山东小毛驴全基因组选择信号检测

为研究不同驴品种间的群体分化程度,检测全基因组选择信号,以挖掘山东小毛驴(SDL)重要性状相关的候选基因,基于山东小毛驴和德州驴的三粉类群(DZS)、德州驴的乌头类群(DZW)、广灵驴(GL)以及华北驴(NC)等5个驴群体共计60个个体全基因组重测序数据,利用群体遗传分化系数(Fst)和核苷酸多样性比值(πratio)...     

鸡经济性状遗传标记挖掘与基因组选择研究进展

鸡的经济性状遗传标记挖掘与基因组选择是近年来禽畜遗传学领域的研究热点。该文对鸡经济性状遗传标记挖掘和基因组选择的研究进行了阐述,包括DNA分子标记技术的种类、 DNA分子标记在鸡经济性状上的应用、基因组选择概述、基因组选择技术在提升鸡经济性状上的应用以及利用遗传标记与基因组选择应用的挑战和展望。该研究通过深入阐述鸡经济性状遗传标记的挖掘与基因组选择研究进展,以期为相关研究者和农业产业决策者提供有益的参考和研究方向。     

玉米全基因组选择育种研究进展

介绍了全基因组选择技术的由来和原理,阐释了不同的基因分型平台(GBS、DArT和r Amp Seq)和技术对实施全基因组选择育种技术的影响。此外,还介绍了开展全基因组选择育种所采用统计模型中的四大类算法,以及全基因组选择在玉米育种中的应用、面临的挑战以及发展前景。     

川中黑山羊基因组近交系数和选择信号分析

【目的】旨在利用高密度SNPs评估川中黑山羊的近交水平并鉴定选择信号。【方法】基于41个川中黑山羊全基因组重测序数据筛选全基因组SNPs,分析连锁不平衡、估计有效群体大小并检测长纯合片段(runs of homozygosity,ROH)。使用5种方法(F_ROH、F_UNI、F_HOM、F_VR1和F_VR2)估计个体基因组近交系数并进行比较。采用ROH岛、iHH12和XP-EHH 3种方法,鉴定川中黑山羊中正选择基因。【结果】连锁不平衡分析表明,SNPs之间的物理距离为10 bp时r²为0.51,当此距离增加到1 000 bp时r²为0.2。在999世代前川中黑山羊有效群体大小为5 696只,而13世代前则降低到190只。基于ROH,川中黑山羊群体的近交主要发生在250～500世代(F_{ROH 0.1-0.2 Mb})和100～250世代(F_{ROH 0.2–0.5 Mb})。另外,F_ROH     

植物数量性状全基因组选择研究进展

全基因组选择是新近开始在植物数量性状研究和植物育种中应用的一种分析方法.它以连锁不平衡为基础,利用BLUP(best linear unbiased prediction)分析方法准确估计某一群体每一遗传标记的育种值,从而只利用这些预测的育种值来进行选择.文章综述了全基因组选择的原理、方法以及全基因组选择在植物育种方面的研究进展,探讨各种因素对全基因组选择的影响,并讨论了全基因组选择在植物数量性状分子育种研究中可能的应用.     

全基因组选择在植物育种中的研究进展

育种值的估计是品种选育核心,在农业生产中占有十分重要的地位。全基因组选择通过估计全基因组所有标记或单倍型的效应,从而得到基因组估计的育种值,是分子标记辅助选择的一种新方法。随着高通量基因分型技术的发展及高密度全基因组SNP标记的开发应用,全基因组选择已成为动植物遗传育种的研究热点。对全基因组选择的原理、计算方法、影响准确性的因素及植物育种中的研究现状等进行综述,并对全基因组选择在植物育种的应用进行了展望。     

畜禽全基因组选择

数量遗传学在经历了传统的数量遗传学后逐步发展产生了数量遗传学与分子遗传学、生物技术相结合的分子数量遗传学。应用分子标记定位影响重要经济性状的QTL已经取得了显著的成果。QTL一旦得到定位,确定了该位点对表型的贡献率,就可以利用位于QTL侧翼的标记直接进行标记辅助选择。然而应用于标记辅助选择的标记只捕获了构成表型的一部分变异,而无法检测到构成性状的所有变异,为了解决这个问题,其中的一个途径就是利用全基因组范围内的标记,进行标记与表型的全基因组关联分析,鉴定对性状有影响的遗传标记,然后将这些标记应用于选择,这就是全基因组选择。文章就家畜QTL定位和标记辅助选择进行了简要的概述,同时对家畜全基因组选择进行了重点综述。     

