Detection of water stress in an olive orchard with thermal remote sensing imagery

An investigation of the detection of water stress in non-homogeneous crop canopies such as orchards using high-spatial resolution remote sensing thermal imagery is presented. An airborne campaign was conducted with the Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) acquiring imagery in 38 spectral bands in the 0.43–12.5 μm spectral range at 2.5 m spatial resolution. The AHS sensor was flown at 7:30, 9:30 and 12:30 GMT in 25 July 2004 over an olive orchard with three different water-deficit irrigation treatments to study the spatial and diurnal variability of temperature as a function of water stress. A total of 10 AHS bands located within the thermal-infrared region were assessed for the retrieval of the land surface temperature using the split-window algorithm, separating pure crowns from shadows and sunlit soil pixels using the reflectance bands. Ground truth validation was conducted with infrared thermal sensors placed on top of the trees for continuous thermal data acquisition. Crown temperature (T_c), crown minus air temperature (T_c − T_a), and relative temperature difference to well-irrigated trees (T_c − T_R, where T_R is the mean temperature of the well-irrigated trees) were calculated from the ground sensors and from the AHS imagery at the crown spatial resolution. Correlation coefficients for T_c − T_R between ground IRT sensors and airborne image-based AHS estimations were R² = 0.50 (7:30 GMT), R² = 0.45 (9:30 GMT) and R² = 0.57 (12:30 GMT). Relationships between leaf water potential and crown T_c − T_a measured with the airborne sensor obtained determination coefficients of R² = 0.62 (7:30 GMT), R² = 0.35 (9:30 GMT) and R² = 0.25 (12:30 GMT). Images of T_c − T_a and T_c − T_R for the entire field were obtained at the three times during the day of the overflight, showing the spatial and temporal distribution of the thermal variability as a function of the water deficit irrigation schemes.     

Co-inoculation integrated with P-enriched compost improved nodulation and growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed farming systems

The present study was designed with the objective of improving the nodulation and growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by integrating co-inoculation of Rhizobium sp. (Mesorhizobium ciceri) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) carrying ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase activity with P-enriched compost (PEC) under irrigated and rainfed farming systems. PEC was prepared from fruit and vegetable waste and enriched with single super phosphate. The results demonstrated that co-inoculation significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the number of nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, pods per plant, grain yield, protein content, and total chlorophyll content under irrigated and rainfed conditions compared to inoculation with rhizobium alone. Integrating PEC with co-inoculation showed an additive effect on the nodulation and growth of chickpea under both farming systems. Analysis of leaves showed a significantly (P?<?0.05) higher photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in comparison with inoculation with Rhizobium. Compared to irrigated farming system, co-inoculation with PEC under rainfed conditions was more beneficial in improving growth and nodulation of chickpea. Post-harvest soil analysis revealed that the integrated use of bioresources and compost enhanced microbial biomass C, available N content, dehydrogenase, and phosphomonoesterase activities.     

Larger bioavailability of soil phosphorus for irrigated rice compared with rainfed rice in Madagascar: results from a soil and plant survey

Irrigated rice is less prone generally to phosphorus (P) deficiency than rainfed rice because redox reactions release P upon soil flooding. It is not known whether that is also true in highly weathered soils of Madagascar where the combination of high soil Fe and low P input may impede significant release of P. Soils and flag leaf samples were collected in 2010 in 38 irrigated rice and 46 rainfed rice fields belonging to private farmers. A critical flag leaf P content was derived from a P‐dosed pot trial study with three soils, and the results suggested 2.4 g P/kg as the critical value. Average flag leaf P was significantly larger in irrigated than in rainfed rice (2.2 compared with 1.7 g P/kg), and flag leaf P was below the critical value in 76% of irrigated rice fields while this fraction was 100% in rainfed rice. Nitrogen and K deficiencies were less prevalent. Flag leaf P increased with increasing soil pH and soil pH explained partially differences in leaf P between irrigated and rainfed rice. Flag leaf P was unrelated to soil organic matter, but increased with oxalate‐extractable soil P (P_o). Multiple regression analysis revealed greater leaf P at equal soil P_o and equal pH in irrigated compared with rainfed rice. Grain yield estimates (1‐m² squares) increased with flag leaf P but not with leaf N and K. In a regression model, about 42 % of the yield variance was explained with soil P_o and a rice‐growing system. The survey suggests that P is the main limiting nutrient for rice, and that soil P bioavailability is larger for irrigated than for rainfed rice in weathered soils of Madagascar.     

