昌吉滨湖镇膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术应用与前景

新疆天业(集团)有限公司研发的水稻膜下滴灌机械化直播栽培技术是将膜下滴灌、机械直播、种子土壤处理、水肥耦合、生物调控等技术有机结合,从而实现全生育期无水层、节水、省肥、省人工,彻底改变传统水田水作的优质高效水稻生产技术。介绍了新疆昌吉滨湖镇引进膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术的应用效果及产生效益并分析了该技术在昌吉地区的发展前景。     

膜下滴灌水稻的现状及发展趋势概述

膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术是水稻栽培技术的一次革命,本文概述了膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法的发明、研究、产业化推广应用的历史和膜下滴灌水稻栽培方法的意义,并根据该科研成果的意义分析了膜下滴灌水稻栽培的未来发展趋势,为膜下滴灌技术的进一步推广应用奠定了坚实的基础。     

新疆水稻膜下滴灌技术研究与存在问题

对新疆水稻膜下滴灌技术的研究发展现状作了概述,分析了当前新疆水稻膜下滴灌设施技术、滴灌栽培技术及优质滴灌品种选育等方面的研究成果及存在的主要问题,并针对问题提出建议和措施。     

水稻膜下滴灌技术的增产效果与经济效益分析

通过比较膜下滴灌方式与常规淹灌方式的水稻产量和经济效益,结果表明,水稻膜下滴灌方式不仅产量高,每667 m2还比常规淹灌方式节约成本196元,纯效益增加近2倍,投入产出比是常规淹灌方式的1.4倍,水产比是3.4倍。水稻膜下滴灌技术是经济、生态、社会效益有机统一的新型栽培技术,其推广将有利于扩大我国干旱、半干旱地区水稻种植范围,可以在旱灾频繁发生稻区使用,对确保我国的粮食安全具有重要意义。     

水稻膜下滴灌栽培技术在辽宁省铁岭地区试验示范

2014年,辽宁省铁岭市农业部门引进膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术,并进行了相应的种植示范。示范结果表明:膜下滴灌栽培技术适应铁岭地区的生态环境,比当地水田种植节约用水55.1%,测产产量为568.4 kg/667 m2。水稻膜下滴灌栽培技术在铁岭地区的成功示范有利于带动整个辽宁省节水农业的发展及农业产业结构调整,缓解辽宁地区水资源供需矛盾。     

膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术的形成与发展

阐述了膜下滴灌水稻的发展过程,综述了膜下滴灌水稻栽培的技术特点,探讨了需要解决的品种选择与优化、滴灌系统配套的问题.     

不同灌溉方式对水稻生育特性及产量品质的影响

膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术是新疆天业集团经多年研究探索出的一套世界首创优质、高产、高效的水稻栽培方法。为探究水稻在膜下滴灌栽培方式下的生育特性及产量品质特征,以粳稻品种T-04和T-43为材料,对传统淹灌和膜下滴灌2种灌溉方式下水稻若干生育特性和产量品质进行比较研究。结果表明,2个品种在膜下滴灌方式下比传统淹灌生育期缩短2～3 d,膜下滴灌方式下水稻株高、叶片数都高于传统淹灌,但是传统淹灌水稻每株分蘖数大于膜下滴灌;T-04在膜下滴灌方式下比传统淹灌产量增加21.1%,T-43在膜下滴灌方式下比传统淹灌产量增加17.9%;膜下滴灌方式下水稻的糙米率、整精米率、长宽比都高于传统淹灌。     

增施腐植酸钾对膜下滴灌水稻生长与产量的影响

通过在膜下滴灌水稻苗期分2次随水滴施腐植酸钾,研究腐植酸钾对膜下滴灌水稻生育期和产量的影响。结果表明,增施腐植酸钾的膜下滴灌水稻比对照提前5 d成熟,苗期水稻根长增加1.09 cm、根质量增加0.03 g,水稻成熟后株高增加2 cm,实收产量增加51.9 kg/667 m~2。故在膜下滴灌水稻出苗水、头水分别增施0.5、1.0 kg/667 m~2腐植酸钾,可缩短膜下滴灌水稻生育期并提高产量。     

不同生根剂对膜下滴灌水稻生理性状及产量的影响

本试验通过两种不同的生根剂在膜下滴灌水稻上的应用,对水稻的根长、根数和根重等的影响进行对比,并对施用不同生根剂的膜下滴灌水稻的株高和产量进行分析。结果表明,在施用量相同的情况下,生根壮苗剂数据的综合表现要好于壮苗生根剂。     

