Variability for seed glucosinolates in a germplasm collection of the genus Brassica

A renewed interest in glucosinolates (GSLs) as compounds with biocidal and anticarcinogenic activity demands evaluation of the available variability in germplasm collections. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a germplasm collection of the genus Brassica for total content and profile of seed GSLs. A total of 1708 entries from 20 Brassica species were nondestructively analysed by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The total GSL content and the concentrations of sinigrin, progoitrin, gluconapin, glucoerucin, glucoiberin, and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin were estimated by means of previously developed calibration equations. One hundred and fifty entries, having either high GSL content or potentially interesting GSL profiles, were selected and further analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The collection contained great variability for GSL content and profile. Very high GSL contents (>200 mol g^-1) were measured in accessions of B. montana, B. nigra, and B. oleracea. The greatest intraspecific variability occurred in B. oleracea, where six contrasting GSL profiles were identified. The detected variability might be useful for the development of Brassica crops containing high GSL content and specific GSL profiles.     

Reduction of duplication in a Brassica oleracea germplasm collection

Summary To reduce the number of accessions in the Brassica oleracea collection of the Centre for Genetic Resources The Netherlands (CGN) groups of accessions were bulked. Accessions in a group were selections from the same landrace or old variety, and were chosen, with the help of crop experts, on the basis of their history and morphology. Since this approach was received rather sceptically in the genebank community, a genetical analysis of some of the groups and their components (named varieties) was made to justify the procedures. A selection of white cabbage and Brussels sprouts, representing two crop types of B. oleracea, was made: eleven white cabbage groups comprising 43 components, and nine Brussels sprouts groups comprising 24 components. Each group and all of its components were described on the basis of electrophoresis of nine isoenzymes on 30 plants. Most components were rightly classified; 16 percent were misclassified. All these misclassifications were within similar groups. It could be concluded that pooling of the components included in this study was justified. In two cases the isozymic patterns suggested that the groups could even have been larger. Only in the case of the two groups of Brussels sprouts Bedfordshire this was a real option. In the other case involving the white cabbage groups Langedijker Bewaar Gewoon, Langedijker Bewaar Graag and Late Herfstdeen this was not an option since these landraces, although having a common genetic background, clearly have a distinct identity as defined by morphology and history. Editorial footnote: We will encourage the publication of further results of research programs in our journal referring to such often controversially discussed concepts, and would appreciate if collections of crops with different breeding systems could be analysed in this respect.     

Screening of the entire USDA castor germplasm collection for oil content and fatty acid composition for optimum biodiesel production

Castor has tremendous potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The oil content and fatty acid composition in castor seed are important factors determining the price for production and affecting the key fuel properties of biodiesel. There are 1033 available castor accessions collected or donated from 48 countries worldwide in the USDA germplasm collection. The entire castor collection was screened for oil content and fatty acid composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Castor seeds on the average contain 48.2% oil with significant variability ranging from 37.2 to 60.6%. Methyl esters were prepared from castor seed by alkaline transmethylation. GC analysis of methyl esters confirmed that castor oil was composed primarily of eight fatty acids: 1.48% palmitic (C16:0), 1.58% stearic (C18:0), 4.41% oleic (C18:1), 6.42% linoleic (C18:2), 0.68% linolenic (C18:3), 0.45% gadoleic (C20:1), 84.51% ricinoleic (C18:1-1OH), and 0.47% dihydroxystearic (C18:0-2OH) acids. Significant variability in fatty acid composition was detected among castor accessions. Ricinoleic acid (RA) was positively correlated with dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) but highly negatively correlated with the five other fatty acids except linolenic acid. The results for oil content and fatty acid composition obtained from this study will be useful for end-users to explore castor germplasm for biodiesel production.     