番茄三维形态结构的参数提取及模拟

为了实现番茄植株形态的三维动态重建,通过对其形态结构的周期监测与统计分析,提取番茄主茎器官的形态结构变化规律与主要模型参数。模型中形态结构的演变被看作是生长轴由于节间累积而不断的延伸,果实个数应用二项分布进行随机模拟,番茄叶子典型结构采用马尔可夫过程进行模拟,模型采用悬臂梁弯曲模型实现了叶倾角的动态模拟,并利用计算机图形学技术定义了器官的几何形状,而器官几何尺寸的变化应用贝塔（Beta）分布进行了模拟。模型实现了器官及植株的三维动态模拟并具有较高的逼真效果,器官动态生长与田间测量拟合较好。结果表明模型中引     

双吸式叶轮内流三维数值模拟及性能预测

以时均化的N-S方程和考虑旋转与曲率影响的修正的k- 湍流模型为基础,在贴体坐标系中运用SIMPLEC算法,对双吸式离心叶轮内流进行三维湍流数值模拟。计算得到叶轮内的速度、压力场分布,预估了扬程、水力效率并与试验值进行对比。计算结果表明,在双吸式叶轮中,从叶轮进口到出口压力逐渐增加;在叶片区域,处于前盖板和对称面之间的中间截面上,叶片工作面附近的压力明显大于背面附近的压力,且从对称面到前盖板各中间截面上的压力梯度显著增加;流动关于对称面对称,在对称面上不存在轴向速度;设计工况下叶轮出口断面上压力分布明显比其它工况均匀, 因此水力效率最高。     

A new 3D conceptual structure modeling of biochars by molecular mechanic and molecular dynamic simulation

Purpose

The combination of analytical chemistry and simulation methods provides more complete information about biochars.

Materials and methods

The biochars prepared by pyrolysis of the crop straw at 300 and 500 °C were investigated by elemental analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry to build the 2D structural models of biochars. The most stable and balanced 3D conformations were gained by optimizing in the optimized potential for liquid simulation (OPLS) force field of molecular mechanic and molecular dynamic simulation of HyperChem® software.

Results and discussion

There were few O-containing and N-containing compounds in biochars. According to the results of Py-GC-MS, 41 and 28 pyrolysis products were identified for the building of the conceptual models of 300 and 500 °C biochars. Solid-state ¹³C NMR data also demonstrated that there were very high values of unsaturated C in biochars. The agreement between elemental concentration and chemical functional groups of two simulated models and experimental biochars was successfully achieved. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) properties were calculated and indicated the correlation of molecular structures with properties such as surface area, volume, polarizability, refractivity, and hydration energy.

Conclusions

The conceptual structural models of corn straw biochars produced at 300 and 500 °C were C₇₈H₆₈N₂O₂₅ and C₅₉H₂₉NO₁₀, respectively. The simulation results showed that the 3D structure of the 300 °C biochar with ?4 charges and the nonprotonated 3D structure of the 500 °C biochar were the most stable. Deprotonation reaction is an endothermic process.

