Bulbing responses of two cultivars of red tropical onions to photoperiod,light integral and temperature under controlled growth conditions

Summary

The effects of photoperiod, light intensity and temperature on bulb formation and bulb structure of two tropical onion cultivars were investigated. From an initial experiment it was observed that the number of true scales and sheath scales differed significantly between the cultivars ‘Red Creole’ and ‘Agrifound Dark Red’. When these two cultivars were given 11, 12 and 13 h photoperiod treatments, it was found that both cultivars needed at least 12 h photoperiod for bulb formation. Modify the R/FR ratio from 1.22 to 1.16 in the final hour of the 11 h light period did not induce bulbing. The 13 h photoperiod increased the number of true scales and decreased the number of sheath scales compared with the 12 h photoperiod in both cultivars but total scale + leaf sheath numbers remained nearly constant. When onion plants were grown under 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% shading treatments, (12 h photoperiod), only plants receiving 0% and 25% shading bulbed. Low light intensity decreased the number of true scales and increased the number of sheath scales. Four temperature regimes were compared in a growth room experiment. Plants under the 29°348C treatment bulbed within two weeks and matured within six weeks. However, plants receiving the 25°308C treatment delayed bulb initiation more than those plants receiving 17°228C and 21°268C treatments. At the lowest temperature, bigger bulbs with thick necks were produced. This may be due to changes in bulb structure since at low temperature, the number of sheath scales was increased, however the number of true scales remained relatively constant in both cultivars. Dormant leaf initials decreased with decreasing temperature while the number of secondary meristems significantly increased. The results suggest that ‘Red Creole’ was more responsive to shorter photoperiods, bulbing earlier than ‘Agrifound Dark Red’. There was no significant difference in time to bulbing in response to temperature between the two cultivars if measured by bulbing ratio however there were differences in bulb structure which suggested that ‘Red Creole’ bulbed earlier. These effects may be due to the breeding histories of the two cultivars. It is suggested that studying bulb structure may provide a useful method of interpreting onion bulbing responses.     

Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth,lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees

Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree^–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree^–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.     

不同栽培方式对设施黄瓜主要病害及品质的影响

采用小麦、燕麦与黄瓜伴生,毛葱、白菜、芹菜与黄瓜套作,研究了不同栽培方式对黄瓜病害和品质的影响。结果表明:不同栽培方式均显著降低了霜霉病和角斑病的发病率和病情指数,其中芹菜-黄瓜和白菜-黄瓜处理效果最佳,霜霉病发病率分别降低42.8%和46.4%;小麦-黄瓜,燕麦-黄瓜和毛葱-黄瓜处理白粉病的发病率分别降低了66.3%、65.2%和83.2%。毛葱-黄瓜处理显著提高了黄瓜果实维生素C和可溶性蛋白的含量,但也提高了硝酸盐的含量;白菜-黄瓜处理显著降低了果实硝酸盐的含量,芹菜-黄瓜处理显著降低了维生素C的含量。小麦-黄瓜、燕麦-黄瓜、毛葱-黄瓜和芹菜-黄瓜均显著降低了可溶性固形物的含量。     

不同钙素水平对红葱生长和品质的影响

在Hoagland营养液配方的基础上,研究了4种钙素水平对砂培红葱生长和品质的影响。结果表明：随钙素水平降低,红葱干尖病情指数逐渐增加,根系活力逐渐降低,分蘖数、叶片数、植株鲜质量等生长指标也随之降低;光合色素含量迅速降低;叶片和假茎内大蒜素和可溶性糖含量降低,VC含量则升高。40 mg?L-1 Ca处理的红葱可溶性蛋白含量最低,丙酮酸含量最高。叶片内总黄酮含量随钙素水平下降而升高,但在假茎内以80 mg?L-1 Ca处理总黄酮含量最高。缺钙通过影响根系活力、分蘖和光合作用导致红葱生长受到抑制,缺钙也影响红葱的营养和风味。     

The effects of sub-seed placement of liquid N and P fertilizer on the growth and development of bulb onions over a range of plant densities using primed and nonprimed seed

Phosphates-of-ammonium “starter” fertilizer solution was injected below onion seeds at sowing on a fertile sandy loam soil given basal N, P and K applications. Bulb crops were grown from primed and non-primed seed drilled at six sowing rates to give a threefold range of plant density. Irrigation and nitrogen application were monitored to ensure that plants remained unstressed throughout growth. The starter fertilizer resulted in increased P and N and reduced K content during seedling growth. In both an early-sown and a late-sown experiment, shoot growth was accelerated by starter fertilizer and shoots became approximately 50% heavier than those without starter. Growth curves showed that this was equivalent to a 3-3.5 d advancement of growth. Starter fertilizers resulted in 1-2.5 d advancement of crop maturity as shown by the date of 50% foliage fall-down. In the later sown experiment, starter fertilizer reduced the percentage of non-maturing ‘thick-necked’ bulbs. Bulb yields were not significantly increased by starter fertiliser. Data showing similar enhancements of seedling growth on other soils are also discussed. Seed priming advanced the date of seedling emergence but had no significant effects subsequently. Increases in plant density advanced the date of crop maturity and increased total bulb yields.     