膜下滴灌水稻品种灰色关联度分析与评价

为筛选出适合膜下滴灌栽培的高产优质水稻品种,本试验应用灰色关联度分析方法,对12个水稻品种的产量和主要产量构成要素及品质性状进行关联分析。结果表明,A10与目标品种的关联度最大,A1、A2、A4、A9等4个水稻品种与目标品种的关联度次之且相近,这5个品种可在膜下滴灌条件下种植并推广;A6的关联度最小,与目标品种相差太大,不适合在膜下滴灌条件下种植。     

覆膜滴灌对玉米光合特性、物质积累及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,以雨养条件为对照,研究3种灌溉处理(滴灌、覆膜滴灌、覆膜限量补灌)对玉米相对叶绿素质量浓度(SPAD值)、光合特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响,探讨不同膜下滴灌节水增产的效果及内在机制。结果表明,覆膜增加玉米苗期叶绿素质量浓度,在拔节期覆膜的作用减弱,抽雄期SPAD值依次为覆膜限量补灌覆膜滴灌滴灌雨养。与对照相比,覆膜滴灌、覆膜限量补灌玉米地上部干物质重分别增加22.8%~52.8%和20.3%~48.0%;玉米产量增加1 261 kg/hm2和1 300 kg/hm2,增产12.7%和13.1%;提高水分利用效率0.83 kg/m3和1.23 kg/m3,提高水分生产效率0.30 kg/m3和0.36 kg/m3。覆膜限量补灌在不影响光合产物积累的基础上,比覆膜滴灌节水60%。     

Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality under plastic mulch in arid Northwestern China

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth, tuber yield and quality, and water use efficiency (WUE) when grown under plastic mulch in an arid area of Northwestern China in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2008 experiment consisted of a drip irrigation check without plastic mulch and four different drip irrigation frequency treatments with plastic mulch: once every day, once every 2 days, once every 4 days, and once every 8 days. In 2009 and 2010 the drip check treatment without mulch was irrigated at −25 kPa soil matric potential (SMP) during three potato development stages and four different SMP drip irrigation strategies were compared during the potato development stages (using plastic mulch): S1 (−25 kPa SMP during the three development stages), S2 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and bulking and −35 kPa SMP during maturation), S3 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and maturation and −35 kPa SMP during bulking), S4 (−35 kPa SMP during the three development stages). Plastic mulch negatively affected tuber yield, WUE, and tuber quality. In the presence of plastic mulch, tuber yield, specific gravity, starch content, and vitamin C content seemed to be enhanced as the irrigation frequency increased, although the differences were not statistically significant. Irrigation frequency did not affect WUE for potato grown under plastic mulch. Analysis of plant height, tuber yield and WUE showed that a drip irrigation threshold of −35 kPa SMP led to obvious water stress for potato growth in this arid area. Under plastic mulch in 2010, S2 was the optimum drip irrigation regime because of the significantly higher yield than S3 and S4, the highest WUE and significantly firmer tubers than any of the other irrigation regimes tested.     

马铃薯膜下滴灌节水及生产效率的初步研究

为了探索膜下滴灌在马铃薯生产中应用的可行性,于内蒙古达茂旗进行了膜下滴灌试验。结果表明:膜下滴灌比露地滴灌平均增产26%,水分利用效率提高28.5%,灌水的平均生产效率提高26%,因此,膜下滴灌应该成为内蒙古西部地区马铃薯生产中有效的增产节水措施。一带双行滴灌模式下马铃薯平均产量显著高于一带一行处理,这种滴灌模式不仅节约管道设备,而且进一步提高了水分利用效率和灌水生产效率,值得在生产中广泛推广。尽管露地滴灌条件下马铃薯产量与滴灌带的密度有关,一带一行灌溉方式下产量高于一带双行,但总体而言,露地滴灌在水分利用效率上显著低于膜下滴灌,因此在水分不足的内蒙古西部马铃薯产区,不建议广泛推广露地滴灌。     

Potato growth with and without plastic mulch in two typical regions of Northern China

Plastic film mulching is an important agricultural practice to save water and improve crop productivity in Northern China. Three field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of plastic mulch on soil temperature, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and evapotranspiration under drip irrigation in two typical regions of Northern China in 2001 and 2006. Results suggest that daily mean soil temperature under mulch was 2–9 °C higher than without mulch, especially during the early growth. Potato growth was restrained under mulching conditions in the North China Plain mainly due to the higher air temperature in this region and thus the higher soil temperature. The negative effects of mulching included a lower emergence and fewer marketable tubers per plant. Evapotranspiration and potato tuber yield were both reduced by mulch, especially in the North China Plain. In northwest China, mulch favorably increased the weight of jumbo tubers (W ≥ 300 g) per plant. Mulching duration had little effect on potato evapotranspiration in northwest China. However, both tuber yield and water use efficiency (WUE) decreased with increases in mulch duration, which suggests the plastic mulch should be removed early.     