     

热源井填砾抽灌同井流/热贯通及温度锋面运移数值模拟

针对填砾抽灌同井流贯通、热贯通及温度锋面运移研究的不足,该文在已验证的数值模型中建立监测点、线、面和体对以上问题进行量化分析,并将热源井回水经过回填砾石直接流入抽水管的流量占总回水流量的百分比定义为流贯通强度。研究结果表明,填砾抽灌同井回水进入含水层后的流速可以用某一方向的分速度代替;该模型中的流贯通强度为1.2%,热贯通发生与完全形成的时间分别为模型运行2.5和12 min,抽水温度变化较剧烈的时刻与热贯通形成发展的时刻基本一致。在地下水渗流速度大于1×10~(-3)m/s的区域,速度锋面运移较温度锋面运移快;反之,温度锋面运移快于速度锋面运移。通过对填砾抽灌同井流贯通、热贯通及温度锋面运移的量化分析,为进一步探索填砾抽灌同井最优运行策略和更高换热效率提供了理论基础。     

离心泵内叶轮与蜗壳间耦合流动的三维紊流数值模拟

根据离心泵通道的几何和流场特点,探讨了离心泵叶轮通道结构化多块网格划分中的一些处理方法。同时求解三维时均Ｎ-Ｓ方程,并采用“冻结转子法”处理叶轮与蜗壳间动静耦合流动的参数传递和相互干扰问题,对某一设计工况下离心泵内的全三维紊流场进行了计算,捕捉到了离心泵叶轮内、叶轮与蜗壳间及蜗壳内的压力分布、速度分布和旋涡的结构与演化特征等重要流动信息。结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地预测出离心泵叶轮与蜗壳间及内部的流动特性,所得结果对进行离心泵的水力设计或改型优化设计等研究具有重要的指导意义。     

日光温室主动蓄热后墙传热CFD模拟及性能试验

中国的日光温室实现了高效的能量利用,在中国北方地区的冬季农业生产中发挥了巨大的作用。但在实践生产中日光温室存在巨大的能量不平衡,给北方冬季的农业生产造成很大的损失,同时也限制了日光温室的高效应用。为了实现了日光温室对太阳能的高效利用,该文提出了一种能够将白天富裕能量进行有效存储的主动蓄热后墙日光温室。该文对主动蓄热后墙日光温室的室内温度和通风蓄热风道蓄热特性进行理论分析和试验,并与传统9m跨的被动蓄热日光温室进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,主动蓄热后墙日光温室的温度指标有了较明显提高。在晴天和多云采光天气条件下,主动蓄热后墙日光温室室内的温度较9m跨被动蓄热日光温室均有较大幅度的增加,在晴天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.8℃,最大为2.8℃,平均提高2.2℃;在多云天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.6℃,最大为4.2℃,平均提高2.2℃。该文利用CFD数值模拟对温室蓄热后墙的20℃等值面进行了分析,分析结果表明在定常条件下,通风主动蓄热的高效范围在10m以内,有效长度在20m以内。通过该试验,结合温室建筑的实践构造要求,确定的蓄热风道合理长度为20m。     

3D simulation of the permeability tensor in a soil aggregate on basis of nanotomographic imaging and LBE solver

Purpose  

The purpose of this hydropedological work is to investigate the feasibility of a method to calculate permeability of soil peds on the matrix pore scale resolution. This paper focuses on imaging of the intra-aggregate microstructure and, based on the three-dimensional (3D) images, quantification of the pore network connectivity and permeability tensor. Finally, lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) simulations of Navier–Stokes flow in the thus derived pore network allow to compute the heterogeneous 3D flow velocity field.     

Interactions of vitamin D3 with bovine beta-lactoglobulin A and beta-casein

It is of nutritional significance to fortify processed dairy products (e.g., cheese, yogurt, and ice cream) with vitamin D3; however, the inherent complexity of these foods may influence the stability and bioavailability of this nutrient. In the present study, the interactions of vitamin D3 with beta-lactoglobulin A and beta-casein were investigated under various environmental conditions (i.e., pH and ionic strength) using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques. The results indicated that vitamin D3 was bound to both beta-lactoglobulin A and beta-casein depending on the solution conditions. The apparent dissociation constants ranged from 0.02 to 0.29 microM for beta-lactoglobulin A, whereas the beta-casein apparent dissociation constants ranged from 0.06 to 0.26 microM. The apparent mole ratios were also comparable, i.e., 0.51-2.04 and 1.16-2.05 mol of vitamin D3 were bound per mole of beta-lactoglobulin A and beta-casein, respectively. It was concluded that these interactions may strongly influence vitamin D3 stability and, hence, bioavailability in processed dairy products.     

