土壤湿度驱动WOFOST模型及其适应性

WOFOST作物生长模型是以日降水量表征降水输入参数,通过推算土壤相对湿度实现作物生长模拟。由于日降水量随机性较大,很难通过控制日降水量实现不同土壤干旱等级情景设置,限制了WOFOST作物生长模型在不同水分胁迫下对作物生长的模拟,也影响了模拟试验的精度。本文提出以土壤相对湿度直接驱动WOFOST作物生长模型,并以Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5为开发平台,采用Fortran语言对WOFOST作物生长模型的源代码进行修改,将驱动模块中的日降水量文件替换为土壤相对湿度驱动文件。以2013年山东省夏津农业气象试验站玉米出苗-拔节期和抽雄-成熟期水分胁迫和整个生育期自然降水处理（对照）的试验数据为例,对修改后的WOFOST作物生长模型进行了模拟试验。结果显示,采用修订后的模型输出的实测鲜叶干重、鲜茎干重、营养器官干重、地上物质总重和叶面积指数等生物量指标均较原模型输出结果,不仅精度明显提高,而且,由于土壤湿度变化较平稳,较容易地实现了不同水分胁迫情景设置,进而实现不同土壤干旱等级条件下玉米生长的模拟,为分析不同程度干旱对玉米生长的影响及确定其生长发育指标提供了便利条件。     

玉米不同生育期茎秆流特征及其模型构建

为系统测定玉米不同生长阶段在不同降雨强度下的茎秆流量并建立简易实用模型,该研究以单株玉米（Zea mays）为对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,系统测定不同降雨强度、不同测试阶段玉米植株的茎秆流量,分析了玉米茎秆流与叶面积和降雨强度的关系,并在此基础上进行了单株玉米茎秆流模型构建的研究。结果表明：玉米在其全生育期内,茎秆流量占冠层上方降雨的44.55%;茎秆流量随叶面积、降雨强度增大呈现增加趋势,茎秆流率随叶面积增大呈增加趋势但是随降雨强度的变化不显著。通过分析其关系,构建了单株玉米茎秆流的理论模型、半经验模型和经验模型。经试验验证,3个模型都适用于估算玉米不同生长阶段的茎秆流量及茎秆流率,且达到预期的精度要求,并认为单株玉米的半经验模型在实际测量与应用中更为简便精确。该研究提出的玉米茎秆流模型可为研究玉米冠层对降雨及喷灌水分的空间分异、土壤水分运移及土壤侵蚀研究提供了计算方法,同时为玉米大田灌溉的水量平衡及水肥管理提供指导。     

丛枝菌根真菌与植物共生影响植物水分状态的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能与宿主植物形成共生体,广泛存在于陆地生态系统中。大量研究表明,不同水分条件下,植物通过接种AMF比未接种AMF的植物具有更强的水分吸收能力和更高的水分利用效率。在干旱、盐胁迫下,接种AMF能有效提高宿主植物的耐旱性与耐盐性。本文综述了不同水分条件下,与植物共生的AMF通过扩大植物根系吸收面积、改善根系结构,增强植物根系吸收水分能力的相关研究进展。土壤中根外菌丝网络的形成,不但为植物增加了水分吸收途径(菌根途径),还通过改善植物体内的矿质营养来调节植物对水分的吸收,进而影响植物的水分吸收状况；不同水分条件下,根系被AMF侵染后植物的光合作用、蒸腾作用以及气孔导度都得到增强,植物蒸腾作用的增强能够直接有效的提升植物的蒸腾拉力,因此植物对水分的吸收能力得以提升。同时,被AMF侵染的植物的水分利用率、蒸腾速率以及净光合速率得以提升从而提高了植物的水分利用能力。进一步总结了缺水胁迫(干旱胁迫、盐胁迫)严重影响植物体内的水分状况,通过接种AMF可以有效调节植物在缺水胁迫下植物体内渗透调节物质的含量、抗氧化酶的活性,平衡植物体内离子平衡,提升植物光合、蒸腾作用水平,从而提高植物的耐胁迫能力。本文通过综述不同水分条件下,接种AMF对植物的影响及机制,期望为未来新型菌剂的研发与菌根互作对植物水分状况的改善提供支撑。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect the growth,nutrient uptake and water status of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in two types of coal mine spoils under drought stress

