子,运用主成分分析法 ,进行对比研究,并分析了其机理.结果表明,前期降雨在玉丰小流域渐变型产沙中,首属第1主成分;但在蒋家沟突变型产沙中首属第1主成分.     

黄河中游输沙与减沙的时空分异特征

利用黄河中游主要水文站输沙量数据和48个雨量站降雨数据,分析了黄河中游1955年以来输沙与减沙特征,以及降雨与人类活动对输沙量变化的影响.结果表明:1955-2007年黄河中游输沙量总体呈下降趋势,20世纪70年代后较70年代前减沙46.8%,其中减幅较大的有汾河99.8%、岚漪河73.9%、州川河71.9%、三川河70.3%;退耕还林还草时期(1998-2007年)输沙量下降趋势最为明显,较70年代前减沙74.2%,除黄浦川,孤山川、佳芦河、屈产河、清涧河、延水之外,黄河中游大多数流域达到轻度侵蚀及以下;降雨因素和人类活动对输沙量变化的贡献率分别为37.6%和62.4%.     

韭园沟流域典型淤地坝淤粗排细作用研究

对韭园沟流域8座典型淤地坝坝内淤积物进行野外挖探坑观测取样,将坝内淤积物和马兰黄土颗粒级配进行对比,初步分析淤地坝的淤粗排细作用机理。在空间分布上,垂直分布,淤地坝坝内淤积物具有一定的沉积层理,即粉土层与黏土层相间分布;水平分布,同一沟道上游淤地坝较下游淤地坝淤积物粒径粗,单坝远坝处较近坝处淤积物粒径粗。工程结构上,有放水建筑物的淤地坝,控制面积决定了其淤粗排细效果;控制面积相近的淤地坝,有无放水建筑物决定了其淤粗排细效果;水毁坝也具有一定淤粗排细作用。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区粗泥沙输沙模数区域分布及产沙量分析

通过对黄河中游多沙粗沙区中d≥0.05 mm和d≥0.10 mm不同粗泥沙年输沙模数级的区域分布及产沙量的分析,得出d≥0.05 mm粗泥沙年输沙模数大于等于2 500、5 000和10 000 t/km2的粗泥沙来源区面积分别为5.82万、1.97万和0.22万km2,对应区域产生的全沙量分别占黄河中游多沙粗沙区全沙量的80.0%、35.6%和5.9%;d≥0.10mm粗泥沙年输沙模数大于等于350、700、1 400和2 800 t/km2的粗泥沙来源区面积分别为5.80万、3.94万、1.88万和1.17万km2,对应区域产生的全沙量分别占黄河中游多沙粗沙区全沙量的79.8%、58.3%、34.5%和24.2%。研究不同输沙模数级的区域分布、面积及产沙量,为粗泥沙集中来源区界定提供支撑。     

细沟侵蚀动力过程极限沟长试验研究

由细沟产生的野外动力条件,设计了室内细沟侵蚀模拟冲刷实验。从能量角度,分析了不同动力条件下侵蚀产沙量随沟长的变化规律。采用黄土高原黄绵土,在实验室内用水槽进行了5种坡度、3种流量下不同沟长时的细沟土壤侵蚀产沙的模拟侵蚀试验,测量沟长为0.5～8m。提出了由细沟侵蚀产沙随沟长变化函数关系的回归结果,在给定误差限下,估计水流含沙量达到极限值——水流输沙能力的细沟长度的计算方法。并据此方法,求得了不同坡度、流量条件下细沟侵蚀产沙达到极限值的细沟长度,且在不同水动力条件下的R²均大于0.81。     

Sediment pollution in the southern baltic

In 1991 geochemical mapping of sediments in the southern Baltic was begun by the Polish Geological Institute, Marine Geology Branch to determine sediment pollution, sediment spreading and the rate of accumulation of pollutants to define ‘hot-spot’ regions. the initial results on the concentration of heavy metals in 36 samples collected in the Gdansk Basin are presented. One ‘hot-spot’ is the network of channels in Gdansk Harbour where the bottom sediment (sludge) is highly contaminated. Sampling results and proposals for dredging, separation of the sand fraction, dewatering and the deposition of sludge are discussed.     

