紫貂直针毛的扫描电镜分析

应用扫描电镜对紫貂背部和腹部直针毛的鳞片花纹类型进行研究。结果表明,2个部位的鳞片类型、排列方式、高度和密度均具有较高的相似性和一致性。鳞片花纹类型较复杂,背部和腹部主要鳞片类型均为长瓣型和杂波型,但二者比例差别较大,其他类型的鳞片在2个部位均不够显著。与同科、同属的其他种类同部位毛相比,主要鳞片的类型及主要鳞片类型的多寡存在差异,可为物种的鉴定提供依据,但有一定的难度。     

漠河黄鼬与通河黄鼬冬季直针毛形态与功能的差异

对大兴安岭漠河地区的黄鼬和小兴安岭通河地区的黄鼬的多个部位直针毛的毛长度、毛细度和髓质指数进行了比较研究.结果表明:除尾部外,漠河黄鼬直针毛在长度和细度上均大于通河黄鼬,且漠河黄鼬直针毛的毛长度和毛细度呈现出雄性显著大于雌性;除雌性个体的头部和背中部外,漠河黄鼬直针毛的髓质指数均小于通河黄鼬,除漠河黄鼬尾部和通河黄鼬头部外,其他部位直针毛的髓质指数均呈现雄性小于雌性.漠河黄鼬为适应寒冷气候需要增强保温功能,而形成比通河黄鼬长、粗和髓质更发达的直针毛.     

黄喉貂直针毛扫描电镜特征观察

[目的]为黄喉貂毛的进一步鉴别、研究及鼬科各属间亲缘关系的鉴定提供依据。[方法]应用扫描电镜对黄喉貂背部、腹部、颈部、喉部和臀部直针毛的鳞片花纹类型进行观察。[结果]鳞片花纹类型较单一,5个部位的主要鳞片类型均为杂波型,背部和颈部的毛鳞片类型及排列较为相似。与同科的其他种类毛相比,主要鳞片的类型极为相似,但比例存在差异。[结论]动物毛发的鳞片类型及髓质指数可为动物的分类鉴别提供参考。     

貉直针毛的显微形态学特征研究

[目的]为貉毛的进一步鉴别、研究及犬科各属间的亲缘关系的鉴定提供依据。[方法]应用扫描电镜及偏振光显微镜,对貉背部和腹部的直针毛的毛髓质指数和鳞片类型进行观察,同时观察了貉颈部和臀部直针毛的髓质指数。[结果]貉背部直针毛的髓质指数为65.7%,腹部为52.3%,颈部为35.1%,臀部为36.4%,4个部位的髓质指数区间为34.5%~66.7%。貉背部、腹部的直针毛的鳞片排列顺序基本相同,背毛的主要鳞片类型是杂波型和杂瓣型,腹毛的主要鳞片类型为杂波型,背毛、腹毛的毛尖均为冠状型,毛根均为扁平型,与其他犬科动物同部位的直针毛鳞片类型相比,差别明显。[结论]动物毛发的鳞片类型及髓质指数可为动物的分类鉴别提供参考。     

中国6种犬科动物直针毛的扫描电镜分析

应用扫描电镜对我国分布的6种犬科动物背部和腹部直针毛的鳞片花纹类型进行研究.结果表明,6种犬科动物直针毛鳞片花纹类型主要有杂波型、长瓣型、杂瓣型、扁平型和方瓣型,毛鳞片形态在属间和种间存在差异,同一种类身体不同部位毛的鳞片形态也有差异,同一根毛的不同部位也存在差异.依据本项研究,笔者探讨了利用犬科动物毛鳞片花纹进行物种识别的可行性及需要注意的问题.     

