油菜种子丸粒化包衣技术研究

本文针对目前油菜种子丸粒化包衣后发芽率难以保证,油菜生产上各项农业适用新技术难以到位的现状,通过对油菜种子实施丸粒化包衣的试验,研究油菜种子包衣对发芽率、田间出苗率、幼苗生产状况及产量的影响.结果表明:(1)油菜种子丸粒化包衣处理能显著提高田间出苗率;(2)能将各项农业适用新技术应用到位;(3)能提高油菜秧苗素质及后期产量.     

60Coγ辐照对甘蓝型油菜农艺性状和品质的影响

以800,1000和1200 Gy 3种剂量60Coγ射线处理甘蓝型油菜品系761和532的风干种子。分析了60Coγ射线辐射对油菜种子发芽率、主要农艺性状和品质性状的影响。结果表明:辐照处理的种子发芽率随照射剂量增加而下降,但不同基因型受到影响不同;辐射处理对M1的株高及生长量有明显抑制,辐射处理不同数量性状的效应不一致,对分枝部位的效应最显著,但千粒重和每角果粒数无显著变化;800~1000 Gy辐照处理使油菜种子含油量有不同程度提高,脂肪酸中芥酸和油酸含量变异较大。     

丸粒化包衣处理对直播优质稻美香占2号发芽特性及产量的影响

直播稻出苗的好坏是生产获得稳产高产的重要因素之一,其中播种质量尤为关键。本试验旨在探寻玉林地区丸粒化处理直播优质稻的发芽特性及产量影响,为玉林地区水稻直播生产一播全苗、高产稳产提供理论参考和技术支持。试验以优质常规稻美香占2号为材料进行室内和大田试验研究。结果表明不同处理下美香占2号种子发芽率均呈现“S”型变化,丸粒化包衣处理的终发芽率为79.00%,出苗率和成秧率分别为60.96%和56.35%,其理论产量和实际产量分别比对照高1241.2kg/hm²、1015.4kg/hm²,增幅达到了23.19%和19.76%。丸粒化包衣处理能根据实际需求增强种子对不良环境的抵抗能力,使用丸粒化包衣处理的种子直播能减少劳动力、农药、除草剂的投入,是粮食安全、粮食增产增效探索的一个新途径。     

20%多福油菜种衣剂应用效果研究

利用20%多福油菜种衣剂包衣和未包衣的油菜种子进行大田对比试验,检测油菜种子在秧苗素质、经济性状和产量、病虫害及某些生理特性指标.分析结果表明:用20%多福油菜种衣剂包衣油菜种子,可加速根、茎、叶的生长,提高成苗率、秧苗素质和根系活力,增加幼苗叶绿素含量,培育壮苗;改善油菜经济性状,提高油菜产量;对菌核病有一定的防治效果.     

油菜丸粒种子应用技术

油菜丸粒种子应用技术安徽省六安地区种子公司（２３７００１）朱荣毅从近年生产中大面积应用情况看，油菜丸粒种子具有以下优点：（１）节约种子。直播油菜播种量为２５０～５００ｇ／６６７ｍ２，使用丸粒种子所含种子量为７５～１００ｇ／６６７ｍ２。（２）省肥料。有...     

外源激素对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,50mg/LGA3和100mg/LIAA对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发、株高、生物量均表现为促进作用,并且GA3对丸粒化披碱草种子发芽率的促进作用较IAA明显,而IAA对丸粒化披碱草幼苗株高、生物量的促进作用较GA3明显。当GA3浓度大于50mg/L时,对丸粒化披碱草种子萌发表现出抑制作用,而IAA各浓度均未对种子萌发表现出抑制作用。GA3和IAA处理对丸粒化披碱草幼苗根冠比均表现为抑制作用。     