高寒区多口融冰井引水渠道水温变化三维模拟及井群优化布置

为探讨抽水融冰技术解决严寒地区渠道冰害的效果,以新疆玛纳斯河流域红山嘴二级电站引水渠道为研究对象,对多口融冰井同时运行条件下引水渠道水温变化过程进行三维模拟,其模拟结果和原型观测结果平均相对误差为4.61%,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上,通过改变井水流量、井前渠水流量和水温、外界大气温度等条件,对混合水温沿程变化过程进行了模拟。结果表明:1)仅将井水流量变为原来的50%和1.5倍时,井水注入量与混合水温成正比,且对混合水温的影响较大;2)仅将井前渠道水温分别降低和升高0.2和0.4℃时,井前渠道水温与混合水温成正比,且对混合水温的影响也较大,因此增大井水流量或者合理布置井群是抽水融冰最有效的方法;3)根据井前渠道水温为0.1℃,井前渠水流量分别为10、15、20和25 m~3/s,大气温度分别为–5、–10、–20和–30℃的模拟结果,得到了各井的不冻长度值,且随着井前渠道流量增大和外界大气温度降低,融冰井的不冻长度均随之减小,最后给出了在不同井前渠道流量和不同气温条件下融冰井的不冻长度和井的布置桩号等合理优化布置方案,此研究为解决寒区水电站引水渠道冰灾防治问题提供科学依据。     

基于2D DWT与MobileNetV3融合的轻量级茶叶病害识别

针对现有茶叶病害识别方法病害信息挖掘不足导致识别准确率低的问题,该研究提出了一种基于二维离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform, DWT)和MobileNetV3融合的茶叶病害识别模型CBAM-TealeafNet。为增强网络对病害频域特征的检测能力,将2D DWT获取的频域特征与bneck结构提取的深度特征融合,形成频域与深度特征融合的识别网络。为提高特征提取能力,在bneck结构中,嵌入卷积块注意模块 (convolutional block attention module, CBAM),为特征通道分配相应权重。为解决样本类别不平衡对识别模型性能的影响,利用焦点损失函数取代交叉熵损失函数以提高识别精度。经验证,CBAM-TealeafNet在5种不同茶叶病害上整体识别准确率达到98.70%,参数量为3.16×10⁶,相对MobileNetV3,准确率提升2.15个百分点,参数量降低25.12%。该方法可为茶树叶部等作物病害轻量级识别研究提供模型参考。     

水平微润灌湿润体HYDRUS-2D模拟及其影响因素分析

为探索土壤质地、初始含水率、压力水头和埋深对水平微润灌土壤湿润体特性的影响机理,利用试验数据验证了水平微润灌HYDRUS-2 D模拟结果的可靠性,模拟值与实测值非常吻合。在此基础上,模拟研究了3种土壤质地(砂壤土、壤土、粉壤土)以及壤土中不同初始含水率(0.085、0.106、0.130 cm~3/cm~3)、压力水头(0.6、1.2、1.8 m)和埋深(20、30、40 cm)条件下土壤湿润体动态变化规律。结果表明:土壤湿润锋运移距离皆符合垂直向下水平方向垂直向上的规律,湿润体在形状上差异不大,土壤含水率等值线均为近似"同心圆";土壤质地对湿润体特性有显著影响,土壤质地越黏重,湿润锋运移速率越慢,湿润体体积越小,土壤含水率等值线越密集,其"圆心"越靠近微润管,灌水结束时,壤土和砂壤土湿润体体积分别是粉壤土的1.3倍和2.5倍;在确定的土壤质地条件下,初始含水率和压力水头对湿润体特性有较大影响,湿润锋运移距离及湿润体体积均随土壤初始含水率、压力水头的增大而增大,初始含水率为0.106和0.130 cm~3/cm~3的湿润体体积分别是0.085 cm~3/cm~3的1.2倍和1.5倍,压力水头为1.2和1.8 m的湿润体体积分别是0.6 m的1.6倍和2.2倍;微润管埋深对湿润体分布位置有显著影响,埋深较浅时,湿润锋容易到达地表,埋深较深时,土壤湿润体随埋深下移而同步下移。     