基因组选择信号揭示西×荷杂交牛杂种优势相关基因

为探究德系西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛的杂种优势,挖掘与杂种优势相关的候选基因,解析牛杂种优势的遗传机制。该研究选择系谱信息清晰的德系西门塔尔牛(父本)、荷斯坦牛(母本)及其杂交F₁代共91头个体,利用Illumina Bovine GGP100K高密度芯片进行基因分型,基于群体分化系数Fst对其开展研究,鉴定杂种优势相关基因。结果表明,F₁代与德系西门塔尔牛(父本) Fst分析发现,在全基因组水平Top 1%的阈值内,检测到859个SNPs位点区域Fst值>0.19,注释到候选基因249个;与荷斯坦牛(母本)的Fst分析,发现有860个SNPs位点区域Fst值>0.15,注释到261个候选基因。基因Pathway富集分析发现,F₁代与父本间受到选择的基因主要富集在轴突引导通路(P<0.01);与母本间受到选择的基因主要富集在灶性粘连和催乳素信号通路(P<0.05),这些通路上的基因可能对杂交后代杂种优势的产生具有较大的影响。对F₁代与父本、母本共同受到选择的SNPs位点进行定位与注...     

植物全基因组选择育种研究进展与前景

全基因组选择是指基于基因组育种值(GEBV)的选择方法,指通过检测覆盖全基因组的分子标记,利用基因组水平的遗传信息对个体进行遗传评估,以期获得更高的育种值估计准确度。当前,大部分关于全基因组选择的研究都集中在动物育种领域,其中有限群体容量的连锁不平衡、衰减程度、育种目标、试验设计和其他群体的特性以及育种程序都和植物育种不同。随着生物技术的迅猛发展,全基因组选择近年开始在植物数量性状研究和植物育种中也取得了一定的进展。综述了全基因组选择的原理、方法、优势以及全基因组选择在植物育种方面的研究进展。     

鸡脾脏重全基因组关联分析

【目的】利用全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study, GWAS）技术解析产蛋后期母鸡脾脏重的分子机制和遗传特征,为改善产蛋后期母鸡的健康状况提供理论依据。【方法】利用东乡绿壳蛋鸡和白来航蛋鸡构建资源群体,以72周龄F2代501只母鸡脾脏重为研究材料。首先利用高密度600 K 基因芯片对试验群体基因组进行SNPs检测。其次利用APT软件进行质控、BEAGLE软件进行基因型填充、PLINK软件进行主成分分析,GEMMA软件进行全基因组关联分析,最终获得脾脏重的显著和潜在显著关联位点。然后利用GCTA软件计算基于SNP数据的脾脏重遗传力以及染色体遗传力,并利用Haploview软件对显著或潜在关联位点进行连锁不平衡分析。最后通过显著位点区域的相关基因功能注释来筛选影响母鸡产蛋后期脾脏重的候选基因。【结果】由72周龄母鸡脾脏重的表型数据可知,在蛋鸡产蛋后期存在较大的变异系数,脾脏重的遗传力为0.236。通过基因型分析得到43万个高质量的SNP进行进一步分析。群体结构分析发现基因膨胀系数为1.042,表明试验群体没有群体分层的现象,避免了关联分析中假阳性结果的出现。利用单变量混合线性模型分析共发现了412和281个SNPs位点与脾脏重显著和潜在显著关联,位于1、4、16、28号染色体上。显著性关联位点在1号染色体161-174 Mb区间和28号染色体0.47-1.27 Mb区间,潜在性显著位点在4号染色体76 Mb区间和16号染色体175kb区间。由于显著区域可能存在的连锁不平衡,对显著性位点进行了条件分析和连锁不平衡检验,以1号染色体位点rs314001986和28号染色体上位点rs312729296进行条件分析,经分析后原先显著关联的位点均不显著,即以rs314001986和rs312729296作为候选SNP进行基因注释分析。对4号染色体和16号染色体潜在显著位点进行连锁不平衡分析,结果显示潜在性显著位点间存在强的连锁不平衡,即以性状表型方差贡献率最大的SNP rs315270535和rs314065899为候选位点进行进一步分析。参考鸡的galgal4基因组,对各显著及潜在性显著位点及区间初步筛选到KCTD4、LDB2、HEP21和PCASP2候选基因,鉴定的候选基因可能参与了脾脏生长以及免疫应答等过程。此外,将显著位点的基因型与群体的表型数据进行关联分析,发现rs314001986和rs312729296在基因型为GG时对脾脏均有增重效应。此外,基于群体的基因型数据得到1号染色体解释的遗传力为9.25%,28号染色体为4.55%。【结论】初步揭示了母鸡产蛋后期脾脏重的遗传特征,脾脏重的遗传力和染色体遗传力为首次报道。生物信息学分析鉴定到影响脾脏重的区域为新的发现,并初步筛选出4个候选基因。     