Sediment Budget Analysis for River Reservoirs

The sediment, budget of a reservoir on the Neckar River, Germany, was investigated by means of experimental and numerical methods. Field measurements of channel bathymetry show that. sedimentation and erosion occur primarily in the lower backwater-influenced section of the reservoir, which stores approximately 350,000 m³ of fine-grained deposits. Sediment load balances for two major storm events in Dec. 1993 and Apr. 1994 showed net erosion of 32,000 ±10,000 tonnes and 24,000 ± 5,000 tonnes of sediment, respectively. A balanced sediment budget, was found for a minor flood in Jan. 1995. In agreement with the field data, numerical simulation of sediment transport. over a period of 45 years demonstrates that the river reservoir served initially as a sediment trap from 1950 to 1978, and since then as a temporary storage basin for sediment.     

Sediment acid neutralization in softwater lakes

Acid neutralizing capacities (ANC) of sediments from McCloud Lake, Florida and seven other lakes in Wisconsin and Florida were as high as 10 meq 100 g^?1 over the pH range 4.5 to 5.5 in well-mixed batch experiments. Exchange of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ accounted for over 50% of the neutralizing capacity; Al solubilization and sulfate adsorption were unimportant in neutralizing H⁺ additions. ANC was correlated with sediment volatile solids content. Sulfate reduction occurred in microcosms that simulated lake-water interactions and subsurface seepage;in situ pore water profiles and a whole-lake mass balance confirm the occurrence of this process in McCloud Lake. Sediment neutralization is important for lakes that receive most of their water from precipitation and thus are particularly susceptible to acidification.     

Mercury Concentration and Monomethylmercury Production in Sediment: Effect of Dredged Sediment Reuse on Bioconcentration for Ragworms

The effect of dredged sediment reuse on the production and bioconcentration of monomethylmercury (MMHg) was investigated by examining sediments and ragworms found in dredge material banks and surrounding sites in the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Total Hg concentrations in the surface 20 cm of sediments were higher in the banks than in the surrounding sites, but MMHg concentrations were similar, which suggests reduced MMHg production in the banks. Monomethylmercury content in ragworms was significantly lower (p?<?0.05) in the banks than in the surrounding sites. In pore water, concentrations of both sulfate and Fe decreased with depth in the upper 20 cm of the dredge banks. In contrast, sulfate concentrations were constant with depth and large amounts of dissolved Fe occurred in the upper 20 cm of sediments of surrounding sites. Continuous sulfate reduction and possible precipitation of iron sulfide may decrease the production and bioconcentration of MMHg in the dredge material banks compared to the surrounding sites. Overall, the production of MMHg in sediments and its bioconcentration in benthic organisms were connected to the process of sediment diagenesis of organic matter through the control of pore water and sediment geochemistry involving iron and sulfur.     

渭河流域减水减沙效益分析与流域水沙变化趋势预测

截止１９９０年底，渭河流域共有水库５２２座，塘坝２６６６座，引水灌溉面积４５．０万ｋａ，水平梯田，人工林，人工草有效保存面积分别为３８９３．０ｋｍ＾２和１０８５．７ｋｍ＾２，治理总面积８４６６．７ｋｍ＾２，治理度１９．０％。流域近期规划水库达到５９０座，瘀地坝可瘀地面积２３３３．３ｈａ，治沟骨干工程蓄水能力２００６１万ｍ＾３，引水灌溉面积７０．７８ｈａ，治理总面积１５９２１．３ｋｍ＾２，治理度３６     

降雨产沙资料整理方法对两者关系的影响

合理的水土流失资料整理方法是挖掘数据内在规律的基础,通过采集江西省赣县花岗岩次生马尾松林地不同植被恢复类型小区2010—2011年2 a的降雨产沙资料,研究了4种整理方法对降雨产沙关系的影响。结果表明:加大资料整理的时间尺度和降雨间隔时间,可以显著提高降雨产沙之间的相关性,同时整理方法对拟合曲线的性质产生影响,综合考虑拟合优度和曲线性质的一致性,可以采取周晴方法的幂函数来描述不同类型小区降雨产沙之间的内在关系;植被恢复减弱了产沙速率,随着降雨量的增加,纯林小区的产沙速率下降,百喜草恢复小区变化缓慢,低郁闭度胡枝子恢复小区增加迅速,因此侵蚀严重的林地应首先实施草本植被恢复,逐步实现乔灌草生态结构恢复。