The fate of imazapyr in a Swedish railway embankment

The long-term fate of the herbicide imazapyr [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid] applied to a Swedish railway embankment was studied. Imazapyr was applied at 750 and 1500 g ha(-1) by a spraying train used for full-scale herbicide treatment operations. Soil and groundwater were sampled twice a year for 8 years after application of the herbicide, and the dissipation of imazapyr was studied by HPLC analysis of the residues in soil and groundwater. A clean-up procedure including solid-phase extraction was performed prior to detection by HPLC. Recoveries of imazapyr from soil and water samples were 76-98% and 61-90%, respectively, and detection levels were 0.003 mg kg(-1) and 0.05 microg litre(-1), respectively. Sorption, desorption and microbial amount and activity were also measured at the two locations. The organic matter content correlated positively and the pH negatively to the adsorption of imazapyr on soil, and increasing organic matter contents decreased desorption. Apart from the 0-10-cm top layers of both sites, the microbial amount and activity were small. The main proportion of imazapyr was found in the upper 30 cm of the soil, and degraded with a half-life in the range 67-144 days. Small amounts were transported to lower soil layers and to the groundwater in proportion to the amounts applied. Traces of imazapyr were detected in the groundwater even 8years after application. It was concluded that environmental risks from the use of herbicides on railway embankments could be reduced by including adsorption layers in the embankment during their construction and by reducing the dose of the herbicide used.     

Adsorption and degradation of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl in soils from different depths

Adsorption and degradation rates of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl were measured in soil taken from depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm at eight sites. Adsorption of both herbicides was negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with soil organic matter content. When two soils with very high organic matter were excluded from the calculations, the correlations with organic matter content were no longer statistically significant but those with soil pH were affected only slightly. Degradation rates of both herbicides generally decreased with increasing depth in the soil and were positively correlated with microbial biomass and negatively correlated with soil pH. The possible significance of the results to persistence of the herbicides in the field is discussed.     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,试验包括4个处理:不施肥(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)以及长期休闲地(BL)。结果表明:长期持续施肥30年后,在0~30 cm土层,NPM处理土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在矿化碳以及碳库管理指数分别较CK提高了42.2%、55.9%、40.9%和40.0%(P0.05),NP处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳与CK差异不显著,潜在矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了29.1%和20.0%(P0.05),施肥对两种活性有机碳含量的影响在15~30 cm土层表现更加显著;与种植作物相比,长期休闲显著降低了土壤潜在矿化碳含量,BL处理较CK降低了20.5%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、潜在矿化碳、微生物量碳以及碳库管理指数两两之间存在着显著的相关性,且有机碳组分含量与土壤有机碳含量在处理间变化具有一致性(除NP处理外),两种活性有机碳相对含量在各处理间差异均不显著。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤有机碳同时增加其活性组分,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳。     

盐碱土微生物功能群季节动态与土壤理化因子的关系

选取河西走廊东端永登县6种盐碱土壤类型,对各样地微生物功能群的季节动态与土壤理化因子之间的关系进行分析.结果表明:①盐碱环境中土壤细菌＞放线菌＞真菌,细菌和放线菌数量在夏季出现峰值,真菌数量在秋季和冬季出现峰值;不同微生物功能群基本上只有一个峰值且峰值出现的季节不同,与碳循环相关的纤维素分解菌功能群的峰值出现在冬季,与...     

Nematode-trapping fungi in organic and conventional cropping systems

ABSTRACT Nematode-trapping fungi, nematodes, and microbial biomass were quantified in conventionally and organically managed field plots in the Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems Project at the University of California at Davis. There were four replicate plots (0.135 ha per plot) for each management system, and plots were sampled three times each year for 2 years. The hypothesis that nematode-trapping fungi would be more abundant in organically managed plots was partially supported: the number of species of nematode-trapping fungi was slightly but significantly greater in organic than in conventional plots, two species (Arthrobotrys dactyloides and Nematoctonus leiosporus) were detected more frequently in organic plots, and the population densities of A. dactyloides and N. leiosporus were greater in organic than in conventional plots. Two other species (A. haptotyla and A. thaumasia), however, tended to be more numerous in conventional than in organic plots, and the total density of nematode-trapping fungi was similar in organic and conventional plots. Bacterivorous nematodes were more abundant and microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration) was greater in organic than in conventional plots. Suppression of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, as measured in a bioassay, was not related to management system or population density of nematode-trapping fungi but was positively related to microbial biomass.     