如何鉴定甜菜丸粒化种子的发芽率

甜菜丸粒化处理的种子，目前常用的都是单粒种，如BETA356、HX0602；种子丸化材料为惰性填料（黏土等），活性物质（杀菌剂、抗菌剂、杀虫剂），粘合剂（4L肥、菌肥），所以丸粒种子的胚芽和幼苗可以更好地抵抗真菌和病虫危害，特别是抵抗根腐病、甲虫、甜菜潜蝇、叶虱等病虫。但甜菜丸粒化种子的外壳占整个种子重量的70％，外壳厚、光滑，吸水渗透较慢，加之丸粒化种子均为单粒种，     

2种施肥条件下油菜农艺性状与产量的分析

为探讨包膜复混肥在油菜上的应用效果,实现高产高效栽培,于2010—2011 年以‘湘油1613’油菜品种为材料,在湖南省2 个地方设计小区试验,研究2 种施肥条件对油菜农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明：在普通复混肥处理的基础上,包膜复混肥提高油菜产量平均达到10.23%,提高了油菜大部分性状的变异程度,仅有每角果粒数的变异性低于普通复混肥处理,其中地上部干重变异系数达到最大值0.58,千粒重的变异最小。包膜复混肥对根干重的变异性程度的提高达到最大值0.24,对产量变异程度的改变最小,仅有0.02,可以认为包膜复混肥能够改善油菜的生长形态,获得高产的同时可以起到稳产的效果。与普通复混肥相比,包膜复混肥提高了各性状之间以及各性状与产量之间的相关性,因此通过包膜复混肥提高油菜产量,主要加强了对性状株高、分枝数、茎干重、角果皮干重、每株角果数的提高。包膜复混肥处理的前2 个主成分累积贡献率达到85.49%,分别代表了油菜的整体生长状况与角果性状的信息,普通复混肥处理的前3 个主成分累积贡献率达到89.00%,分别代表了主茎性状与产量的信息,角果性状的信息和主茎与千粒重的信息。不同施肥条件下,各性状的重要程度发生改变,施用包膜复混肥条件下,茎干重、角果皮干重、产量、株高、主茎节数、每株角果数具有较大的重要程度,应进行重点选择,可作为施用包膜复混肥料的条件下评价油菜生长状况与产量的指标。     

飞播用花棒种子丸粒化研究

针对飞播用种子丸粒化技术的不足,通过对各种原料配比对崩解时间的影响研究,使得处理后的丸粒化种子重量增加到原来的4～6倍,有效解决了种子"穿棉衣"与发芽和破损的矛盾.     

大豆种子辐照处理后早期世代农艺性状的综合评价及遗传变异

本试验利用200Gy ^60Coγ射线处理大豆风干种子，对M1、M2代主要农艺性状的平均表现和遗传变异进行了研究，结果表明：1)M1植株生长缓慢，植株变矮，发育畸形，叶片缺绿、卷缩，出现不孕株、半不孕株、荚熟秆青株、成熟期推迟等现象。2)M1代农艺性状均有不同程度的变化。3)M2代的变异系数从单株粒数、单株荚数、茎粗、株高、荚长、荚宽依次减小。4)M2代株高与百粒重、主茎节数、结荚高度呈极显著正相关，与有效分枝始节、单株荚数、茎粗、单株粒数呈显著正相关；百粒重与单株产量呈负相关；结荚高度与有效分枝始节、主茎分枝数成负相关。5)M2代株系间有显著性差异。6)M2遗传力顺序为主茎节数、株高、结荚高度、单株粒数、荚宽、茎粗、单株荚数、单株产量、荚长。     