Drought stress greatly affects the growth and development of plants in coal mine spoils located in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant tolerance to drought. However, little is known regarding the contribution of AMF to plants that are grown in different types of coal mine spoils under drought stress. To evaluate the mycorrhizal effects on the drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in weathered (S1) and spontaneously combusted (S2) coal mine spoils, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices on the growth, nutrient uptake, carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry and water status of maize under well-watered, moderate and severe drought stress conditions. The results indicated that drought stress increased mycorrhizal colonization and decreased plant dry weights, nutrient contents, leaf moisture percentage of fresh weight (LMP), water use efficiency (WUE) and rehydration rate. A high level of AMF colonization ranging from 65 to 90% was observed, and the mean root colonization rates in S1 were lower than those in S2. In both substrates, inoculation with R. intraradices significantly improved the plant growth, P contents, LMP and WUE and decreased the C:P and N:P ratios of plants under drought stress. In addition, maize grown in S1 and S2 exhibited different wilting properties in response to AMF inoculation, and plant rehydration after drought stress occurred faster in mycorrhizal plants. The results suggested that inoculation with R. intraradices played a more positive role in improving the drought stress resistance of plants grown in S2 than those grown in S1. AMF inoculation has a beneficial effect on plant tolerance to drought and effectively facilitates the development of plants in different coal mine spoils.     

水分胁迫对黍子幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以“晋黍8号”黍子幼苗为材料,在大棚内采用盆栽砂培法浇灌营养液,设置重旱、轻旱、正常灌溉、轻涝和重涝5个处理,植株二叶一心时开始胁迫处理,于处理后20d测定植株形态指标、生物量和含水量、叶片质膜透性、光合色素、丙二醛、抗坏血酸、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等指标,研究水分胁迫对黍子幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化和渗透调节的影响。结果表明,正常灌溉下黍子幼苗生长最好,株高、茎粗、茎节数、叶片数、最大叶面积及根系、茎叶、穗的鲜质量、干质量均最大,干旱和涝害下幼苗各形态指标和生物量均明显降低,且重旱和重涝下比轻旱和轻涝下降低更明显;根系、茎叶和穗的含水量在干旱下均明显降低,涝害下表现各不相同。叶片光合色素含量在干旱下显著降低而涝害下无明显变化,质膜透性、丙二醛、抗坏血酸和脯氨酸含量在干旱和涝害下明显增加,且重旱和重涝下比轻旱和轻涝下增加更明显;可溶性糖含量在干旱下明显增加而在涝害下明显降低,可溶性蛋白含量在干旱下显著降低而在涝害下无显著变化。研究说明,干旱和涝害均对黍子幼苗造成过氧化伤害,抗氧化物质和渗透调节物质含量随之增加,但是抗氧化物质的增加并不能完全消除胁迫导致的过氧化伤害,加上光合能力降低,使黍子植株生长显著抑制。在本试验条件下,干旱胁迫对黍子幼苗的伤害比涝害严重。     

水分胁迫条件下玉米毛状根再生植株耐旱性研究

以玉米毛状根再生植株为材料探讨其抗旱性,通过形态学指标：株高胁迫指数、干物质胁迫指数、根数、根长、根体积、根干质量、根的总吸收面积、根的活跃吸收面积及根冠比在水分胁迫下的变化的分析、灰色系统分析,表明根干质量、干物质胁迫系数、单株叶面积、根冠比、根体积与抗旱指数关系较密切。研究表明,毛状根再生植株由于强大的根系,即使在水分胁迫下仍能保持良好的根源水分信号,具有较强的抗旱能力。     