Evaluation of carrot and onion cultivars for commercial production in Guyana

Experiments were conducted at two locations (Central Agricultural Station, CAS, Mon Repos, and Black Bush Polder) in Guyana, to evaluate carrot and onion cultivars for adaptability to the climatic conditions. Onion cultivars were tested for the production of dry bulbs as well as for the green tops.‘Chantenay Red Core’, ‘Improved Danvers-126’, ‘Nantes Strong Top’, ‘Nantesa Superior’, and ‘New Kuroda’ carrot produced average yields between 14 and 25 t/ha. Dry bulb yields of ‘Bermuda-986’, ‘Granex’, ‘Red Creole’, ‘San Felipe’, and ‘White Creole’ onion were lowest of all cultivars included in these trials. At the CAS, ‘Texas Grano-502’ and ‘White Alamo’ produced larger onion bulbs with average weights of 82 and 77 g, respectively. At Black Bush Polder ‘El Toro’ produced the largest onion bulbs with an average weight of 77 g. In storage, bulb losses for red onion cultivars, ‘Red Creole’, ‘Red Granex’, ‘Tropicana’, were lowest at all samplings during the 82 days storage period. White onions were most susceptible to loss in storage. Average losses of white onions were 33.3, 63.7, 74.6 and 86.2% at 21, 44, 55, and 82 days in storage, respectively. Storage losses for ‘White Creole’, which was an exception, were 11.1, 35.9, 46.4, and 57.0% for the above-mentioned storage durations respectively. Among four cultivars evaluated for green onion production, ‘Evergreen Bunching’ produced the highest yield (28.6 t/ha).     

Effect of photoperiods before,during and after vernalization on flower initiation and development and its varietal difference in Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Summary

To control the bolting of Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) photoperiodically, the effect of photoperiods before, during and after vernalization on flower initiation and development and the varietal differences were investigated using the two mid-season flowering cvs Kincho and Asagi-kujo, and a late-season flowering cv. Cho-etsu. A long-day photoperiod (LD, 16 h) given before vernalization inhibited flower initiation. Especially, the bolting rate of ‘Asagi-kujo’ decreased by about a half, compared with the short-day photoperiod (SD, 8 h). The interaction between the effect of night temperature (3°C, 7°C, 11°C or 15°C) and the effect of the photoperiod (SD and LD) during vernalization was also investigated. In ‘Kincho’, LD did not affect flower initiation at 3°C, but inhibited flower initiation at 7°C, 11°C and 15°C. In ‘Asagi-kujo’, flower initiation was significantly inhibited by LD under all temperature conditions. This inhibitory effect was stronger at 11°C and 15°C than at 3°C and 7°C. In ‘Cho- etsu’, LD significantly inhibited flower initiation at 3°C and 7°C, and flower initiation rarely occurred at 11°C and 15°C. In this study, generally, LD during vernalization inhibited flower initiation in all cultivars. Thus Japanese bunching onion required a short-day photoperiod in flower initiation, which was stronger in ‘Asagi-kujo’ and ‘Cho-etsu’ than in ‘Kincho’. From these results, we conclude that low temperature and a short-day photoperiod complementarily induce flower initiation in Japanese bunching onion. Varietal differences exist in the requirement of low temperature and a short-day photoperiod: the primary requirement in ‘Kincho’ is low temperature and that in ‘Asagi-kujo’ is a short-day. After flower initiation, the early stage of flower development is day-neutral, and after the floret formation stage, a long-day photoperiod promotes flower development and elongation of the seedstalk.     

超干贮藏大葱种子活力的变化

对大葱种子在自然贮藏和超干贮藏(含水量3.5%)条件下种子活力及各项生理指标的变化规律进行了研究。自然贮藏的大葱种子活力随贮藏时间延长逐渐下降,贮藏12个月后活力显著降低,SOD、POD活性显著下降,电导率、可溶性糖含量、MDA含量显著升高。而超干处理的种子贮藏18个月后,种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、电导率、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量均无显著变化。超干贮藏能有效延长大葱种子寿命。     

Studies on the Nutrition of Tulips and Narcissi

Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.     