Variation in the seed and oil yields and oil quality in the Indian germplasm of opium poppy Papaver somniferum

The variation in the seed shape, colour and yield, and content, yield and fatty acid composition of seed oil of 109 accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum, (majority of them Indian land races), was investigated. The seeds were white, pale yellow or light brown in colour, reniform or round in shape and varied in size up to three fold. The oil content, seed and the oil yield varied between 26 to 52%, 1.0 to 7.4 g/plant and 0.4 to 2.7 g/plant, respectively. The % content of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid in the seed oil ranged between 9.3 to 40.0%, 7.5 to 58.4% and 0.7 to 72.7%, respectively. On average basis, the levels of major fatty acids in the seed oil were: oleic (37.1%) > palmitic (27.3%) > linoleic acid (17.2%). The palmitoleic, stearic and linolenic acids were present in the oils of only some of the accessions. Two of the accessions yielded linoleic acid rich seed oil of about the same quality as soybean and maize oils, and in four accessions, the proportion of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids was roughly equal. The palmitic acid was relatively less and linoleic acid more in the seed oil from accessions rich in oil content. The oil that contained higher amount of oleic acid also contained higher amount of palmitic acid and relatively lower amount of linoleic acid. The correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between seed yield and oil yield (r = +0.81), oil yield and oil content (r = +0.54) and oleic acid and palmitic acid content in the seed oil (r = +0.49), and a weak positive relationship between oil content and linoleic acid content of oil (r = +0.24), and a negative correlation was observed between oil content and palmitic acid content (r = –0.32), palmitic acid and linoleic acid (r = –0.55) and oleic acid and linoleic acid contents of oil (r = –0.68). The observations have permitted selection of accessions that are high seed and oil yielding and/or rich in linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids or containing palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids in about equal amounts.     

分提橄榄油中主要脂肪酸成分傅里叶变换红外光谱法测量（英）

为了测量从橄榄油中分提的高、低熔点油脂的脂肪酸成分,在4 000～600 cm-1 的范围测量了31个含有不同脂肪酸成分植物油的傅里叶变换红外光谱,用于建立偏最小二乘（PLS）回归分析校正模型。在油脂的傅里叶变换红外光谱变量和脂肪酸组成变量之间建立了交叉验证的PLS校正模型。为了校正油酸和亚油酸含量,在4?000～600 cm-1 的频率范围,经平滑,二阶导数,规范化处理的红外光谱获得了最好的交叉验证校正模型和最佳的预测结果。PLS校正模型预测结果表明,与高熔点橄榄油（油酸,72.29%,亚油酸,9.98%）相比,低熔点橄榄油含有较高的油酸含量和亚油酸含量（油酸,77.46%,亚油酸,12.51%）,预测的结果与气相色谱测量的结果有很好的一致性。建立的PLS校正模型预测橄榄油的不饱和脂肪酸含量具有较好的相关性。该研究为分提油脂质量的判别评价提供了便捷的方法。     

黑莓籽油的超临界萃取及脂肪酸成分分析

为了获得高品质保健油脂,采用超临界CO2萃取黑莓籽油,以气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对黑莓籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析。样品最佳粉碎粒度60目,超临界CO2萃取适宜工艺条件为：萃取压力20 MPa,分离罐压力10 MPa,萃取罐温度45℃,萃取时间30 min,萃取得率为(17.73±0.19)%。GC-MS检测结果显示黑莓籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸、油酸、亚麻酸,质量分数分别为58.04%、11.76%、8.38%,占总脂肪酸的78.18%。研究结果为黑莓籽的综合开发加工利用提供了参考。     

Variation in seed oil composition of species from the genera Barbarea and Lepidium

The seed oil composition and content in a number of accessions from species of the genera Barbarea and Lepidium were analysed. The oil from most accessions of B. verna contained more than 50% erucic acid, while the oil from B. vulgaris contained ～ 30% erucic acid, and 22% each of oleic and linoleic acid. The oil from B. intermedia resembled that of B. verna. The oil content was ～ 30% in all three species. The oil composition of L. campestre and L. heterophyllum is ～ 35% linolenic acid and 23% erucic acid. Other Lepidium species had up to 47% linolenic acid in the oil. The oil content of L. campestre and L. heterophylhim was just below 20%, but other species had more than 30% oil in their seeds. The variation in oil composition found within and between species is considered sufficient for the breeding of valuable oil qualities in both genera.     