HIMS模型蒸散发模块的改进及在海河流域的应用

利用流域分布式水文模型精确模拟计算和分析流域内不同植被类型实际蒸散发量及其时空分布特征,是当前流域蒸散发研究的一个前沿与难点问题。本文基于点尺度蒸散发观测试验与机理研究,对HIMS(Hydro-Informatic Modelling System)日过程模型蒸散发模块进行改进,考虑流域内植被空间分布和生长变化特性及灌溉措施的影响,利用分类汇总和分段单值作物系数法计算流域实际蒸散发,并在海河流域进行验证分析。研究结果表明:流域实际蒸散发模拟值与水量平衡法计算值相差3.4%,与原HIMS模型相比,蒸散发模拟精度提高9.2%;改进的模型对原有模型的模拟内容有所扩展,能够模拟林地蒸散发、草地蒸散发、冬小麦?夏玉米农田总蒸散发、作物有效蒸腾和土壤无效蒸发。改进后的HIMS模型能够快速模拟分析流域内不同植被类型实际蒸散发量及其时空分布特性,可为海河流域蒸散发管理提供技术支撑。     

基于生长模拟模型的冬小麦生理过程水份胁迫影响因子效应的定量研究

A deep understanding of crop-water eco-physiological relations is the basis for quantifying plant physiological responses to soil water stress. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the winter wheat crop-water relations under both drought and waterlogging conditions in two sequential growing seasons from 2000 to 2002, and then the data were used to develop and validate models simulating the responses of winter wheat growth to drought and waterlogging stress. Thee xperiment consisted of four treatments, waterlogging (keep 1 to 2 cm water layer depth above soil surface), control (70%-80% field capacity), light drought (40%-50% field capacity) and severe drought (30%-40% field capacity) with six replicates at five stages in the 2000-2001 growth season. Three soil water content treatments (waterlogging, control and drought) with two replicates were designed in the 2001-2002 growth season. Waterlogging and control treatments are the same as in the 2000-2001 growth season. For the drought treatment, no water was supplied and the soil moisture decreased from field capacity to wilting point. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, predawn leaf water potential, soil water potential, soil water content and dry matter weight of individual organs were measured. Based on crop-water eco-physiological relations, drought and waterlogging stress factors for winter wheat growth simulation model were put forward. Drought stress factors integrated soil water availability, the sensitivity of different development stages and the difference between physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, transpiration and partitioning). The quantification of waterlogging stress factor considered different crop species, soil water status, waterlogging days and sensitivity at different growth stages. Data sets from the pot experiments revealed favorable performance reliability for the simulation sub-models with the drought and waterlogging stress factors.     

青海湖内陆高寒湿地物种多样性和地上生物量的关系

采用不同浓度的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,设置对照(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(T1)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)、重度干旱胁迫(T3),研究了沙枣根茎叶的生长特性、可溶性蛋白、叶片光合色素对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,沙枣根长、株高,叶片数才开始受到影响,T2胁迫下,沙枣的根长、株高先受到影响,叶片数和CK差异不显著;T3胁迫下,沙枣根长受影响最大,株高其次,叶片数受影响最小。(2)T2胁迫下,沙枣的根、茎鲜(干)重先受到影响,叶鲜(干)和CK差异不显著;T3胁迫下,沙枣根鲜(干)重受影响最大,茎鲜(干)其次,叶鲜(干)受影响最小。(3)沙枣叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素a+b总含量、类胡萝卜素含量等均随着干旱胁迫的加剧先升高后下降,叶绿素a/b变化趋势相反,叶绿素b对干旱胁迫的反应较叶绿素a敏感。(4)在T1胁迫下,沙枣根中的可溶性蛋白高出CK18.6%,T2,T3胁迫下,根中可溶性蛋白分别低于CK 13.9%,29.1%;在T1胁迫下,沙枣茎中的可溶性蛋白和CK差异不显著,T2,T3胁迫下,沙枣茎中可溶性蛋白分别高出CK 17.2%,41.9%;叶片中的可溶性蛋白只有在T3胁迫下,显著高于CK 24.3%。     

Quantifying effects of simple wheat traits on yield in water-limited environments using a modelling approach

