我国长江中下游稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

用琼脂法测定了长江中下游稻区43个稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性水平。2003年采自浙江绍兴的稗草对二氯喹啉酸最为敏感,其EC50为0.326 8 mg/L,以其为敏感稗草。2003年采自浙江陶堰和浙江塘下的稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性处于极高抗水平,抗性比分别达到718.48和695.84。采自湖南安乡(2004年)和浙江杭州(2003年)的稗草也产生了高水平抗药性,抗性倍数分别为62.21倍和41.22倍。采自浙江皋埠(2003年)的稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性还处于低水平抗性阶段,其抗性比为6.41。而其余37个稗草对二氯喹啉酸的EC50为0.495 3~1.315 mg/L,抗性比为1.52~4.02,表明这些地方稗草尚处于对二氯喹啉酸敏感或敏感性正在下降阶段。     

广东省水稻田稗对五氟磺草胺的抗性分析

为明确广东省水稻田杂草稗Echinochloa crus-galli对五氟磺草胺的抗性现状及其可能的抗性机理,采用整株剂量反应法测定不同地区稗种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性水平,对不同稗种群的乙酰乳酸合成酶（acetolactate synthase,ALS）基因片段进行扩增测序,分析细胞色素P450酶（cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,P450）和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferase,GST）抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（piperonylbutoxide,PBO）和4-氯-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并氧杂噁二唑（4-chloro-7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole,NBD-Cl）对不同稗种群抗性水平的影响,并对替代药剂进行筛选。结果显示,广东省水稻田多数稗种群对五氟磺草胺仍表现敏感,但采自湛江市的1个种群BC-7对五氟磺草胺产生了抗性,抗性倍数达6.5倍。与敏感种群BC-2相比,BC-7种群并未发生已报道的ALS靶标抗性相关突变。PBO和NBD-Cl均可显著提高BC-7种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,其干重抑制中量GR₅₀由31.1 g/hm²分别降为11.0 g/hm²和24.7 g/hm²。BC-7种群对氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺仍较敏感,但对二氯喹啉酸和双草醚产生了抗性。表明P450和GST介导的代谢抗性是稗BC-7种群产生抗性的重要原因,氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺适用于治理该抗性种群。     

利用贴牌水培法快速鉴定稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性水平

本文通过室内贴牌水培法及整株法,快速鉴定并验证了2013年采自湖南省不同地区稻田的50个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性,试验结果表明:贴牌水培法所用的二氯喹啉酸甄别剂量为80mg/L;稗草死亡率越低,其抗性倍数(resistance factor,RF)越高,其中死亡率为0时,整株法测定的RF值高达896.07~1 209.38;贴牌水培法测定的稗草样本对二氯喹啉酸的ED50远低于整株法,但两种方法得到的不同稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性水平趋势高度吻合。笔者认为以贴牌水培法测定的死亡率小于40%的稗草样本对二氯喹啉酸的抗性风险较高,值得深入研究。     

宁夏稻田稗草对氰氟草酯抗药性及多抗性与交互抗性研究

为明确宁夏地区稻田稗草对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂类除草剂氰氟草酯的抗药性水平以及对其他除草剂可能存在的交互抗性与多抗性情况，采用整株生物测定法研究了采自宁夏稻田的36个稗草种群对氰氟草酯的抗药性, 并使用单剂量法测定了各种群对五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、噁唑酰草胺、二氯喹啉酸和敌稗的交互抗性及多抗性。结果表明, 以氰氟草酯GR50数值最小的生物型为敏感生物型计算抗性指数(RI), 仅有1个稗草种群在推荐剂量下被完全杀死, RI≤ 3.0; 11个稗草种群的RI范围为3.3～9.4, 表现出低水平抗性, 发生频率为30.56%; 19个种群的RI范围为10.3~58.3, 表现出中等水平抗性; 发生频率为52.78%; 5个稗草种群的RI＞100, 表现出高水平抗性, 占比13.89%, 其中采自银川市贺兰县立岗镇通义村的稗草种群抗性水平最高。交互抗性和多抗性研究结果表明, 在田间最高推荐剂量下氰氟草酯对稗草鲜重抑制率低于90%的种群中, 58%的稗草种群对噁唑酰草胺产生了交互抗性, 对五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、二氯喹啉酸和敌稗产生多抗性的种群所占百分率分别为94%、100%、100%和18%。研究发现宁夏地区水稻田多数稗草种群对氰氟草酯产生了不同程度的抗药性, 并对其他常用稻田除草剂产生了交互抗性与多抗性, 其中银北地区稗草种群抗药性水平最高, 部分地区稗草抗性已达到高抗水平, 宁夏水稻田亟须抗性稗草综合治理技术的研究。     