Variability in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm and hybrids for fatty acid profile of oil

Coconut oil, the main product of coconut fruit, is the richest source of glycerol and lauric acid and hence is called lauric oil. This paper reports the fatty acid profile of oil from 60 Talls, 14 Dwarfs, and 34 hybrids. These include collections from 13 countries covering a large coconut-growing area of the world, apart from the indigenous ones. Capillary gas chromatography analysis of oil indicated a wider variation for the fatty acid profile than earlier reported. Apart from this, for the first time other fatty acids such as behenic and lignoceric acids were detected. Oil from cultivars and hybrids of coconut has significantly differed, particularly for commercially important fatty acids such as lauric acid and unsaturated fatty acids. However, coconut oil seems to have a conserved fatty acid profile, mainly because of low unsaturated fatty acids, indicating the possibility of grouping cultivars on the basis of their fatty acid profiles. The cluster analysis based on fatty acid profile indicated grouping together of geographically and typically closely related cultivars. Cultivars with high concentrations of specific fatty acids can be of potential use for industrial exploitation, whereas those with high concentrations of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids are more suitable for human consumption. Cultivars and hybrids with high and low values for each of the fatty acids are also identified.     

Artificial miRNA调控甘蓝型油菜芥酸的研究

芥酸是重要的工业原料,主要来源是甘蓝型油菜种子,为调节甘蓝型油菜种子内芥酸含量,针对甘蓝型油菜芥酸合成过程中的关键酶基因Bnfad2设计特异性amiRNA,并构建种子特异表达载体,转化高芥酸甘蓝型油菜品种MY15和低芥酸甘蓝型油菜品种LEA01,并对转化植株T_0种子脂肪酸进行分析。结果表明,转化的高芥酸甘蓝型油菜芥酸的增加最高达到5.12%,最低2.11%;而转化的低芥酸品种,最高仅为0.45%,最低只有0.16%,而且所有转化低芥酸材料的芥酸含量都小于1%;同时转化种子内油酸的含量得到了明显的提高,最低为4.99%,最高达到了10.71%,亚油酸降低的幅度十分明显,最大降幅达到17%。表明amiRNA技术可以通过影响脂肪酸合成过程中特定基因的表达,有效改变种子内脂肪酸的组成,从而改变其营养结构,提高营养价值,进一步提高油菜种子的附加值。本研究为运用amiRNA技术调节油菜脂肪酸组成和改变其营养结构提供了一定理论依据。     

Selenium Accumulation and Biochemical Composition of Brassica Grains Grown in Selenate- or Selenite-Treated Alkaline Sandy Loam Soil

In a greenhouse experiment, Brassica plants were grown in an alkaline sandy loam soil treated with different levels of selenate selenium (Se) or selenite Se ranging from 0 to 4 mg Se kg^?1. Plants grown in Se-treated soil were stressed at an early stage of pod setting and produced fewer pods per plant. Selenium accumulation increased by 2- to 35-fold in shoots, 3- to 19-fold in roots, and 2- to 57-fold in grains. Selenium accumulation in grains resulted in significant increases in contents of reducing sugars, starch, glucosinolate, and free and sulfur-containing amino acids and a decrease in lipid content. Selenium accumulation significantly increased the proportions of different lipid classes such as glycolipids, sterols, and free fatty acids whereas triacylglyceride content showed the reverse trend. Oil extracted from Brassica grains grown in the seleniferous region contained Se within safe limits and thus is safe for human consumption.     

Evaluation of a cassava germplasm collection for reaction to three major diseases and the effect on yield

Thirty-five cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), germplasm collection were planted in May 1992 under natural disease infection conditions, at the IITA field plots at Ibadan, Nigeria. The genotypes were evaluated at monthly intervals for six months, for incidence and severity of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD), cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). The effect of the pathogens on yield was also evaluated twelve months after planting (MAP). CAD, CBB and ACMV incidence and severity were significantly different (P<0.05) among the cassava genotypes at 3 and 6 months after planting. ACMV incidence and severity reached the maximum levels at 3 MAP while CAD and CBB had a low incidence and severity at that period but exhibited a high disease symptom expression at 6 MAP. Yield parameters (plant stand, tuber number, tuber weight and tuber dry matter) differed significantly (P<0.05) between the cassava genotypes. ACMV and CBB severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = –0.54 and r = –0.62 respectively). CAD severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = –0.46) and tuber weight (r = –0.63). Percentage dry matter was significantly correlated with ACMV severity (r = 0.71), CBB severity (r = 0.63) and CAD severity (r = 0.42). There was also a significant correlation between CBB and ACMD severity (r=0.46) and CBB and CAD severity (r=0.62). Tuber number and yield were significantly correlated (r=0.60), while% dry matter content and root rot showed a significant negative correlation (–0.42).     