Availability of water for plant growth is a key factor determining plant distribution in natural ecosystems and is the most important limiting factor in agricultural systems. The high environmental and economical cost of irrigation, required to maintain grain yields in water scarce environments, gives an incentive for improvements in water use efficiency of the crop. The objective of our study is to quantify the effects of changes in simple component plant traits on wheat yield under limited water supplies using a modelling approach. The Sirius wheat simulation model was used to perform analyses at two contrasting European sites, Rothamsted, UK and Seville, Spain, which represent major wheat growing areas in these countries. Several physiological traits were analysed to explore their effects on yield, including drought avoidance traits such as those controlling wheat development (phyllochron and grain filling duration), canopy expansion (maximum surface area of culm leaves) and water uptake (root vertical expansion rate and efficiency of water extraction) and drought tolerance traits such as responses of biomass accumulation and leaf senescence to water stress. Changes in parameters that control the effect of water stress on leaf senescence and biomass accumulation had the largest impact on grain yield under drought. The modified cultivar produced up to 70% more yield compared with the control for very dry years. Changes in phenology parameters, phyllochron and grain filling duration, did not improve yields at either site, suggesting that these parameters have been already optimised for climates in the UK and Spain through the breeding process. Our analysis illustrates the power of modelling in exploring and understanding complex traits in wheat. This may facilitate genetic research by focusing on experimental studies of component traits with the highest potential to influence crop performance.     

不同土壤水分供应下锌对玉米叶片超微结构的影响

选择 土为供试土壤, 进行盆栽玉米试验, 设定0和5.0 mg·kg^-1两个锌处理, 按土壤饱和持水量的40%~45%和70%~75%在玉米的4叶1心期实施干旱和正常水分处理。生长50 d后, 测定不同土壤水分与锌供应状况下植株生物量和锌含量, 利用透射电子显微镜观察完全伸展新叶的超微结构变化, 以期揭示不同土壤水分供应下, 植物对施锌的响应机理。结果表明: 土壤水分供应充足条件下, 与不施锌相比, 施锌玉米地上部生物量和总干重分别增加78%和52%, 根系和地上部锌含量和锌吸收量增加较多; 而干旱条件下, 施锌对玉米生物量无显著影响。干旱条件下缺锌玉米叶片维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体结构基本保持完好, 淀粉粒和基质片层清晰可见, 但叶肉细胞中叶绿体膜受损, 基质片层结构出现皱缩, 基粒片层减少; 施锌玉米叶片维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体结构保持完好, 叶绿体周围的线粒体数目较多, 叶肉细胞中叶绿体中脂肪颗粒增多, 叶片维管束鞘细胞与叶肉细胞之间可见清晰的胞间连丝。土壤水分充足处理下, 缺锌叶片细胞膜出现皱缩, 维管束鞘细胞叶绿体淀粉粒增多, 片层结构受损, 严重时维管束鞘细胞中内溶物消失, 残存的叶绿体中仅有淀粉粒和少许片层; 叶肉细胞中叶绿体可见淀粉粒, 但片层结构少, 有些出现断裂、收缩。土壤水分充足条件下, 施锌玉米维管束鞘核叶肉细胞结构清晰, 叶绿体结构完整。结论认为: 锌对干旱胁迫下玉米叶片细胞结构的破坏有一定的缓解作用; 但土壤水分正常供应下, 缺锌导致细胞结构受损程度比干旱情况下更严重。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

干旱程度及时期对复水后大豆生长和代谢补偿效应的影响

为探讨大豆干旱胁迫及复水生长补偿效应和代谢补偿效应机制,建立最佳节水灌溉模式,采用盆栽称质量控水法,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对大豆生长发育、渗透调节、内源激素调节和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫抑制株高和叶面积增长,在苗期和开花期复水天数为0时降幅分别达12.50%~39.74%、21.71%~52.87%和16.93%~36.27%、27.99%~47.80%;导致脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量升高,在苗期和开花期复水后天数为0的增幅分别达46.97%~131.57%、99.56%~139.37%、6.64%~22.82%和31.68%~136.30%、32.63%~184.51%、15.82%~100.75%;超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但重度胁迫10 d处理呈降低趋势;脱落酸含量升高,赤霉素和玉米素核苷含量降低,而吲哚乙酸含量苗期呈降低趋势,开花期呈升高趋势。复水后,株高和叶面积日增长量表现出短暂快速增长,产生生长超补偿效应;中度胁迫和胁迫5 d处理各代谢指标产生等量或近等量代谢补偿效应,而重度胁迫和胁迫10 d处理产生近等量或部分代谢补偿效应。因此,干旱胁迫后复水产生补偿效应是有条件的,重度胁迫尤其是长时间重度胁迫会降低补偿效应甚至产生伤害效应。同时苗期适度干旱处理可提高开花期再次受旱的适应能力和补偿效应。     