不同熟期“川油”系列甘蓝型油菜品种主要性状与产量的相关分析

探讨在成都地区气候条件下不同熟期甘蓝型油菜产量的主要影响因素,以期为油菜抗性育种提供理论基础。采用相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析等方法,分析不同熟期甘蓝型油菜主要农艺性状、茎秆抗折力和菌核病发病率等与产量的关系。相关分析结果表明,早熟品种产量与单株有效角果数、每果粒数和茎秆中上部抗折力均呈显著或极显著正相关,中熟品种产量与株高、一次分枝高度、单株有效角果数、茎秆下部和茎秆中下部抗折力均呈极显著正相关。通径分析结果表明,早熟和中熟品种主要性状中,单株有效角果数对产量的直接作用最大。主要性状中,每果粒数对早熟品种产量的间接综合效应最大,中熟品种间接综合效应最大的是茎秆下部抗折力。主成分分析结果表明,早熟品种主要性状分为抗倒性状、株型性状、产量构成性状和抗病性状等4类性状。中熟品种为产量构成性状、株型性状和抗倒性性状等3类性状。研究表明,在四川省自然气候条件下,无论是早熟品种还是中熟品种选育,应在保证产量性状的同时,加强植株株型、抗倒性和抗病性的选择。     

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.     

洞庭湖区农业气象灾情指数与作物模式产量的灰色关联分析

为探明关键气象灾害对环洞庭湖区作物及种植模式的危害情况,为防灾减灾提供科学依据。基于1994—2013年岳阳站、常德站、益阳站的农业气象资料和《湖南农村统计年鉴》环洞庭湖区各作物的产量,对该地区农业气象灾害的灾情指数、作物产量进行分析,并对灾情指数和作物产量及种植模式产量进行灰色关联分析。结果表明,环洞庭湖区气象灾害主要是高温、干旱、低温和洪涝。环洞庭湖区各地区出现灾年的时间是不完全相同的,还是存在地区差异性。灰色关联分析表明:高温对常德和益阳地区的作物产量影响最大,而轻度干旱对岳阳地区的作物产量影响最大。对双季稻+冬闲、一季稻+油菜、油菜+棉花和油菜+玉米4种种植模式来说,高温和轻度干旱对其影响最大,其次还有倒春寒、轻度洪涝、中度干旱、轻度寒露风和4月低温等灾害影响较大。     

优质高产杂交油菜新品种信油杂2803选育及其栽培技术

信油杂2803是信阳市农科院选育的的甘蓝型优质杂交油菜新品种,审定编号为豫审油2014001,属甘蓝型冬油菜中热类型,生育期228.8d,幼茎绿色,花色黄色,叶形琴状裂叶,叶深绿色;株高147.5cm,一次有效分枝7.9个,单株有效角果277.5个,角粒数25.9个,千粒重3.19g,单株产量19.28g,不育株率0.1％;抗倒性和抗裂角性强;抗逆性强,高抗菌核病、病毒病.     

包膜互混肥对油菜养分吸收和产量的影响

为了探明包膜肥对油菜产量和养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,研究包膜互混肥对‘湘杂油1613’氮磷钾养分吸收和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：施肥量相同的条件下,包膜互混肥能够显著提高油菜籽粒产量,产量达到2646.1 kg/hm2,增产幅度为26.9%。包膜互混肥能够有效提高有效角果数和每角果粒数,千粒重也有小幅提高。包膜互混肥处理氮磷钾积累量相对较高,且氮磷钾积累量与产量的相关性达到显著水平。     

西南旱地油菜间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖的生产效应

我国西南地区旱地的农田生态环境脆弱, 绿肥应用匮乏, 季节性干旱是限制油菜生产的关键因素。本研究在西南地区旱地引入冬季绿肥作物紫云英与油菜间作, 并结合秸秆覆盖, 探讨其对油菜光合特征、农艺性状、生物量、根系形态、油菜品质及产量的影响。结果表明, 间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖改善了油菜的根颈粗、叶片数、有效分枝数和单株角果数等农艺性状, 提高了油菜根系总根长、总根体积、总根表面积和平均根系直径等根系形态及蕾薹期和开花期的根、茎、叶生物量; 还提高了油菜苗期光合作用强度, 间作和秸秆覆盖处理的水分利用效率比油菜单作分别提高了31.12%和39.89%; 但对油菜品质的影响较小。间作、秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖下间作的油菜群体产量分别比单作提高10.30%、13.20%和40.16%。在西南地区旱地, 间作紫云英是提高油菜产量的可行途径, 而且结合秸秆覆盖的生产效益更明显。     