洛川苹果园土壤养分等级及与有机质的关系

在苹果优生区洛川县域范围内,选取管理措施不同的果园采集土壤样品,对其土壤有机质、全量N、P、K及速效养分和微量元素进行了等级分布研究。分析结果表明,洛川果园土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮属于偏低水平;土壤有效磷变异大,部分果园有累积现象,土壤速效钾含量丰富。微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌较缺乏,相对而言,缺锌程度最大;土壤有效铜变异较大。土壤有机质与全氮、碱解氮和有效磷呈极显著正相关,与有效铁、有效锌呈显著正相关,与有效铜、有效锰的相关性较低;苹果园产量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增多。     

Influences of drip and flood irrigation on soil carbon dioxide emission and soil carbon sequestration of maize cropland in the North China Plain

The need is pressing to investigate soil CO_2(carbon dioxide) emissions and soil organic carbon dynamics under water-saving irrigation practices in agricultural systems for exploring the potentials of soil carbon sequestration. A field experiment was conducted to compare the influences of drip irrigation(DI) and flood irrigation(FI) on soil organic carbon dynamics and the spatial and temporal variations in CO_2 emissions during the summer maize growing season in the North China Plain using the static closed chamber method. The mean CO_2 efflux over the growing season was larger under DI than that under FI. The cumulative CO_2 emissions at the field scale were 1959.10 and 1759.12 g/m~2 under DI and FI, respectively. The cumulative CO_2 emission on plant rows(OR) was larger than that between plant rows(BR) under FI, and the cumulative CO2 emission on the irrigation pipes(OP) was larger than that between irrigation pipes(BP) under DI. The cumulative CO_2 emissions of OP, BP and bare area(BA) under DI were larger than those of OR, BR and BA under FI, respectively. Additionally, DI promoted root respiration more effectively than FI did. The average proportion of root respiration contributing to the soil CO_2 emissions of OP under DI was larger than that of OR under FI. A general conclusion drawn from this study is that soil CO_2 emission was significantly influenced by the soil water content, soil temperature and air temperature under both DI and FI. Larger concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and total organic carbon(TOC) were observed under FI than those under DI. The observed high concentrations(DOC, MBC, and TOC) under FI might be resulted from the irrigation-associated soil saturation that in turn inhibited microbial activity and lowered decomposition rate of soil organic matter. However, DI increased the soil organic matter quality(the ratio of MBC to TOC) at the depth of 10–20 cm compared with FI. Our results suggest that the transformation from conventional FI to integrated DI can increase the CO2 emissions and DI needs to be combined with other management practices to reduce the CO_2 emissions from summer maize fields in the North China Plain.     

Impact of enclosure management on soil properties and microbial biomass in a restored semi-arid rangeland,Kenya

Rangeland degradation is a serious problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of arid and semi-arid areas. In Lake Baringo Basin of Kenya, communities and individual farmers are restoring indigenous vegetation inside enclosures in an effort to combat severe land degradation and address their livelihood problems. This study evaluated the impact of enclosure management on soil properties and microbial biomass, being key indicators of soil ecosystem health. Six reseeded communal enclosures using soil embankments as water-harvesting structures and strictly regulated access were selected, varying in age from 13 to 23 years. In six private enclosures, ranging from 3 to 17 years in age, individual farmers emulated the communal enclosure strategy and restored areas for their exclusive use. Significant decreases in bulk density, and increases in the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and microbial biomass contents and stocks were found in the enclosures as compared with the degraded open rangeland. In the private enclosures, the impact of rehabilitation on the soil quality was variable, and soil quality was in general lower than that obtained under communal management. The significant increase of absolute stocks of carbon, nitrogen and microbial biomass compared to the degraded open rangeland indicates the potential for the restoration of soil quality through range rehabilitation. Over-sowing with indigenous legume fodder species could improve total nitrogen content in the soil and nutritional value of the pastures as well.     