Response of potted tulips to new and established growth-retarding chemicals

A range of growth-retarding chemicals was evaluated for their potential in the production of compact pot-grown tulips: ancymidol, piproctanyl bromide (Alden), dikegulac-sodium (Atrinal), a phenyl tetrazole compound (coded PP528), 2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin (coded UBI-P293), chlorphonium chloride (Phosfon), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), and 5 morphactins. All chemicals were applied as single soil drenches 1–2 days after transferring plants to the glasshouse. Mid- and late-season forced bulbs of cultivars ‘Apeldoorn’, ‘Paul Richter’ and ‘Rose Copland’ were used.Piproctanyl bromide and chlorphonium chloride were ineffective, the former causing some stimulation of top internode extension. Ethrel at high concentrations gave a slight reduction in first internode length only, associated with a degree of flower-bud blasting. Dikegulac-sodium gave some reduction in stem and petal length, depending on cultivar. PP528 induced flower-bud blasting, adverse changes in flower colour and reduced petal length at concentrations which effectively shortened stems. Morphactins were toxic or caused flower-bud blasting and other floral abnormalities at high concentrations; at lower doses most morphactins reduced first internode length, while some increased length of the upper internodes, inducing nastic curvature and occasionally altering flower shape. Most effective height control was achieved with ancymidol and UBI-P293, the latter being the more active (at the concentrations tested); flower quality was good. In one experiment only, ancymidol slightly delayed flowering. High concentrations of UBI-P293 gave rise to some flower-bud blasting, especially in ‘Rose Copland’ which showed other adverse side-effects such as decreased length and longevity of the flowers, not only with UBI-P293 but also with higher doses of some other retardants.     

网室内家蝇和红头丽蝇为洋葱雄性不育系授粉效果的比较

以洋葱细胞质雄性不育系‘MS2016A’和自交系‘T609C’为试材,采用家蝇、红头丽蝇、人工和自然授粉方式,研究了网室内洋葱雄性不育系授粉效果,以期为提高洋葱F1种子产量和品质提供参考。结果表明:2种苍蝇的授粉行为相似,工作时长没有显著区别,在网室内的活动时间大约为7h,与洋葱小花开放时间基本吻合,单花停留时间为2~3s。与自然授粉相比较,苍蝇授粉显著提高杂交洋葱母本的结籽率、千粒质量和发芽率。与人工授粉相比较,苍蝇授粉仅显著提高结实率,千粒质量和发芽率无显著差异。家蝇与红头丽蝇授粉后的3项指标分别为80.98%、4.41g、88.43%和78.22%、4.45g、87.94%,差异不显著。家蝇传粉效率略优于红头丽蝇。     

Resistance to white rot infections in bulb onion seed lots

Five seed lots and the self- and open-pollinated progenies of the cultivar ‘Ailsa Craig’ were tested for disease reaction to Sclerotium cepivorum, the causal fungus of onion white rot. Field tests were conducted on S. cepjuorum-infested soil in Burnaby, British Columbia, from 1976 to 1980. No significant differences were observed between ‘Ailsa Craig’ and ‘Autumn Spice’ with respect to disease resistance during the 1979 and 1980 tests, whereas resistance of ‘Ailsa Craig’ had been noted in previous years. Tests indicated that resistance varied with seed lot, thus providing a possible explanation for the 1979 and 1980 results. ‘Ailsa Craig’ selfed progeny selection had significantly fewer infections than its parental seed lot and the local recommended cultivar ‘Autumn Spice’. Resistance to infection by S. cepivorum should be assigned to seed lots or breeding lines and not to presently named cultivars. These results suggest that differences in infection by S. cepivorum occur, and are available for the development of white rot resistant cultivars.     