Genome-wide scan for selection signatures based on whole-genome re-sequencing in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs

We performed a genome-wide scan to detect selection signatures that showed evidence of positive selection in the domestication process by re-sequencing the whole genomes of Landrace and Yorkshire pigs. Fifteen annotated elements with 13 associated genes were identified using the Z-transformed FST(Z(FST)) method, and 208 annotated elements with 140 associated genes were identified using the Z-transformed heterozygosity(ZHp) method. The functional analysis and the results of previous studies showed that most of the candidate genes were associated with basic metabolism, disease resistance, cellular processes, and biochemical signals, and several were related to body morphology and organs. They included PPP3CA, which plays an essential role in the transduction of intracellular Ca~(2+)-mediated signals, and WWTR1, which plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression. These results suggest that genes associated with body morphology were subject to selection pressure during domestication, whereas genes involved in basic metabolism and disease resistance were subject to selection during artificial breeding. Our findings provide new insights into the potential genetic variation of phenotypic diversity in different pig breeds and will help to better understand the selection effects of modern breeding in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs.     

Genome-wide detection of selective signatures in a Jinhua pig population

The aim of this study was to detect evidence for signatures of recent selection in the Jinhua pig genome. These results can be useful to better understand the regions under selection in Jinhua pigs and might shed some lights on groups of genes that control production traits. In the present study, we performed extended haplotype homozygosity(EHH) tests to identify significant core regions in 202 Jinhua pigs. A total of 26 161 core regions spanning 636.42 Mb were identified, which occupied approximately 28% of the genome across all autosomes, and 1 158 significant(P0.01) core haplotypes were selected. Genes in these regions were related to several economically important traits, including meat quality, reproduction, immune responses and exterior traits. A panel of genes including ssc-mir-365-2, KDM8, RABEP2, GSG1L, RHEB, RPH3AL and a signal pathway of PI3K-Akt were detected with the most extreme P-values. The findings in our study could draw a comparatively genome-wide map of selection signature in the pig genome, and also help to detect functional candidate genes under positive selection for further genetic and breeding research in Jinhua and other pigs.     

Integration of genome-wide association study and selection signatures reveals genetic determinants for skeletal muscle production traits in an F2 chicken population

Improving the production of broiler chicken meat has been a goal of broiler breeding programs worldwide for many years. However, the genetic architectures of skeletal muscle production traits in chickens have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, a total of 519 F₂ birds, derived from a cross of Arbor Acres broiler and Baier layer, were re-sequenced(26 F₀ individuals were re-sequenced at a 10-fold depth; 519 F₂ individuals were re-sequenced at a 3-f...     

A genome scan of recent positive selection signatures in three sheep populations

Domesticated sheep have been exposed to artificial selection for the production of fiber, meat, and milk as well as to natural selection. Such selections are likely to have imposed distinctive selection signatures on the sheep genome. Therefore, detecting selection signatures across the genome may help elucidate mechanisms of selection and pinpoint candidate genes of interest for further investigation. Here, detection of selection signatures was conducted in three sheep breeds, Sunite(n=66), German Mutton(n=159), and Dorper(n=93), using the Illumina Ovine SNP50 Genotyping Bead Chip array. Each animal provided genotype information for 43 273 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs). We adopted two complementary haplotype-based statistics of relative extended haplotype homozygosity(REHH) and the cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity(XP-EHH) tests. In total, 707, 755, and 438 genomic regions subjected to positive selection were identified in Sunite, German Mutton, and Dorper sheep, respectively, and 42 of these regions were detected using both REHH and XP-EHH analyses. These genomic regions harbored many important genes, which were enriched in gene ontology terms involved in muscle development, growth, and fat metabolism. Fourteen of these genomic regions overlapped with those identified in our previous genome-wide association studies, further indicating that these genes under positive selection may underlie growth developmental traits. These findings contribute to the identification of candidate genes of interest and aid in understanding the evolutionary and biological mechanisms for controlling complex traits in Chinese and western sheep.     