近红外光谱分析法测定菜籽油中芥酸的含量

采用多通道PDA型近红外光谱仪,应用偏最小二乘法建立了菜籽油中芥酸含量与近红外透射光谱的校正模型,讨论多项式求导及平滑的窗口宽度和相关系数法筛选有效波长对校正模型的影响,并对10个预测集样品利用预测相关系数R_p和预测均方根误差RMSEP指标进行了预测精度分析,结果发现：在使用全谱数据进行偏最小二乘回归建模时,一阶7点求导及平滑的预处理方法结果最佳,此时建模效果为：R_p=0.739,RMSEP=1.659;在此基础上通过相关系数法筛选波长后的建模效果为：R_p=0.958,RMSEP=0.963。后者R_p提高29%,RMSEP减少42%。由此可得出多项式求导及平滑法和相关系数法相结合对校正模型稳健性,预测精度都有较大提高的结论。研究证明：多通道近红外光谱仪快速测测菜籽油中芥酸含量的方法是可行的。     

在线旁路近红外实时监测粪污厌氧发酵挥发性脂肪酸含量

厌氧发酵是畜禽粪污资源化利用的重要途径之一,挥发性脂肪酸作为重要的中间产物,可以很好地反映有机物质的降解过程,对其进行实时检测对在线监控发酵进程具有重要意义。该研究在已有实验室型厌氧发酵系统上、基于在线旁路检测方式设计了近红外实时检测装置及发酵液循环回路系统,探讨对乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸等单一挥发性脂肪酸和总挥发性脂肪酸进行在线实时检测的可行性。检测结果表明,所设计的在线检测方案和定标模型对挥发性脂肪酸含量的实时检测效果良好,即使对浓度含量较低(万分之五)的异丁酸仍能实现较准确的检测,结果分别为:乙酸的R2p=0.811,RPD=2.055,RSD=2.288%;丙酸的R2p=0.849,RPD=2.116,RSD=2.195%;异丁酸的R2p=0.968,RPD=5.555,RSD=2.132%;丁酸的R2p=0.889,RPD=2.701,RSD=1.846%;异戊酸的R2p=0.940,RPD=3.843,RSD=3.444%;戊酸的R2p=0.889,RPD=2.751,RSD=2.387%;总挥发性脂肪酸的R2p=0.734,RPD=1.846,RSD=2.150%。基于该研究提出的在线检测方案,近红外光谱技术能够实现厌氧发酵过程中挥发性脂肪酸的快速、在线、实时检测,可为今后沼气工程在线监测提供参考。     

Phospholipid fatty acid composition of microbiota in the percolating water from a rice paddy microcosm

The microbiota in the percolating water from the plow layer soil in paddy fields was studied based on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in a pot experiment. The mean concentrations of PLFAs in the percolating water were 17±5 and 11±4 µg L^-1 in the planted and non-planted pots, respectively. The dominant PLFAs in the percolating water were 16: 0, 16: 1ω7c, 18: 1ω7, 18: 1ω9, il5: 0, and ail5: 0 PLFAs in both the planted and non-planted pots. The dominance percentage of 18: 3ω6c and 17: 1ω8 PLFAs increased at the late stage of rice growth in the planted pots. The percolating water from the planted pots contained in a higher percentage of straight mono-unsaturated PLFAs and a lower percentage of branched-chain PLFAs than that from the non-planted pots. Considerable differences in the PLFA composition in the percolating water were observed between the planted and non-planted treatments and with the duration of the growth period. Principal component analysis indicated that the microbiota in the percolating water was derived from the microbiota in the floodwater and in the plow layer soil. Cluster analysis showed that the similarity of the PLFA composition in the percolating water to the PLFA composition in the plow layer soil was higher than that in the floodwater. The stress factor that was estimated from the trans/cis ratio of 16: 1ω7 PLFA was 0.08±0.04 and 0.14±0.05 in the percolating water from the planted and non-planted pots, respectively, which indicated that the degree of stress on the microbiota in the percolating water from the planted pots was low in a similar way to the degree of stress on the microbiota in the floodwater, while the degree in the percolating water from the non-planted pots was similar to that in the plow layer soil, respectively.     