3种犬科动物直针毛显微形态学特征观察

应用扫描电镜及偏振光显微镜对沙狐、狼和貉的背部和腹部直针毛的髓质指数及鳞片花纹类型进行研究。结果表明。沙狐2个部位的髓质指数区间为71．4％～82．9％,狼的为43．6％一62．9％,貉的为51．2％～66．7％;毛鳞片形态在属间和种间存在差异,同一种类身体不同部位毛的鳞片形态也有差异,同一根毛的不同部位也存在差异,沙狐背毛主要鳞片类型为方瓣型,腹毛主要鳞片类型为长瓣型;狼背毛的主要鳞片类型为方瓣型,腹毛的主要鳞片类型为杂波形;貉背毛的主要鳞片类型为杂波型、杂瓣型,腹毛的主要鳞片类型为杂波形。用毛的显微形态学特征对3种动物进行识别具有可行性,但有一定的难度。     

3种灵猫科动物直针毛显微形态学特征研究

[目的]研究灵猫科动物直针毛显微形态学特征。[方法]应用扫描电镜及偏振光显微镜对大灵猫、小灵猫和果子狸的背部、腹部、颈部和臀部直针毛的毛髓质指数和鳞片花纹类型进行研究。[结果]大灵猫背、臀、腹、颈4个部位的毛髓质指数区间为68.8%~87.5%,小灵猫4个部位的毛髓质指数区间为62.5%~87.5%,果子狸4个部位的毛髓质指数区间为42.9%~61.6%;毛鳞片形态在属间和种间存在差异,同一种类身体不同部位毛的鳞片形态也有差异,同一根毛的不同部位也存在差异。用毛的显微形态学特征对3种动物进行识别具有可行性,但鉴别有一定的难度。[结论]在物种鉴别中,毛的纤维形态结构如鳞片类型、髓质花纹可作为兽类分类的佐证,在野生动物的研究中具有重要的价值。     

雄性黄鼬直针毛无髓段的特点

利用普通钢尺测定了黄鼬东北亚种(Mustelasiberia manchurica)雄性成年个体头部、背中部、腹部、臀部、尾部直针毛毛长度,用显微测微尺测量毛尖无髓段和毛根无髓段长度,并计算出占整根毛长度的比例:腹部直针毛毛尖无髓段长度为(1.23±0.51)mm,占毛长的比例为(5.89±2.94)%,毛根无髓段长度为(0.96±0.18)mm,占毛长比例为(4.51±1.22)%,这两个指标均在一些个体之间有显著差异,而在另一些个体之间差异不显著,毛尖无髓段长度在个体间的变异较大。同一个体的头部、背中部、腹部、臀部和尾部的直针毛毛根无髓段长度均值(0.85±0.15)mm,部位之间差异不显著;毛尖无髓段长度为(1.09±0.66)mm,部位间差异显著。测定结果提示:毛在生长阶段髓质细胞开始分生的时间可能滞后于皮质细胞,而其结束的时间早于皮质细胞;相对于皮质细胞,髓质细胞结束分生的时间在身体不同部位比较统一;毛尖无髓段长度在身体部位之间的变异显示,不同部位直针毛毛尖受到的磨损程度不同,而且也因个体而异。     

沙狐直针毛的显微形态学特征观察

[目的]为沙狐毛的进一步鉴别、研究及犬科各属间亲缘关系的鉴定提供依据。[方法]应用扫描电镜及偏振光显微镜,对沙狐背部和腹部直针毛的髓质指数、鳞片花纹类型进行观察。[结果]沙狐背部直针毛的髓质指数为81.7%,腹部为72.0%,2个部位的髓质指数区间为71.4%~82.9%,说明同科动物的髓质指数存在一定的差异。沙狐背部、腹部直针毛的鳞片排列顺序基本相同,长瓣型鳞片所占的比例最大,其次是杂波型和方瓣型,冠状型仅见于毛尖,扁平型仅见于毛根部,过渡型所占比例较小,与豺同部位的直针毛鳞片类型相比,差别明显。[结论]动物毛发的鳞片类型及髓质指数可为动物的分类鉴别提供参考。     

北极狐直针毛、绒毛的毛根无髓段与毛皮成熟度的关系

选取9月至12月期间采集的11张雌性北极狐(Alopex lagopus)皮为材料,分别在头部、颈部、背部A(颈部至背中部中间)、背部B(背中部至臀部中间)、尾根部、尾中部6个部位,取完整的直针毛8根、绒毛5根,测量其毛根无髓段长度、毛囊宽度、毛囊长度、毛根处直径、毛根扁平型鳞片长度。应用SPSS15.0软件分析毛根无髓段与毛囊宽度、毛囊长度、毛根处直径、毛根扁平型鳞片的相关性,并计算不同采样时期各部位样本中出现无髓毛的比例。结果表明,毛根无髓段与其它性状特征相关显著,说明可以用毛根无髓段长度推断兽毛是否结束生长;未成熟毛皮各部位出现无髓毛的比例明显较小,成熟毛皮各部位出现无髓毛的比例大多为100%,可用来指示毛皮是否成熟。     