二甲基二硫的生物活性评价及对土壤养分的影响

采用室内生物活性测定方法,评价二甲基二硫(dimethyl disulfide,DMDS)对土壤病原线虫和土传病原菌的毒力,比较不同浓度药剂处理对土壤理化性质和土壤呼吸的影响,为探究DMDS作为新型土壤熏蒸剂提供切实可行性的依据。结果表明:DMDS熏蒸对土传病原线虫和镰刀菌属的LD_(50)分别为4.743 mg/kg和1.513 mg/kg,可见DMDS对病原线虫和镰刀菌有良好的生物活性。对土壤理化性质进行数据分析发现:DMDS能显著增加土壤铵态氮含量,抑制硝化作用过程,减少NO~-_3-N的产生,提高植物可吸收态氮素水平。DMDS处理的土壤有机质含量和电导率均显著高于对照土壤,而土壤pH和速效钾含量较对照均有降低。此外,熏蒸土壤中有效磷含量较对照减少,但两者无显著差异。对DMDS熏蒸后土壤进行底物诱导呼吸试验,表明DMDS能够在试验初期抑制土壤微生物生物量。本试验结果可为指导DMDS的科学使用提供理论依据及对土壤微生物活性的影响作出科学评价。     

翻压9种春油菜对潮土有机质及其氧化稳定性的影响

为了提高华北地区土壤有机质含量,改善有机质品质,提高土壤肥力,开展了9种春油菜翻压对土壤有机质及其氧化稳定性影响的研究。结果表明:春油菜生物量以中油肥1901最高,植株含碳量中油肥1904最高（69.51%）,中油肥1901次之（65.06%）,春油菜总碳输入量以中油肥1901最高(4 662.25 kg·hm^-2);春油菜翻压均可显著（P<0.05）提高土壤有机质、腐殖质及易氧化有机质的含量,降低Kos值,以中油肥1901和中油肥1907增加土壤有机质最多,均比翻压春油菜前增加7.24 g·kg^-1,腐殖质含量和易氧化有机质也是中油肥1901增加最大,较春油菜翻压前分别增加了11.24 g·kg^-1和16.55 g·kg^-1,显著高于其他品种,春油菜品种翻压后土壤有机质Kos值均显著低于对照,下降较多的是中油肥1901、中油肥1906和中油肥1907,显著低于其他品种;土壤有机质、腐殖质和易氧化有机质与春油菜生物量和春油菜总碳输入量之间呈极显著正相关,土壤有机质、腐殖质和易氧化有机质间相关性...     

Soil microbial activity and community structure as affected by exposure to chloride and chloride-sulfate salts

Mixed or chloride salty ions dominate in saline soils, and exert wide-ranging adversely affect on soil biological processes and soil functions. The objectives of this study were to(1) explore the impacts of mixed(0, 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40 g Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt/kg dry soil) and chloride(0, 1.5, 3, 5, 8 and 15 g Cl~– salt/kg dry soil) salts on soil enzyme activities, soil physiological functional(Biolog) profiles and microbial community structure by using soil enzymatic, Biolog-Eco microplates as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DEEG) methods, and(2) determine the threshold concentration of soil electronic conductivity(EC_(1:5)) on maintaining the functional and structural diversity of soil microbial community. The addition of either Cl~– or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt obviously increased soil EC, but adversely affected soil biological activities including soil invertase activity, soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and substrate-induced respiration(SIR). Cl~– salt showed a greater deleterious influence than mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt on soil enzymes and MBC, e.g., the higher soil MBC consistently appeared with Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)instead of Cl– treated soil. Meanwhile, we found that SIR was more reliable than soil basal respiration(SBR) on explaining the changes of soil biological activity responsive to salt disturbance. In addition, microbial community structures of the soil bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus were obviously affected by both salt types and soil EC levels, and its diversity increased with increasing of mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt rates, and then sharply declined down after it reached critical point. Moreover, the diversity of fungal community was more sensitive to the mixed salt addition than other groups. The response of soil physiological profiles(Biolog) followed a dose-response pattern with Cl~–(R~2=0.83) or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)(R~2=0.89) salt. The critical threshold concentrations of salts for soil physiological function were 0.45 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.26 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–), and those for soil microbial community structural diversity were 0.70 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.75 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–).     