湖南稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性研究

利用整株测定法,测定湖南省主要稻区29个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性。结果表明,湖南省隆回县的生物型稗草对二氯喹啉酸最敏感,其EC50为76.388 3 g a.i./hm2,为敏感生物型。湖南省益阳芷湖口镇和湖南省长沙望城县(直播田)的生物型稗草对二氯喹啉酸的EC50分别为1 567.164 g a.i./hm2和2 477.542 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数分别达20.52和32.43,表明这两种生物型稗草的抗药性处于高水平抗性。其中10个生物型稗草的EC50为155.931 8～375.114 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数为2.02～4.91,表明这些生物型稗草已产生抗性。而其余16个生物型稗草的EC50为84.020 3～151.596 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数为1.10～1.98,表明这些地方稗草的敏感性正在下降。     

稗草对丁草胺和禾草丹的抗药性研究

用广东 9县 (市 )稗草种群对丁草胺、禾草丹抗药性测定 ,结果表明 :广东稗草对丁草胺表现有明显抗药性 ,以LC₅₀为标准 ,最高抗性系数达9.48;广州、博罗两地区的稗草对禾草丹产生抗药性 ,其抗性系数分别为1.74、2.50。     

我国南方稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性测定

用琼脂法对2000年和2001年采收的29个稗草生态型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性水平进行了测定。结果表明:广东花都稗草对二氯喹啉酸最为敏感,其抑制中浓度IC50是0.148 0 mg/L;湖南安乡稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性极为明显,2000年和2001年样本IC50值分别是7.458和13.80 mg/L,其相对抗性比分别为50.4和93.2;2000年采收的湖南常德稗草也对二氯喹啉酸表现出高抗,其相对抗性比值是4.47,黄梅、汉寿、常德(b)、高桥4地稗草也表现出抗性,其相对抗性比值分别为2.37、3.12、2.44和2.20;其他22个稗草生态型对二氯喹啉酸仍未表现出抗性。     

砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆-玉米带状复合种植田的效果评价

为明确小麦Triticum aestivum田新型除草剂砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆Glycine max-玉米Zea mays带状复合种植田的可行性,在温室内采用Gowing法测定砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配的联合作用类型,并通过盆栽法测定两者复配制剂80%砜吡·嗪草酮水分散粒剂（water dispersiblegranule,WDG）的杂草防除谱以及对大豆和玉米的安全性。结果显示,砜吡草唑与嗪草酮复配防除禾本科杂草马唐Digitaria sanguinalis和稗Echinochloa oryzicola的联合作用类型属于增效作用;对阔叶杂草苘麻Abutilon theophrasti和龙葵Solanum nigrum的联合作用类型属于加成作用。80%砜吡·嗪草酮WDG对6种禾本科杂草马唐、稗、牛筋草Eleusine indica、狗尾草Setaira viridis、虎尾草Chloris virgata、大狗尾草Setaira faberii和4种阔叶杂草马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、青葙Celosia argentea、铁苋菜Acalypha australis、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的防除效果均很好,其GR₅₀在6.1~21.6 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,GR₉₀在16.3~50.5 g (a.i.)/hm²之间,对苘麻和龙葵的防除效果略差,其GR₅₀分别为53.3 g (a.i.)/hm²和25.4 g (a.i.)/hm²,GR₉₀分别为282.1 g (a.i.)/hm²和96.7 g (a.i.)/hm²,低于其田间推荐剂量300~360 g (a.i.)/hm²,且该药剂对玉米和大豆的安全性都很高,在玉米与马唐、稗、牛筋草、马齿苋、青葙及铁苋菜这6种杂草之间的选择性指数均大于13.6,在大豆与这6种杂草之间的选择性指数均远大于28.5。表明砜吡草唑完全可与嗪草酮复配应用于大豆-玉米带状复合种植田的杂草防除。     