Variability in fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the oil of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrids and their parentals

The fatty acid profiles and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions of oils from the solid endosperm of different Philippine coconut hybrids and their parentals were determined by using gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In general, varietal differences in fatty acid composition were observed. Lauric acid (C12) content was significantly higher in the hybrids PCA 15-8 (50.45%) and PCA 15-9 (50.26%) by about 3.16% points as compared to other hybrids, and higher in Tacunan Green Dwarf (50.50%) among the parentals. Among the fatty acids, lauric acid exhibited the least variation. In general, none of the hybrids had higher fatty acid content than their parentals. The HPLC chromatogram of triacylglycerols (TAG) showed 8 major peaks which differ in carbon number (CN) by two: identified as TAG CN 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, and 44. TAGs CN 30 (4.08%) and CN 34 (19.20%) were found to be significantly higher in PCA 15-9 than in the other hybrids. CN 36 was highest (21.94-23.66%) in all hybrids and parentals. The TAG CNs varied significantly among hybrids and parents, i.e., in CN 30, 32, and 34, which are high in medium chain triacylglycerols (MCTs), and in CN 30 (for parentals only), 40, 42, and 44 (the latter two for parentals only), and none in CN 36. MCTs calculated for two hybrids and their parents ranged from 13.81% to 20.55%.     

加工温度及存放时间对富共轭亚油酸牛乳脂脂肪酸的影响

随着富共轭亚油酸(CLA)原料乳生产技术的日趋成熟,为研究CLA牛乳加工温度及其贮藏期内CLA含量变化对CLA牛乳终端产品的影响,对不同处理温度及存放时间的牛乳进行脂肪酸分析,试验结果表明,不同温度处理对牛乳中c9t11CLA影响差异不显著(p>0.05);75℃和135℃处理后的不同存放期内乳中c9t11CLA变化差异也不显著(p>0.05);但在120℃处理后的保存期内,c9t11CLA含量有升高趋势(p=0.045)。试验未发现一定加工温度及保存时间引起富CLA牛乳中c9t11CLA含量大幅度降低现象,因此,富CLA牛乳适合终端产品开发。     

Microbial community responsible for the decomposition of rice straw in a paddy field: estimation by phospholipid fatty acid analysis

To estimate the microbial communities responsible for rice straw decomposition in paddy field, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition of leaf sheaths and blades was analyzed during the decomposition of both residues under upland conditions after harvest and under flooded conditions at the time of transplanting of rice plants. In addition, rice straw that had been placed in the field under upland conditions (November to April) was taken out in spring, and placed again in the same field under flooded conditions at the time of transplanting. High proportions of the branched-chain PLFAs were observed under flooded conditions (June to September); the proportions of straight mono-unsaturated and straight poly-unsaturated PLFAs were high under upland conditions in the winter season for 4 months. The dominant PLFAs in straight mono-unsaturated, straight poly-unsaturated and branched-chain PLFA groups were 18:19, 18:17 and 16:17c, 18:26c and i15:0, i17:0 and ai15:0, respectively, under both upland and flooded conditions. These findings indicated the important roles of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi under upland conditions and of Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria under flooded conditions. Cluster analysis of PLFA composition showed the difference of community structure of microbiota in rice straw between upland and flooded conditions. In addition principal component analysis revealed the difference between leaf sheaths and blades under upland conditions and indicated that the content of straight unsaturated PLFAs (sheaths > blades) characterized their community structures.     

Multivariate analysis of genetic variation in Aegilops tauschii from the world germplasm collection

A study of Aegilops tauschii subspecies constitution was undertaken. The data on allozyme and morphologic variation among 308 plants from 154 accessions were used for multivariate analysis. ACPH1 and (glume width)/(rachis segment width) ratio were found to be reliable criteria to distinguish between sspp. tauschii and strangulata.