Influence of Drought Stress on Leaf Traits of Different Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) Varieties in Natural Environment

A study was carried out to explore leaf traits analysis of three strawberry varieties under different drought conditions in Malaysian upland environment in 2013. Plants of three strawberry varieties were grown in three different soil moisture levels including 25 percent (severe stress), 50 percent (mild stress), and 75 percent (normal irrigation) and remained for 60 days as a duration of stress to get appropriate observations of plants to drought stress. Significant differences were observed among varieties, treatments, and duration of drought stress in different traits (P < 0.05). Leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, leaf moisture, leaf expansion rate, and leaf yield were diminished under stress especially when treated with 25 percent of soil moisture level and 60 days of duration. Moreover, there were remarkable differences among plants in terms of leaf thickness in 25 percent, 50 percent, and control. Severe stress reduced leaf thickness significantly compared to other treatments.     

贵州本土半野生番茄砧木介导ABA生物合成信号通路调控植株耐旱性的机理研究

随着全球气候变暖,干旱胁迫成为限制番茄等蔬菜作物安全生产的重要因素之一。前期研究发现嫁接贵州本土半野生番茄GZ-01砧木其可以提高植株的耐旱性。为探究野生番茄GZ-01增强植株耐旱性的分子机理,以半野生番茄GZ-01砧木和红果番茄为试验材料,结合形态生理学和分子生物学,比较嫁接番茄和自嫁接番茄植株对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,与自嫁接植株R/R相比,GZ-01/R嫁接植株细胞膜的损伤显著降低,植株的抗氧化能力、干物质累积量、CO2同化率和水分利用率显著提高,离体叶片失水率显著降低,下气孔闭合比率显著提高,脱落酸（ABA）合成相关基因表达量和ABA含量显著提高。嫁接植株GZ-01/R可能通过调控ABA的合成来影响气孔开闭,调控叶片失水率,提高植株水分利用率,从而影响植株对干旱胁迫的响应。本研究为开发利用贵州本土半野生番茄资源奠定了基础,为增强干旱胁迫和分子调控网络途径提供了理论支撑。     

冬小麦光合特性对CO2浓度与土壤含水量的响应机制

光合作用是衡量植物对环境响应的重要指标,通过光响应曲线拟合量化光合特征,可从生理机制方面揭示出植物在不同生长环境下自身的调节与适应机制。本文利用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定了冬小麦在4种不同处理条件下灌浆期旗叶的光响应曲线,采用直角双曲线模型(RHM)、非直角双曲线模型(NRHM)、直角双曲线修正模型(RHMM)、指数模型(EM)和指数改进模型(MEM)对光响应数据进行拟合,分析了不同CO_2浓度和土壤含水量对冬小麦光合特征的影响。结果表明,直角双曲线修正模型对各处理下冬小麦光响应曲线和光响应曲线参数的拟合值都与实测值较为接近,拟合效果最好;随着CO_2浓度升高,各水分处理下冬小麦表观量子效率(α)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))增大,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸(R_d)降低,即CO_2浓度升高能有效增加冬小麦的光能转化率和光能利用范围,提高冬小麦的光合能力;随着土壤含水量的降低,冬小麦光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)升高,但表观量子效率(α)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(Pnmax)降低,即冬小麦虽然能通过提高初始光合效率抵消一部分干旱胁迫的影响,但干旱胁迫仍会降低冬小麦光合能力;此外,CO_2浓度的增加能抵消部分冬小麦因干旱胁迫引起的光合能力降低。     