不同改良材料对灌漠土微生物量磷及生物有效性的影响

通过培养和盆栽试验,向灌漠土土壤中加入等量磷和不同添加比例的硫磺S（0.05%、0.15%、0.45%）、生物菌肥B（0.25%、0.50%、1.00%）、有机肥OM（0.50%、1.00%、2.00%）和小麦秸秆WS（1.00%、2.00%、4.00%）,研究不同改良材料配施磷肥土壤微生物量磷的变化特征,及其与Olsen P、小麦吸磷量之间的关系。结果表明,添加不同改良材料处理的土壤微生物量磷含量均显著高于对照（不添加改良材料）,且随着添加比例的增大而增加。在第16天时,各处理土壤微生物量磷含量达到最大值,OM₂2.00、B₂1.00、WS₂4.00和S₂0.45处理分别较对照显著增加了34.66%、34.52%、28.19%和23.89%;经过30 d的培养,硫磺、生物菌肥、有机肥和小麦秸秆处理的土壤微生物量磷含量较对照分别增加了19.51%、43.08%、47.92%和41.68%。在一定范围内（Olsen P约90 mg·kg^-1）,土壤微生物量磷随土壤Olsen P提高而增加。在培养的第16天和第30天时,小麦植株吸磷量也与土壤微生物量磷存在极显著的相关关系。总体看来,有机肥或生物菌肥配合磷肥施用于灌漠土能促进土壤微生物量磷的增加,提高磷的生物有效性,对于灌漠土磷素高效利用具有重要意义。     

弃耕地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质演变趋势研究

通过对安塞纸坊沟流域14块不同弃耕年限的草地土壤理化性质的研究表明:随着弃耕地植被的恢复,土壤容重降低、孔隙度增大、质地改善;土壤有机质含量、CEC、全氮含量、全钾含量、水解氮及速效钾含量逐步提高,土壤盐分含量、土壤pH值有逐步降低的趋势,说明随着植被的恢复,土壤理化性质在不断优化.另外植被生物量与土壤有机质、CEC、全钾、速效钾、全氮及水解氮均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH值与土壤容重呈极显著负相关,说明土壤与植被具有互动效应.     

农田冬季覆盖作物对土壤有机碳含量和主作物产量的影响

从冬闲覆盖作物对土壤有机碳的固定及覆盖作物对主作物产量的影响等方面对国内外有关覆盖作物环境改良机理的最新研究结果进行了总结分析。认为,长期轮作覆盖作物可以增加土壤有机碳,提高微生物的活性,而且对主作物的产量提高有不同程度的促进作用。     

外源铅在土壤中的年际变化及对土壤有机碳矿化和速效养分的影响

以关中土为供试土样进行田间试验,向耕层土壤中添加不同浓度外源铅(Pb0:背景值,CK;Pb1:175 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值;Pb2:350 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值),进行小麦—玉米轮作试验。分别于2011—2013年小麦收获季采集耕层(0~20 cm)土壤,分析土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量的年际变化,以及铅对小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,三年中,施铅处理下土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量分别下降13.22%和30.65%,总体呈现逐年下降趋势。与对照(CK)相比,Pb1、Pb2处理下SOC平均含量分别下降了16.30%和11.86%;DOC平均含量分别下降了4.05%和7.34%,与土壤铅含量呈现显著负相关关系;低浓度铅污染下土壤微生物商(q M)显著高于对照土壤,微生物量碳含量变化不显著。此外,土壤速效养分的分析显示,土壤碱解氮含量在外源铅加入初期下降明显,且在Pb1处理下碱解氮减少量最大;土壤速效磷含量随土壤铅含量增加而呈现下降趋势;土壤速效钾含量则随土壤铅含量的增加而增加。试验表明,外源铅的加入影响了土壤有机碳的稳定性,对土壤碳、氮循环产生了一定的影响;能够与土壤溶液中的磷酸根生成难溶性盐,与土壤胶体或土壤矿物晶格中的K+发生置换,加大土壤速效养分的流失风险。     

Robinia pseudoacacia leaves improve soil physical and chemical properties

The role of the leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia L., which is widely distributed in the arid lands, on improving soil physical and chemical properties was analyzed at various incubation periods. The incubated soils added with 0, 25, 50 and 75 g Robinia pseudoacacia leaves were tested after consecutive incubation intervals of 6, 8 and 10 months and the different soil parameters were measured. The results showed the increases in organic matter (OM), extractable K, cation exchange capacity (CEC), aggregate stability and water holding capacity, but the decreases in pH value and bulk density after 6 months’ incubation. The gradual decrease in change rates of soil properties indicated less microbial population and organic residual mineralization under acidic conditions, which were resulted from fast decomposition of leaves after the first 6 months incubation. The increases in soil organic matter content, extractable K, CEC, aggregate stability and water holding capacity and the decreases in soil pH and bulk density provide favorable conditions for crop’s growth.     