东北地区稻稗对3种除草剂的多抗性

为明确东北地区不同稻田区稻稗对五氟磺草胺、二氯喹啉酸和■唑酰草胺的抗性情况,采用整株生物测定法研究东北地区32个稻稗种群对3种除草剂的多抗性情况及抗性水平。结果表明:在32个稻稗种群中,3个种群(HLJ4、LN1、LN24)对3种除草剂产生了多抗性,其中HLJ4种群对二氯喹啉酸产生了高水平的抗药性,LN1和LN24种群对二氯喹啉酸产生了极高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为65.85、145.21和269.60;HLJ4和LN1种群对■唑酰草胺产生了高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为10.64和23.59,LN24对■唑酰草胺产生了中等水平的抗药性,抗性指数为9.86。HLJ4、LN24、LN1分别对五氟磺草胺产生了低、中、高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为4.80、8.66、25.67。     

江西省稻田稗草对丁草胺和二氯喹啉酸的抗药性测定

利用盆钵法测定了江西省8个地区稻田稗草对丁草胺和二氯喹啉酸的抗药性。结果表明,江西省稻田稗草对丁草胺已经产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中恒湖农场的抗药性最高,2012-2013年的抗性指数在11~13之间,处于中等水平抗药性阶段;南昌市南昌县广福镇和朱港农场的抗性指数在6~9之间,处于低水平抗药性阶段;南昌市进贤县温圳镇、赣州市宁都县青塘镇和宜春市奉新县赤岸镇的抗性指数在3~4之间,处于敏感性下降阶段;而赣州市农业科学研究所和吉安市农业科学研究所的抗性指数均低于3,仍处于敏感阶段。总体而言,江西省8个地区稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性指数均低于2,仍处于敏感阶段。     

Herbicidal activity on acetolactate synthase‐resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) in Arkansas,USA

The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium, in imidazolinone‐resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS‐resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac‐sodium of 35 g ai ha^?1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha^?1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha^?1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha^?1 of bispyribac‐sodium, 254 g ha^?1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha^?1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac‐sodium at 6 g ha^?1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha^?1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha^?1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross‐resistance to three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS‐resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.     

Resistance Mechanism of Propanil-Resistant Barnyardgrass: II. In-vivo Metabolism of the Propanil Molecule

Propanil-resistant barnyardgrass populations, previously verified in Arkansas rice fields and in greenhouse tests, were examined in the laboratory to ascertain if the resistance mechanism in this weed biotype was herbicide metabolism. Propanil-resistant barnyardgrass was controlled >95% in the greenhouse when carbaryl (an aryl acylamidase inhibitor) was applied two days prior to propanil. Laboratory studies with ¹⁴C-radiolabelled propanil indicated that the herbicide was hydrolysed in propanil-resistant barnyardgrass and rice to form 3,4-dichloroaniline, but no detectable hydrolysis occurred in susceptible barnyardgrass. Two additional polar metabolites were detected in propanil-resistant barnyardgrass and rice and tentatively identified by thin layer chromatography. Overall, metabolites in the resistant barnyardgrass had R_f values similar to those in rice, indicating similar metabolism for both species. These data, coupled with data from a previous report on the resistant biotype showing no differential absorption/translocation or molecular modification of the herbicide binding site in the resistant biotype, indicate that the resistance mechanism is metabolic degradation of propanil. © of SCI.     

Mechanism of resistance to quinclorac in smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum)

The mechanism of resistance to quinclorac was investigated in a smooth crabgrass biotype [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig) Schreb. ex Muhl] from Tulare County, California. Quinclorac (8.96 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) had no effect (P = 0.18) on the resistant (R) biotype, but reduced fresh weight of a susceptible (S) biotype by 93%. After treatment with 4.48 kg a.i. quinclorac ha⁻¹, the S biotype produced about three times more ethylene than the R biotype and accumulated cyanide in tissues. Similar amounts of endogenous cyanide resulting from treatment with KCN reproduced quinclorac phytotoxicity. Pre-treatment with the ACC synthase inhibitor AVG reduced quinclorac phytotoxicity by 37% and ethylene production by 89%. These data suggest a target site-based mechanism of resistance involving stimulation of ACC synthesis and accumulation of cyanide. Also, the R biotype had four times more β-cyanoalanine synthase activity than the S biotype, suggesting a higher ability to detoxify cyanide.     

Resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to atrazine and quinclorac

Two populations of Echinochloa crus-galli (R and I) exhibited resistance to quinclorac. Another population (X) exhibited resistance to quinclorac and atrazine. The R and I populations were collected from monocultures of rice in southern Spain. The X population was collected from maize fields subjected to the application of atrazine over several years. The susceptible (S) population of the same genus was collected from locations which had never been treated with herbicides. The quinclorac ED₅₀ value (dose causing 50% reduction in shoot fresh weight) for the R and I biotypes were 26- and 6-fold greater than for the S biotype. The X biotype was 10 times more tolerant to quinclorac than the S biotype and also showed cross-resistance to atrazine, being 82-fold more resistant to atrazine than the R, I and S biotypes. Chlorophyll fluorescence and Hill reaction analysis supported the view that the mechanism of resistance to atrazine in the X biotype was modification of the target site, the DI protein. Quinclorac at 20 mg litre^-1 did not inhibit photosynthetic electron transport in any of the test biotypes. The quinclorac I₅₀ values (herbicide dose needed for 50% Hill reaction reduction) of the S population was over 50000-fold higher than the atrazine I₅₀ value for the same S population, indicating that quinclorac is not a PS II inhibiting herbicide. Propanil at doses greater than 0·5 kg ha^-1 controlled all the biotypes. © 1997 SCI     

玉米田主要杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性

为明确我国玉米田杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,于2010—2011年自山东、吉林、四川、河北4省采集连续多年施用烟嘧磺隆的玉米田杂草种子样本121个,在温室内采用盆栽法测定了其对烟嘧磺隆的抗性。结果显示:4个杂草样本对烟嘧磺隆产生了抗性,其中山东淄博张店区傅家镇高家村的牛筋草抗性种群的GR50为25.76g/hm2,是敏感种群(1.33g/hm2)的19.37倍,已产生明显的抗药性;四川彭山县谢家镇岳油村的稗草、河北大城县广安镇夏屯村的虎尾草和河北邯郸的狗尾草分别产生了6.14、5.43和5.65倍的低水平抗性;其余杂草样本均无明显抗性。同一杂草不同采集地点的敏感样本对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性存在差异。     

稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究进展

稗草是农业生产中的重要杂草之一,对世界粮食生产特别是水稻生产危害较大。二氯喹啉酸作为一种优良的除稗剂,在世界各地水稻田中已广泛应用20多年。但随着使用年限的增加,部分地区稗草因选择压力和遗传因素对二氯喹啉酸产生了抗药性,且情况日益严重。文章综述了稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸产生抗药性的现状,讨论了二氯喹啉酸的作用机制和选择机制,对其抗性机理作了一定的分析,并对如何减少和延缓抗性产生提出了一些对策和建议。     

Molecular characterization and inheritance of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Lolium rigidum

The molecular basis and mode of inheritance of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides were investigated in a biotype of Lolium rigidum Gaud that has been discovered in Israel. Dose-response experiments at the whole-plant level have revealed that the resistant biotype was more resistant (6.3- to 40-fold) than the susceptible wild-type to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. A 276-bp genomic DNA encoding the carboxyltransferase domain within the chloroplastic ACCase from resistant and susceptible biotypes were amplified by PCR and analyzed. Sequence comparison revealed that a single isoleucine-to-leucine substitution differentiated ACCases from susceptible and resistant biotypes (corresponds to residue 1769 of wheat ACCase, Acc No AF029895). A PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA) method was developed to detect the allele composition leading to isoleucine-leucine mutation. ACCase extracted from homozygote resistant, heterozygote and homozygote susceptible plants showed IC50 values of 25.8, 5.6 and 0.6 microM, respectively, suggesting that alteration in the ACCase is governed by a co-dominant gene. The inheritance studies confirmed that the resistance of L rigidum to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides is governed by a single, nuclear and co-dominant gene.