叶面积和降雨强度对玉米茎秆流量的影响

茎秆流是降雨或喷灌水经过玉米冠层后到达地面的重要途径之一。为了系统地测定不同生长时期的玉米在不同雨强下的茎秆流量并建立简洁、实用的模型,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,对单株叶面积范围从约150～7450 cm2/株的紧凑型玉米植株在实际范围为0.22～4.33 mm/min的雨强下的茎秆流量进行了测定。试验结果表明,不同大小植株在不同的雨强下,单株茎秆流量从1 mL/(min.株)增加到362 mL/(min.株),单株茎秆流量随玉米单株叶面积和降雨强度的增加均呈幂函数增加关系。不同生长时期的玉米群体产生的茎秆流量占总降雨量的比例从约5%增加到约70%,并且随冠层叶面积指数的增加呈幂函数增加关系。本研究提出的玉米茎秆流模型可为紧凑型玉米密植条件下的土壤侵蚀防治和水肥管理提供理论指导。     

不同水分条件下葡萄临界氮稀释曲线模型的建立及氮素营养诊断

以1a生葡萄植株“红提”为试材,在Venlo型试验温室内进行土壤水分和施氮量双因素区组试验。试验设置4个灌水水平,分别为正常灌溉量W1（田间最大持水量的70%～80%）、轻度水分胁迫W2（60%～70%）、中度水分胁迫W3（50%～60%）和重度水分胁迫W4（30%～40%）;设置4个施氮水平,分别为1.5倍推荐施氮量（N1,25.5g plant-1）、正常推荐施氮量（N2,17g plant-1）、0.5倍推荐施氮量（N3,8.5g plant-1）和不施用氮肥（N4,0g plant-1）。每10d观测一次植株体内氮浓度和植株地上部生物量,利用不同水分条件下葡萄植株在一定生长时期内所获最大生物量时对应的最小氮浓度值即临界氮浓度（Nc）构建葡萄临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并在此基础上建立氮素吸收模型（Nupt）和氮素营养指数模型（NNI）,对不同水分条件下葡萄氮营养状况进行定量诊断。结果表明：设施葡萄植株临界氮浓度与地上部生物量存在幂函数关系,随着灌水量的增加,葡萄植株临界氮浓度值增大,氮素吸收量及地上部生物量也呈增加趋势;在W1、W2水分条件下,葡萄植株生物量随施氮量增加而增加,而W3和W4处理葡萄生物量随施氮量增加呈先增后降的趋势;在相同水分条件下,氮浓度随施氮量增加而增加,随葡萄生长进程而降低;利用Nupt和NNI模型可对植株体内氮营养元素亏缺与否进行有效诊断。     

Amelioration of Drought in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) by Silicon

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of silicon (Si) nutrition on sorghum growth under drought. The present study investigated the distribution of Si in plant parts under stress conditions and its effects on physiological and growth traits. The study was conducted during 2 years (2007–2009) at PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (–4.0, –6.0, –8.0, and –10.0 Mpa) solution was used to screen drought-tolerant (Johar1) and drought-susceptible (SPV462) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars, which were replicated three times with Si sources of potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃) (Si₃₀₀: 300 ml L^?1) and control (Si₀) treatments. The results showed that drought-tolerant cultivars accumulated maximum Si under Si treatment versus Si absence, which resulted increased leaf water potential, leaf area index, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll, net assimilation, and relative growth rate over SPV462. Similarly, Si accumulation in leaves conserved transpiration and leaf water potential, verifying Si nutrition as a defense for plants under drought.     

植物共享光照资源的生长模型改进及可视化仿真

为了模拟共享光照资源情况下的植物生长情况,该文以FON(field-of-neighbo urhood)模型为基础,对影响圈从形状和阴影深浅程度两方面加以改进,提出了共享光照资源植物的一种生长建模方法。该方法引入了植物生长地的纬度值、植物遮光率因子以及植物自身对光的敏感特性等地理学和生物学参数,以更真实地模拟植物在共享光照资源时的生长规律。为了验证共享光照资源植物的生长建模方法的有效性,该文以生物量数据为基础对水曲柳和落叶松的人工混交林的生长情况进行试验结果比较与分析。此外,该文开发了支持共享光照资源的植物生长模拟系统,对不同植物在共享光照资源中所表现出的生长情况进行可视化模拟。仿真试验结果表明,共享光照资源植物的生长建模方法具有较好的准确性和实用性,可以用于实际植物的生长过程模拟。