花后膜下滴灌对花生生长及产量的影响

以大花生花育22号和花育25号及小花生品种花育20号和花育27号为材料,研究花针期膜下滴灌处理对不同花生品种植株生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌处理对不同品种农艺性状的影响虽存在年际和品种间差异,但总体而言对花生农艺性状无显著影响。3年花针期膜下滴灌处理均显著增加花育25号和花育20号的单株结果数,增加其双仁果率,对其产量提高具有显著效应。除2013年花育22号外,3年试验结果均表明,花针期膜下滴灌对花生均具有增产效果,但对花生收获指数的影响无明显规律。     

膜下滴灌栽培粳稻品种产量构成与穗部特征研究

为探讨膜下滴灌栽培模式下的粳稻产量构成及其穗部特征,以12个水稻品种(A1~A12)为材料,比较分析了其产量及其构成因素、茎蘖组成及其成穗率、穗部构成特征.结果表明:在膜下滴灌栽培条件下,不同品种的产量及其构成因素平均值以A6最高,膜下滴灌水稻主要依靠主茎和一级分蘖成穗,且主茎和一级分蘖的贡献率占97%以上,群体数量的上升较平稳,成穗率中等;膜下滴灌水稻可以依靠二次枝梗数来增加穗粒数,二次枝梗对穗粒数的贡献率在57%以上.膜下滴灌水稻栽培应选用着粒密度较大、紧实的大穗型品种.     

黑龙江省玉米栽培技术与发展趋势

先进实用的栽培技术是提高玉米产量、品质和效益的重要保障。本文综述黑龙江省玉米主要栽培技术,包括通透栽培、大垄行间覆膜、膜下滴灌、全程机械化和秸秆还田的技术要点、增产原理及存在的不足,展望黑龙江玉米栽培技术发展趋势。     

The ability of the Ontario heat unit system to model the growth and development of forage maize sown under plastic mulch

In a replicated field experiment carried out in Northern Ireland in 1998, the effects of sowing date (17 April, 5 May, 19 May and 1 June), cultivar of forage maize (Hudson and Diamant) and treatments with no mulch (NP), total cover plastic mulch (TC), TC plastic mulch removed at eight‐leaf growth stage (EL) and punch plastic mulch (PU) on the rate of development of the crop and the accumulation of dry matter (DM) in the whole plant and cobs were described. Soil and air temperatures under the mulch treatments and in the open were recorded and the daily accumulation of Ontario heat units (OUs) calculated for each treatment based on the air temperatures experienced by the crop for the periods that it was under plastic mulch and in the open. The interval from sowing to emergence was proportional to the accumulated heat units above a soil base temperature of 8·2°C. The phenology of leaf emergence varied widely in terms of calendar date across the sowing date and plastic mulch treatments but relative to adjusted OUs the treatments were more closely aligned. Treatment PU advanced the crop less than the other mulch treatments relative to calendar date but, relative to OUs, more than these treatments. Physical damage to plants emerging through the TC treatment and air temperatures exceeding 40°C during the first month under treatments TC and EL did not appear to retard physiological development. The total adjusted OUs to reach 50% silking ranged from 1432 to 1753. Close relationships were found between the total OUs from silking to harvest and the whole crop DM content, cob DM content, cob yield and starch concentration of the whole crop at harvest so that differences between the treatments could largely be accounted for by the differences in silking date. It was concluded that the OU system can provide a reasonable model of maize growth for crops sown under TC plastic mulch providing air temperatures under the plastic are used for the period that the crop experiences them. However, the OU system is less reliable for crops grown under punch plastic because of the soil warming effect of the mulch that is not taken into account by the OU system.     

膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术对降低甲烷气体排放以及化肥、农药施用污染的探讨

对当前传统水稻栽培技术对稻田甲烷气体排放以及化肥、农药施用后造成环境污染的现状进行了分析.采用膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术能够有效降低甲烷气体排放,减少施用化肥、农药对环境的污染;同时,膜下滴灌水稻比传统水稻在节水、增产方面有明显优势.     

玉米浅埋滴灌节水种植模式产量与效益分析

在内蒙古通辽市科左中旗粮食生产基地,为了生态节水、科技高产、循环发展的生产目标,解决膜下滴灌造成的地膜污染和回收成本高的难题,浅埋滴灌高效节水种植模式被广泛开发和利用。通过开展种植对比试验,比较不用种植模式下的玉米产量及经济效益。研究结果表明,浅埋滴灌高效节水种植模式2015年和2016年玉米产量达到11 128.71、12 426.42 kg/hm2,两年推广种植面积分别0.27万hm2和1.44万hm2。浅埋滴灌种植模式从保苗效果、子粒品质、平均产量、成本投入、纯效益等方面的综合表现最好。