紫貂消化道内分泌细胞形态和分布特征

为了解紫貂消化道内分泌细胞的形态、类型和局部分布的特点,选取5只健康成年紫貂,应用免疫组织化学技术链霉卵白素-过氧化物酶法对其消化道内分泌细胞进行检测。结果表明:7种内分泌细胞在紫貂的消化道中均可检出;阳性细胞主要集中在胃腺和肠腺上皮细胞间,以胃黏膜和小肠前段细胞的种类和数量最多,大肠各段仅检测到5-HT-IR细胞,食管无内分泌细胞检出;细胞形态多样,贲门腺区、胃底腺区、回肠、盲肠和直肠的内分泌细胞以圆形和卵圆形为主,幽门腺区、十二指肠、空肠和结肠的内分泌细胞多呈楔形;在所测细胞中,5-HT-IR细胞广泛分布于胃肠道各段,其余6种细胞的分布具有一定的区域性。紫貂消化道的大多数内分泌细胞的分布型符合哺乳动物的一般特征。SS-IR细胞和SP-IR细胞的分布型与以往报道的其他哺乳动物的观察结果差别较大,可能是紫貂消化道内分泌细胞分布型的主要特征。     

水分胁迫诱导的离体蚕豆叶片与保卫细胞脱落酸积累

研究了蚕豆离休叶片失水10％后,叶片与其气孔保卫细胞脱落酸含量的变化及其与叶龄的关系。未受胁迫叶片脱落酸含量在成熟叶片中高于幼嫩叶片,保卫细胞中脱落酸含量均在很低的水平。在叶片自然失水10％的10min内,叶片的脱落酸含量几乎无变化,但保卫细胞的脱落酸含量增加5倍以上。4h后,叶片脱落酸含量也显著增加,从最幼嫩叶片到成熟叶片分别达到处理前的25,26,17,10和6倍。因是离休叶片,排除了脱落酸的其他来源,说明叶片在失去膨压时合成并积累脱落酸;所有保卫细胞脱落酸含量都增加30倍以上,以第2,3片完全展开叶片的保卫细胞最为敏感,其脱落酸含量增加40倍以上。失水处理后保持湿润恢复膨压的叶片和其保卫细胞的脱落酸含量没有增加。分析了在水分胁迫下保卫细胞中增加的脱落酸的可能来源。     

Effects of Exterior Abscisic Acid on Calcium Distribution of Mesophyll Cells and Calcium Concentration of Guard Cells in Maize Seedlings

In this study, the direct effects of exterior abscisic acid （ABA） on both calcium distribution of mesophyll cells and cytosolic calcium concentration of guard cells were examined. The distribution of Ca^2＋ localization were observed with calcium antimonate precipitate-electromicroscopic-cyto-chemical methods after treated with ABA and pretreated with ethylene glycol-bis-（2-aminoethylether）-N,N,N＇,N＇-tetraacetic acid （EGTA）, verapamil （Vp）, and trifluoperazine （TFP）. The laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to measure the cytosolic calcium concentrations of guard cells under different treatments. The results showed that the cytosolic Ca^2＋ concentration of mesophyll ceils was induced to increase by ABA, but to decrease in both outside cell and the vacuoles within 10 rain after treatments. The cytosolic calcium concentration of guard cells was increased gradually with the lag in treatment time. However, both EGTA and TFP could inverse those effects, indicating that the increase of cytosolic calcium induced by exterior ABA was mainly caused by calcium influx. The results also showed that calmodulin could influence both the calcium distribution of mesophyll cells and calcium concentration of guard cells. It shows that calmodulin participates in the process of ABA signal transduction, but the mechanism is not known as yet. The changes both calcium distribution of mesophyll cells and calcium concentration of guard cells further proved that the variations of cytosolic Ca^2＋ concentration induced by ABA were involved in the stomatal movements of maize seedlings.     