Carbon inputs regulate the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in temperate forests

Litter and root activities may alter the temperature sensitivity(Q₁₀) of soil respiration. However,existing studies have not provided a comprehensive understanding of the effects of litter and root carbon inputs on the Q₁₀ of soil respiration in different seasons. In this study, we used the trench method under in situ conditions to measure the total soil respiration(Rtotal), litter-removed soil respiration(Rno-litter),root-removed soil respiration(Rno-root), and the decompo...     

放牧和割草条件下瑞香狼毒种群生物学特性比较

研究了科尔沁草地放牧和割草两种利用方式下瑞香狼毒植株的生物学特性异同。结果表明:两种生境中的瑞香狼毒在某些特性上存在很大的差异,叶片厚度、叶片体积和叶片自然含水量均以割草地大于放牧地,但叶片饱和含水量放牧地却比割草地大。两种生境中瑞香狼毒的其他特性没有显著差异,这可能与牲畜对有毒植物不采食有关。运用Pearson相关系数分析两种生境中两两特性间的相关关系可知:两种生境中的构件特性间大多数为不相关,而且两生境的正负相关的成对特性也不尽相同。其中,茎干重与地上干生物量之间均表现出最强的正相关性,它们的Pearson相关系数分别为0.981(放牧地)和0.990(割草地),而叶片自然含水量与叶片干物质含量则表现最强的负相关性,其Pearson相关系数均为-0.998。线性回归分析表明:两组相关特性之间的R2值均大于90%,这说明它们之间的相关性极强。     

Responses of microbial activities and soil physical-chemical properties to the successional process of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are capable of modifying nutrient availability to favor the establishment of biogeochemical cycles. Microbial activities serve as critical roles for both carbon and nutrient transformation in BSCs. However, little is known about microbial activities and physical-chemical properties of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. In the present research, a sampling line with 1-m wide and 20-m long was set up in each of five typical interdune areas selected randomly in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Within each sampling line, samples of bare sand sheet, algal crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts were randomly collected at the depth of 0–2 cm. Variations of microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzyme activities and soil physical-chemical properties in different succession of BSCs were analyzed. The relationships between microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and soil physical-chemical properties were explored by stepwise regression. Our results indicate that microalgal biomass, microbial biomass and most of enzyme activities increased as the BSCs developed and their highest values occurred in lichen or moss crusts. Except for total K, the contents of most soil nutrients(organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P and available K) were the lowest in the bare sand sheet and significantly increased with the BSCs development, reaching their highest values in moss crusts. However, pH values significantly decreased as the BSCs developed. Significant and positive correlations were observed between chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C. Total P and N were positively associated with chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C, whereas there was a significant and negative correlation between microbial biomass and available P. The growth of cyanobacteria and microorganism contributed C and N in the soil, which offered substrates for enzyme activities thus increasing enzyme activities. Probably, improvement in enzyme activities increased soil fertility and promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and heterotrophic microorganism, with the accelerating succession of BSCs. The present research found that microalgal-microbial biomass and enzyme activities played important roles on the contents of nutrients in the successional stages of BSCs and helped us to understand developmental mechanism in the succession of BSCs.     

镰叶锦鸡儿湿地土壤酶活性分布特征及其与活性有机碳表征指数的关系

选取伊犁河谷昭苏县镰叶锦鸡儿湿地土壤为研究对象,研究其土壤酶活性(脲酶活性,蔗糖酶活性,过氧化氢酶活性)与土壤活性有机碳(土壤水溶性有机碳WSOC,土壤易氧化碳ROC,土壤微生物量碳MBC)的分布特征及其内在关系,分析镰叶锦鸡儿湿地土壤酶活性和土壤有机碳表征指数两者的相互关系。研究表明:镰叶锦鸡儿湿地的土壤酶活性随着土层深度的增加而下降;活性有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加,其垂直剖面的含量呈下降趋势。镰叶锦鸡儿湿地解放桥有锦鸡儿剖面的土壤酶活性和活性有机碳表征指数的含量均大于无锦鸡儿剖面,表明镰叶锦鸡儿在生长过程中可以提高土壤酶活性与活性有机碳含量;蔗糖酶,脲酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤活性有机碳呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),表明土壤酶对土壤活性有机碳的迁移转化起着重要作用。