甜樱桃果实发育过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

【目的】了解甜樱桃在果实发育过程中质地变化与果实细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的关系。【方法】以硬肉型品种‘美早’、常规型品种‘红灯’和软肉型品种‘佳红’为试材,分别在硬核期、转白期、着色期和成熟期对果实硬度、细胞壁组分以及细胞壁降解酶活性进行了测定分析。【结果】‘美早’硬度降低速率较慢,成熟期硬度高于其他2个品种,WSP升高速率、纤维素降解速率低,PME、α-L-Af、Cx、β-Gal活性低。‘红灯’硬度降低速率较快,在果实发育后期硬度低于‘美早’,WSP升高速率与纤维素降解速率高,PME、α-L-Af活性高。‘佳红’在转白期硬度迅速降低且后期质地软,它的纤维素降解速率高,PME、α-L-Af、Cx、β-Gal在转白期之后活性较高。【结论】甜樱桃果实成熟过程中,原果胶的降解和纤维素的水解是果实软化的关键因素。果实细胞壁组分降解是多种酶协同作用的结果。PME和α-L-Af与‘红灯’和‘佳红’硬度显著负相关,并且活性在‘美早’中显著低于其他2个品种,这可能是果实硬度较高的主要原因。纤维素和原果胶降解速率低,PG活性高和β-Gal活性低可能是导致硬度高的次要原因。Cx酶活由于在‘红灯’中并没有显著影响到到果实硬度,而在‘佳红’和‘美早’中产生了不同的影响,可能是品种间的差别。     

Effect of night temperature and growing-practices on the winter yield of roses

The effect of night temperatures on the yield and quality of the rose, cultivars ‘Baccara’, ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’, was studied during the winters of 1974/75 and 1975/76. Lower night temperature decreased the number of saleable flowers, reduced flower stem length, and increased ‘Baccara’ flower malformation. Sacrificing autumn yield (October–November) increased the number of mid-winter flowers and their stem length while significantly decreasing ‘Baccara’ flower malformation. The favorable response to sacrificing early yield is attributed to an enhanced rate of lateral bud breaking, as well as to a prolonged accumulation of summer metabolites and a more satisfactory balance of growth substances which reduce the incidence of flower malformation.     

耐低氮胁迫黄瓜品种的筛选

在正常供氮和低氮胁迫条件下,比较了18个黄瓜品种的产量、地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量及果实氮积累量的变化。结果表明：① 在低氮胁迫条件下,所有供试黄瓜品种的产量和果实氮积累量均有不同程度的下降,其中津优2号和津优31号下降幅度较小,津绿30号和美好下降幅度较大|津优2号和津优31号的地上部生物量、津优31号的植株氮素吸收总量有所升高,其余品种的地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量均有不同程度的下降,津绿30号和美好下降幅度较大|综合产量、地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量、果实氮积累量来看,津优2号和津优31号耐低氮能力较强,津绿30号和美好的耐低氮能力较弱。② 相关性分析表明,在低氮胁迫和正常供氮条件下,地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量和果实氮积累量均与产量呈极显著正相关,说明产量、地上部生物量、植株氮素吸收总量、果实氮积累量均可作为耐低氮胁迫的筛选指标。     

The King Fruit versus Lateral Fruit Thinning Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to determine the king versus lateral fruit thinning effects on yield and fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Ultra Red’, ‘Topred’, and ‘Jonagold’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grafted on MM106 rootstock in 2002-2003. Removal of the king fruit (KFR) treatment partially increased the yield in ‘Jonagold’, ‘Elstar’, and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars while the effects were different by years in “Starkrimson Delicious”. Leaving of the king fruit (KFL) treatment gave better results in the ‘Topred’ cultivar, and similar effects were obtained from both treatments in ‘Ultra Red’ cultivar. Non-significant differences were obtained from both treatments with respect to fruit weight in the ‘Topred’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Granny Smith’ cultivars. Leaving of the king fruit treatment increased the fruit weight significantly in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars in 2002. The values of fruit flesh firmness (lb), total soluble solids content (%), pH, titratable acidity (%), total and invert sugar quantity (g/100 g^?1) were not found to be significantly different between the treatments with a few exceptions. The ‘KFR’ treatment that removed the dominant effect of the king fruit can be recommended for the ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ cultivars because this treatment increased the yield and did not decreased the fruit weight significantly in these cultivars except for ‘Elstar’ in 2002. On the other hand ‘KFL’ treatment can be recommended for the ‘Granny Smith’, Topred’ and ‘Ultra Red’ cultivars. Although this treatment decreased the yield of ‘Granny Smith’ it increased the mean fruit weight 45.6-62.7 g in the two experiment years. ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ did not show clear response to the treatments.     

