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选用3头体重相近的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的科尔沁肉牛,采用尼龙袋法测定玉米面、压片玉米、啤酒糟、玉米酒糟、蚕豆和豌豆壳6种饲料原料在肉牛瘤胃内干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、淀粉的瘤胃降解率。结果显示:6种饲料原料的DM、CP的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率,压片玉米与玉米面显著高于蚕豆、豌豆壳、玉米酒糟和啤酒糟(P<0.05),压片玉米与玉米面差异不显著(P>0.05);淀粉的肉牛瘤胃有效降解率大小顺序依次为蚕豆、压片玉米、玉米面、豌豆壳、玉米酒糟和啤酒糟。试验表明,蚕豆和压片玉米、玉米面的瘤胃降解率较高,玉米酒糟与豌豆壳居中,啤酒糟相对较差。 相似文献
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为了研究不同加工处理方法对玉米在奶牛瘤胃内降解率的影响,本试验选用5头荷斯坦泌乳牛利用尼龙袋法测定玉米渣、膨化玉米、玉米片和蒸汽压片玉米的干物质和淀粉在泌乳奶牛瘤胃中的降解率..结果表明,48h的瘤胃降解率规律为:玉米片〉膨化玉米〉蒸汽压片玉米〉玉米渣。瘤胃内可降解干物质为:膨化玉米和玉米片〉蒸汽压片玉米和玉米渣;而可降解淀粉则为:膨化玉米〉玉米片〉蒸汽压片玉米〉玉米渣,以上结果表明,加工过程中温度湿度和压力的作用下,玉米籽实的结构发生变化,改变了瘤胃微生物接触淀粉的机会,从而影响玉米在瘤胃内的降解率。 相似文献
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本试验旨在以玉米为样本筛选用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定精饲料瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳培养条件。分别研究了小肠液冻干粉用量(0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6g)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响;离体培养时间(4、8、12、16、20和24h)对16h玉米瘤胃非降解残渣干物质和淀粉小肠消化率的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定玉米瘤胃非降解残渣淀粉小肠消化率的最佳用量为0.45g小肠液冻干粉/0.56g玉米瘤胃非降解残渣,最佳培养时间为12h。利用绵羊小肠液冻干粉测定常用饲料过瘤胃残渣淀粉小肠消化率的方法是可行的。 相似文献
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利用体外法研究玉米油及高油玉米对绵羊瘤胃发酸的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究所用瘤胃液来自4头瘤胃瘘管绵羊,体外试验设对照组、4%玉米油组、8%玉米油组和高油玉米组(36%)4个处理,每个处理4次重复。在体外培养24h后,测定培养液中NH3-N,瘤胃细菌氮产量,总VFA及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸产量和乙酸/丙酸值,研究玉米油和高油玉米对瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明:添加8%玉米油对瘤胃产生了不良影响。添加36%高油玉米对瘤胃发酵未产生不良影响。 相似文献
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不同蛋白质来源的日粮对瘤胃发酵特性及蛋白质消化的影响 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
以4只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的白山羊作为采集瘤胃液的供体,用体外法研究了4种不同蛋白质来源(玉米-豆粕型、玉米-豆粕-棉粕型、玉米-豆粕-菜粕型、玉米-棉粕-菜粕型)的日粮对不同培养时间的发酵底物的干物质和蛋白质消化率、产气量、瘤胃pH值和NH3-N质量浓度的影响。结果表明:经24 h人工瘤胃培养后,干物质和蛋白质的消化率由高到低顺序依次为:玉米-豆粕型>玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。发酵底物产气量由高到低依次为:玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。瘤胃NH3-N质量浓度由高到低依次为:玉米-豆粕-棉粕型>玉米-豆粕-菜粕型>玉米-豆粕型>玉米-棉粕-菜粕型。 各组的瘤胃pH值基本一致,处于正常瘤胃生理范围。 相似文献
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不同加工方式玉米的干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解率及过瘤胃淀粉含量的测定 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为测定三种不同加工方式玉米的干物质及淀粉的瘤胃降解率并计算各自的过瘤胃淀粉含量,以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的利木赞×鲁西黄牛杂交阉牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对常用的破碎玉米、膨化玉米、蒸汽压片玉米瘤胃降解率进行测定,并计算出三种不同加工方式玉米的过瘤胃淀粉含量.结果破碎玉米、膨化玉米和蒸汽压片玉米的干物质瘤胃有效降解率(%)依次为48.11、77.16和72.72,淀粉瘤胃有效降解率(%)依次为64.37、87.05和82.76;过胃淀粉含量(g/kg)依次为216.22、89.13和121.50. 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献