珍禽贵妃鸡与三黄鸡肌肉品质比较研究

采集相同条件下饲养的贵妃鸡、三黄鸡的同侧胸肌、腿肌,分别测定并比较其肉质感官品质、常规化学组分和肌肉组织学指标,为贵妃鸡肉品质评价、育种及品种推广工作提供参考.结果显示,贵妃鸡的肌肉贮存损失、胸肌剪切力和肉色显著低于三黄鸡;贵妃鸡肌肉熟肉率、pH值、肌纤维密度、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均高于三黄鸡,而腿肌和胸肌的肌纤维直径、水分含量、腹脂率和皮下脂厚均低于三黄鸡,但差异不显著.总体上比较,贵妃鸡的肉品质优于三黄鸡,但肉色在今后的改良中应该重点突破.     

Whole genome SNPs among 8 chicken breeds enable identification of genetic signatures that underlie breed features

Many different chicken breeds are found around the world, their features vary among them, and they are valuable resources. Currently, there is a huge lack of knowledge of the genetic determinants responsible for phenotypic and biochemical properties of these breeds of chickens. Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that explain across-breed variation can help breeders develop improved chicken breeds. The whole-genomes of 140 chickens from 7 Shandong native breeds and 20 introduced recessive white chickens from China were re-sequenced. Comparative population genomics based on autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed geographically based clusters among the chickens. Through genome-wide scans for selective sweeps, we identified thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR, reproductive traits, circadian rhythm), erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 1 (EPB41L1, body size), and alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO, aggressive behavior), as major candidate breed-specific determining genes in chickens. In addition, we used a machine learning classification model to predict chicken breeds based on the SNPs significantly associated with recourse characteristics, and the prediction accuracy was 92%, which can effectively achieve the breed identification of Laiwu Black chickens. We provide the first comprehensive genomic data of the Shandong indigenous chickens. Our analyses revealed phylogeographic patterns among the Shandong indigenous chickens and candidate genes that potentially contribute to breed-specific traits of the chickens. In addition, we developed a machine learning-based prediction model using SNP data to identify chicken breeds. The genetic basis of indigenous chicken breeds revealed in this study is useful to better understand the mechanisms underlying the resource characteristics of chicken.     

宫廷鸡(北京油鸡)的遗传育种研究

本文总结了作者在1996-1999年间对宫廷鸡的早期增重、产蛋量和体型外貌的选育工作.选育结果表明:90日龄公母鸡平均体重有显著提高,达到1 627.7g,500日龄产蛋量达到150.2枚,蛋重为50.0g.经3年800只外型特征统计:宫廷鸡凤冠率达100%,脚腿毛率达100%,S冠型率达100%,胡须率达70.1%,经体尺测量,胸宽8.2cm,胸深11.7cm,胸骨长16.8cm,均有显著提高.     

基于全基因关联分析的代谢组学在植物中的应用

植物代谢物是人类食物和营养物质的重要来源.代谢组学是对生物体内代谢物进行定量和定性分析,研究代谢物合成和调控机制的一门新兴学科.基于代谢组的全基因组关联分析(metabolome-based genome-wide association study,mGWAS)是将代谢组数据作为表型,与基因型数据进行关联分析的一种方...     

苏禽乌骨鸡产蛋性能综合选择效果

通过制定综合选择指数及选育方案,对新育成的苏禽乌骨鸡Ⅰ系和Ⅱ系产蛋性能(开产日龄、开产蛋质量、65周产蛋数、65周平均蛋质量)进行0-5世代的选育,统计每世代各项指标的数据,并利用直线回归方程计算世代增量,分析综合选育效果.结果表明:通过6个世代的选育,除开产蛋质量外其余各指标与世代均存在线性关系,回归方程拟合度较高(P<0.05,P<0.01),世代增量遗传稳定.因此,该选育方案及选择指数是可行的.     

西瓜种子大小全基因组关联分析

试验调查分析62份不同西瓜种质资源种子大小性状,包括种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种形指数、种子千粒重、单瓜种子数等。针对性状结果展开数据分析,以主成分分析、相关性分析、聚类分析等不同统计学方法分析不同品种特征近似程度。种子大小遗传多样性分析结果表明,62份西瓜种质资源中,种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种形指数、种子千粒重、单瓜种子数多样性指数均在4.20以上,呈较高多样性;通过全基因组关联分析发现,共检测到7个与西瓜种子长度相关的SNP位点和11个与西瓜种子宽度相关的SNP位点,其中4、7号染色体上2个与西瓜种子长度相关的SNP达显著水平,4个与西瓜种子宽度关联的SNP位点达显著水平,分别位于1、4、7、10号染色体。