Study on the Relationship Between the Ploidy Level of Microspore-Derived Plants and the Number of Chloroplast in Stomatal Guard Cells in Brassica oleracea

The relationship between the ploidy level of microspore-derived plants and chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells was studied in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale. In the experiment, distribution statistics analysis and t-test were used to perform statistical analysis on chloroplast number of different ploidy level in those stomatal guard cells mentioned above, and morphology identifying and chromosome counting were used to test accuracy of counting chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells. The chloroplast average number in stomatal guard cells was very similar among the different leaf positions on the same plant and among the different locations in the same leaf, while the chloroplast number varied significantly among the different ploidy stoma in the same variety. All the distributions of the chloroplast number in different ploidy stoma were normal distribution fitted. A correlation has been established between ploidy and chloroplast number in the stomatal guard cells. In every single stoma of microspore-derived plants, the chloroplast number for a haploid should not be more than 10, diploids 11 to 15, and polyploids more than 15. The accuracy of this method for identification of different ploidy plants was 93.93%. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method was reliable and did not vary with the plants growth conditions. Therefore, the chromosome ploidy of plants derived from microspore culture in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale can be identified by simply counting the chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells.     

紫苏腺毛的形态结构和发育的研究

 应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对紫苏腺毛的形态结构和发育进行了研究。紫苏腺毛起源于原表皮细胞,由1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和由2个或8个分泌细胞构成的头部3部份组成。根据头部分泌细胞的数目及其大小,紫苏腺毛可分成两类:大腺毛具有8个分泌细胞的头部,分布于叶脉之间;小腺毛头部有2个分泌细胞,位于叶脉之上。     

Study on the Relationship Between the Ploidy Level of Microspore-Derived Plants and the Number of Chloroplast in Stomatal Guard Cells in Brassica oleracea

The relationship between the ploidy level of microspore-derived plants and chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells was studied in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale. In the experiment, distribution statistics analysis and t-test were used to perform statistical analysis on chloroplast number of different ploidy level in those stomatal guard cells mentioned above, and morphology identifying and chromosome counting were used to test accuracy of counting chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells. The chloroplast average number in stomatal guard cells was very similar among the different leaf positions on the same plant and among significantly among the different ploidy the different locations in the same stoma in the same variety. All the leaf, while the chloroplast number varied distributions of the chloroplast number in different ploidy stoma were normal distribution fitted. A correlation has been established between ploidy and chloroplast number in the stomatal guard cells. In every single stoma of microspore-derived plants, the chloroplast number for a haploid should not be more than 10, diploids 11 to 15, and polyploids more than 15. The accuracy of this method for identification of different ploidy plants was 93.93%. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method was reliable and did not vary with the plants growth conditions. Therefore, the chromosome ploidy of plants derived from microspore culture in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale can be identified by simply counting the chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells.     

甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子再生植株染色体倍性与气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数的相关性

 【目的】研究甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子再生植株的染色体倍性与气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数的相关性,为甘蓝类蔬菜提供一种快速、简易、经济、实用而又可靠的倍性鉴定方法。【方法】采用分布型分析和t测验,对结球甘蓝、青花菜和芥蓝不同倍性的小孢子再生植株的气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数进行统计分析。以根尖染色体计数法和田间形态学观察法的倍性鉴定结果,对叶绿体数分界法的可靠性进行验证。【结果】同一倍性植株上的不同叶片间及同一叶片的不同部位间,气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数平均值及变异幅度非常接近。同一小孢子再生植株群体内的不同倍性植株的叶绿体数平均值差异极显著。不同倍性植株间的气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数均呈正态分布。本研究提出了一种根据甘蓝类蔬菜气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数进行染色体倍性鉴定的方法,即气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数≤10的为单倍体,10＜叶绿体数≤15的为二倍体,＞15的为多倍体。该方法经花期形态学观察和根尖染色体计数法验证,其吻合率达93.93%,且此倍性鉴定方法稳定,不受植株生长环境等外界因素影响。【结论】甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子再生植株的染色体倍性,可于幼苗期根据气孔叶绿体数目的多少进行鉴定,而且此倍性鉴定方法简单、快捷、经济而又可靠。