低温胁迫对3个红掌品种叶片形态和生理特性的影响

 以‘阿拉巴马’、‘大哥大’和‘粉冠军’3个红掌品种为试材,研究了低温胁迫对其叶片形态、叶片相对电导率（REC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果表明：6 ℃低温胁迫48 h后,‘阿拉巴马’新叶颜色稍有变红,基本没有冷害症状;‘粉冠军’冷害表现最重,温度回升后叶片大量枯死,导致整株死亡;‘大哥大’冷害表现居中,新叶萎蔫。在低温胁迫下,‘阿拉巴马’电解质渗透率缓慢升高,MDA含量增加,CAT、POD和SOD活性均较高,且CAT活性持续上升,POD活性先下降后上升并趋于稳定,SOD活性较稳定,随着CAT活性的增强和POD、SOD酶活性的稳定,在低温胁迫36 h后,电解质渗透率和MDA含量开始下降;而‘大哥大’和‘粉冠军’在低温胁迫12 h后电解质渗透率和MDA含量明显增加,SOD活性开始下降,低温胁迫24 h后CAT活性开始下降,POD活性急剧上升。从形态和生理指标综合来说,3个品种的抗寒性以‘阿拉巴马’最强,‘大哥大’次之,‘粉冠军’最差。     

Yield and height response to anti-lodging treatments in peas

Five cultivars of peas (Pisum sativum L.), ‘New Season’, ‘Wis. 7107’, ‘Alsweet’, ‘Sprite’, and ‘Dark Skin Perfection’ were grown at the Arlington Agronomy Research Farm in 1973 and 1974 and at the Libby, McNeil, and Libby Research Farm at Janesville in 1974 only. Control plots were allowed to lodge naturally while anti-lodging treatments consisted of bamboo canes inserted between the rows of peas at 5 or 10% of the pea plant population, or a stiff-strawed experimental oat line grown between the rows of peas at 5, 10, or 20% of the pea plant population.Shelled pea yields from the 10% bamboo support ranged from 2 to 17% greater than from unsupported plants, and averaged 8% greater over the three trials. Shelled pea yields from the 5% bamboo treatments did not differ significantly from the unsupported control. Yields of peas interplanted with oats were less than the control and decreased with increasing oat populations.Plants supported with 10% bamboo were nearly twice as tall at harvest as those unsupported, while 5% bamboo resulted in a canopy about 50% higher than the control. Oats increased canopy height only slightly.Tenderometer differences among the two bamboo treatments and the control were minor, but there was a tendency for lower tenderometer with increasing oat population.     

Effect of temperature on seed and fruit development in three mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars

The effect of diurnal maximum/minimum (20/10 or 25/15 °C) temperatures on seed and fruit development of ‘Irwin’, ‘Kensington’ and ‘Nam Dok Mai’ mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) was studied in a controlled-environment glasshouse. Exposure to low temperatures (20/10 °C day/night) 3 days after hand pollination significantly increased the percentage of stenospermocarpic fruit (nubbins), in which embryos were aborted at some stage during early fruit development. There were significant differences between cultivars in the percentage of nubbins produced out of the total fruit set following overnight exposure to 10 °C with 21% for ‘Nam Dok Mai’, 11% for ‘Kensington’ and 3% for ‘Irwin’. At 45 days after pollination, nubbin fruits were much smaller in size and weighed ca. 50% less than normal fruits. The lower percentage of nubbin fruits in ‘Irwin’ implies a greater adaptation to cool temperatures by this cultivar during fruit set and early embryo development.     

六个牡丹品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应机制及抗性评价

以"胡红""姚黄""洛阳红""银红巧对""雨后风光""金岛"6个牡丹品种为试材,研究了干旱条件对牡丹叶内渗透调节物质、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子O₂^-·含量和抗氧化酶活性变化等生理机制的影响,并利用隶属函数法进行了综合抗性评价,以期探求干旱胁迫下,牡丹叶内渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统对干旱胁迫的调节机制,并利用这些抗性指标评价品种间的抗性关系。结果表明:随干旱程度的增加6种牡丹叶内脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、MDA、O₂^-·含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐升高;可溶性糖含量先降后升;过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性前期升高后期降低。重度干旱时,"姚黄""胡红"脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量增加幅度最大,"洛阳红""银红巧对""雨后风光""金岛"增幅较小;"胡红""姚黄"叶内MDA、O₂^-·含量较低,受到的伤害轻于其余4个品种。抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化品种间差异显著,随着胁迫程度增加,"胡红""金岛""姚黄"APX活性逐渐升高,"雨后风光""洛阳红""银红巧对"APX活性先升高后降低。复水后牡丹生理机能恢复,MDA和O₂^-·含量显著降低,干旱胁迫危害有效缓解。经隶属函数法综合评价,耐旱能力由强到弱顺序为"胡红">"姚黄">"金岛">"雨后风光">"银红巧对">"洛阳红"。