Combining X-ray CT and 3D printing technology to produce microcosms with replicable,complex pore geometries

Measurements in soils have been traditionally used to demonstrate that soil architecture is one of the key drivers of soil processes. Major advances in the use of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) afford significant insight into the pore geometry of soils, but until recently no experimental techniques were available to reproduce this complexity in microcosms. This article describes a 3D additive manufacturing technology that can print physical structures with pore geometries reflecting those of soils. The process enables printing of replicated structures, and the printing materials are suitable to study fungal growth. This technology is argued to open up a wealth of opportunities for soil biological studies.     

Development of zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan for encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D3

In this study, zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were prepared to encapsulate vitamin D3 (VD3). VD3 was first encapsulated into zein nanoparticles using a low-energy phase separation method and coated with CMCS simultaneously. Then, calcium was added to cross-link CMCS to achieve thicker and denser coatings. The nanoparticles with CMCS coatings had a spherical structure with particle size from 86 to 200 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was greatly improved to 87.9% after CMCS coating, compared with 52.2% for that using zein as a single encapsulant. The physicochemical properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nanoparticles with coatings provided better controlled release of VD3 in both PBS medium and simulated gastrointestinal tract. Photostability against UV light was significantly improved after encapsulation. Encapsulation of hydrophobic nutrients in zein nanoparticles with CMCS coatings is a promising approach to enhance chemical stability and controlled release property.     

Spectrophotometric and adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetric determination of iron in olive oils,as complex with 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2,3-trione 1,2-dioxime 3-thiosemicarbazone (DCDT)

Two methods for the determination of iron in olive oil by spectrophotometry and by adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (Ad-SSWV) have been developed. These two methods are based on the formation of a 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2,3-trione 1,2-dioxime 3-thiosemicarbazone (DCDT)-iron(II) complex in strongly acid media. In both, iron is extracted from the olive oil by using HCl. Spectrophotometric determination of iron with DCDT is based on the feature that the DCDT-Fe complex shows an absorbance maximum at 550 nm. A calibration graph has been constructed from 0 to 4000 ng mL(-)(1), and the detection limit was 115 ng mL(-)(1) (57 ng g(-)(1) in olive oil). On the other hand, the voltammetric determination of the metal is based on the appearance of a peak due to an adsorptive reductive process of the complex that it is observed when the Ad-SSWV technique is used. A calibration graph has been constructed from 0 to 30 ng mL(-)(1), and the detection limit was 0.55 ng mL(-)(1) (13.75 ng g(-)(1) in olive oil according to the proposed procedure).     

基于Hydrus-3D模型的再生水涌泉根灌模拟及布置参数预测

为了探寻再生水果树涌泉根灌条件下灌水器的最优布设埋深和间距,以饱和―非饱和土壤水分运动理论为依据,选取了典型研究区一年和多年生桃树,利用Hydrus-3D模型对再生水涌泉根灌土壤水分入渗过程进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与田间试验实测结果进行对比验证,同时预测了双源涌泉根灌灌水器的最优布置参数。结果表明,Hydrus-3D模型对再生水涌泉根灌湿润锋运移距离以及灌水结束后不同时刻含水量分布的模拟值和实测值之间决定系数R 2均大于临界决定系数,均方根误差RMSE分别小于1.5和0.05,且F检验P值均在0.05以上。说明Hydrus-3D模型可以用于再生水双源涌泉根灌土壤水分运移的模拟;利用Hydrus-3D模型预测结果表明,1,5,10年生桃树再生水双源涌泉根灌灌水器最优布设埋深分别为35,35,45 cm,最优布设间距分别为40,50,40 cm。