Effects of previous cropping on seed yield and yield components of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Information about the effect of the preceding crop or crop combination on the seed yield of oil-seed rape is extremely scarce. Experiments were carried out in northwest Germany to investigate the effect of different preceding crops on the growth, seed yield and yield components of oil-seed rape. The two directly preceding crops, wheat and oil-seed rape, had only a negligible and non-significant effect on the seed yield of the following oil-seed rape crop. Oil-seed rape grown after wheat had more pods per plant, due to an increase in the number of pods on the higher category branches. In contrast, the seed yield and yield components were more affected by the cropping sequence, i.e. the crops 2 years before. Averaged over two experimental years, the greatest yields were observed in oil-seed rape following the sequence peas-wheat (694 g m⁻²), whereas the smallest seed yield occurred after 2 years of oil-seed rape cropping (371 g m⁻²). The differences in the seed yield were again associated with more pods per plant, which compensated for the lower number of plants m⁻², whereas the number of seeds per pod and the mean seed weight were almost unaffected by the previous cropping. It was not possible to relate the described differences to the crop development, since differences in the biomass caused by the previous cropping were only significant at maturity. Oil-seed rape grown after 2 years of oil-seed rape had the highest ratings of stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) as well as verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae). But the general level of the diseases was low, and therefore other causes for the effects described must be considered.     

Role of the maternal effect phenomena in improving water stress tolerance in narrow‐leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius)

This paper describes experiments concerning improvement of drought tolerance in narrow‐leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) by maternal effects. The first step involved harvesting seeds from plants exposed and not exposed to drought during flowering and seed ripening. The next‐generation plants grown from these seeds were exposed to drought and the effects of this stress on their physiological processes were examined. To find out whether drought applied to parent plants may affect tolerance to this stress in progeny plants such features as plant growth, tissue water content, abscisic acid concentration and yield‐related parameters were assessed. The study revealed that the progeny plants grown from the seeds of drought‐treated plants were more tolerant to this stress than the plants grown from the seeds harvested from optimally watered maternal plants. Drought tolerance was manifested by a reduced concentration of abscisic acid, increased plant height and maintaining high leaf water content. Most importantly, these plants produced significantly higher yield when exposed to drought than the plants grown from the seeds harvested from optimally watered plants.     

Effects of water stress applied at different growth stages to Brassica napus L. var. oleifera on yield, yield components and seed quality

In pot experiments under controlled conditions we investigated the effects of water stress on oilseed rape. Yield and yield components were mainly affected by water shortage occurring from flowering to the end of seed set. The greatest reduction (48%) was observed when only 37% of full water requirement was supplied to the plant during this stage. The number of seeds per plant was the main yield component affected. Some compensation occurred when the water supply was restored. The 1000-seed weight was only affected by a water stress from the stage when the pods were swollen until the seeds colored stage. The results demonstrated a marked reduction in oil concentration when water deficit occurred from anthesis to maturity. There was an inverse relationship between oil and protein concentration. The most marked effect observed in this experiment was on the glucosinolate concentration where increases of up to 60% were observed. These results may explain effects on seed quality of field grown oilseed rape.     

磷对甘蓝型油菜产量及矿质营养吸收与积累的影响

选用湖北省大别山南麓的马肝泥稻田缺磷土壤，在盆栽条件下，研究了6个油菜品种施磷肥的效果。结果显示，施磷条件下，苗期干物重较不施磷处理增加8.33~14.79倍，单株籽粒产量增加16.6~68.0倍；各品种增产率为中双6号>中油821>中油杂2号>中油杂1号>中双4号>中双7号，其中中双7号、中双4号和中油杂1号较耐低磷；施磷能增加油菜不同生长时期植株地上部和成熟期籽粒的P、K含量，以及成熟期籽粒Mo、Mg含量，降低油菜苗期植株地上部N、Mg、S、Fe含量，成熟期植株地上部N、Zn含量以及籽粒S含量，而Ca和大多数微量元素的苗期植株浓度、成熟期籽粒浓度不同品种变化不一；施磷使植株各种养分的积累量均较大增加。