Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the seedling emergence of vegetable crops

Summary

Effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and soil moisture content were determined on the emergence of lettuce seedlings in controlled environment conditions. The effect of various nitrogen fertilizers and potassium chloride were also studied on emergence of lettuce and carrot seedlings in the field. Seedling emergence declined with increasing rate of applied nitrogen fertilizer, irrespective of the form supplied. However, fewer seedlings emerged with ammonium nitrate under dry soil conditions compared with organic sources, whereas the opposite was true in soil with a high moisture content. There was little effect of applied potassium chloride on seedling emergence. Factors affecting emergence of seedlings in soil amended with organic and inorganic N fertilizers are discussed.     

土壤水分对西瓜幼苗生长的影响

以种子大小不同的4个品种为试验材料,研究了土壤水分胁迫条件下西瓜幼苗的生长状况和几个生理特性变化。结果表明:种子大的品种,幼苗个体大,素质好,苗期生长状况也好;土壤水分条件对西瓜幼苗生长具有显著影响,地上部干物质积累量随着土壤含水率降低而降低,但根系干物质积累量与土壤水分呈负相关;在土壤水分胁迫下,西瓜大种子品种具有大根系吸水优势,而小种子品种以较小蒸腾面积和较强叶片保水能力为适应对策。     

Comparisons of the use of pre-germinated,dry and pelleted seeds for block-raising of glasshouse lettuce

The use of pre-germinated seeds for establishing glasshouse lettuce in peat blocks was compared with dry and pelleted seeds. Sowing pre-germinated seeds gave between 1 and 6% higher seedling emergence than from pelleted seeds and between 1 and 3% higher emergence than from dry seeds. Seedling emergence was reduced from 100% to 56% when the seeds were covered with 5 mm of silver sand compared with no cover. Seedling emergence from seeds covered with Agrigel (sodium alginate) was reduced by 24% at a concentration of 0.25% and by 62% at 0.7% compared with no cover.Guar (a natural gum) and Laponite (a synthetic clay) gels also reduced emergence on certain occasions but not by as much as Agrigel. Satisfactory levels of emergence were obtained when seeds were sown into blocks having an inverted, cone-shaped depression for locating the seeds, but the seedlings showed poor root-hair development and had elongated hypocotyls. Normal seedling growth and high levels of emergence were obtained from the seeds sown into blocks having cylindrical holes 10 mm in depth and 5 or 10 mm in diameter. Pre-germinated seeds invariably emerged earlier than pelleted or dry seeds. At low propagating-temperatures (12.0°C maximum and 5.0°C minimum), emergence was 4 days earlier from pre-germinated than from dry or pelleted seeds and 2–3 days earlier at high temperatures (21.0°C maximum and 9.0°C minimum). Coefficients of variation of seedling weight at planting were lower from sowing pre-germinated than pelleted or dry seeds, but these differences were not evident at harvest.     

Effects of pre-sowing seed treatments and temperatures on tomato seed germination and seedling emergence

Sowing pre-germinated seeds with radicles 2–3 mm long reduced the time from sowing to seedling emergence to 17 days compared with 41 days in untreated seeds at soil temperatures of 10°C, and to 5 days compared with 11 days at 18°C. Sowing pre-germinated seeds also improved percentage seedling emergence and reduced the variability of times of emergence of individual seedlings. Seeds imbibed for 56 h before sowing (radicles just emerging) emerged about 3 days earlier at both 10°C and 18°C than untreated seeds. Seeds soaked in a solution containing 1.5% each of KNO₃ and K₃PO₄ for 5 days at 24°C, or in “Carbowax 20 M” for 20 days at 15°C, and then dried before sowing, gave results similar to imbibed seeds. Soaking seeds in 70% of their weight of water followed by drying for different lengths of time and for different numbers of cycles of wetting and drying did not improve germination or seedling emergence.     

西瓜幼苗壮苗指数的构建

为构建科学评价西瓜幼苗质量的壮苗指数,本试验以4叶1心西瓜穴盘苗为研究对象,通过加权模糊综合评判法构建出西瓜幼苗的综合评价指数;通过主成分分析法将14项指标进行成分归类以及指标组合;最后利用西瓜幼苗综合评价指数与壮苗指数的相关性分析筛选出最适宜的壮苗指数,并对其进行验证.结果表明,660株幼苗的综合评价指数范围为0.1...     

潮汐灌溉营养液浓度分段设定对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响

以中杂302为试材,将番茄穴盘苗生长发育分为5个阶段(Ⅰ:播种至出苗;Ⅱ:出苗至子叶平展;Ⅲ:子叶平展至二叶一心;Ⅳ:二叶一心至三叶一心;Ⅴ:三叶一心至四叶一心),分段设定9个营养液浓度组合,研究潮汐灌溉条件下营养液浓度分段设定对番茄穴盘苗生长发育、养分积累量及利用率的影响.结果表明:在第Ⅰ阶段,灌溉1.0×营养液,番...     

不同育苗方法对辣椒苗生长的影响

选用"大牛角"辣椒为试材,以不同基质、不同苗床方式、不同营养液培育辣椒苗,从苗床温度、出苗情况、株高、茎粗、叶片数,地上、地下鲜重及干重各方面进行比较。结果表明:改良地床与架床的成苗质量差异不显著;采用基质为腐熟全牛粪与草炭、蛭石苗质量无差异,但牛粪成本比较低,考虑节本增效,阜新地区宜采用腐熟全牛粪、改良地床方式育辣椒苗。     

Water relations in passionfruit: Effect of moisture stress on growth,flowering and nutrient uptake

The response of passionfruit hybrids (Passiflora edulis f. edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa cultivar E-23 on P. edulis f. flavicarpa seedling rootstocks) to soil moisture was evaluated in a heated glasshouse by irrigating when soil water pressure potential fell to −0.0025, −0.01, −0.14 and −1.5 MPa. Leaf, stem and root dry weight, leaf area, vine extension and node, flower bud and open flower number were reduced by soil moisture stress. Changes were also noted in a range of morphological characteristics. Reductions in growth and flowering were associated with reduced nutrient uptake and leaf water potential, but not leaf conductance. It was concluded that moisture stress may be one of the major environmental factors responsible for seasonal fluctuations in passionfruit yields.     

微酸性电解水对番茄幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以"金棚8号"番茄为试材,采用基质栽培法,普通自来水配制的营养液(CK)为对照,研究了有效氯浓度分别为20 mg·L^-1(SAEW20)、40 mg·L^-1(SAEW40)、60 mg·L^-1(SAEW60)、80 mg·L^-1(SAEW80)的微酸性电解水配制的营养液对番茄幼苗生长和光合作用的影响,以期验证微酸性电解水作为一种功能水对番茄幼苗生长是否具有促进效应。结果表明:SAEW80处理下的番茄幼苗干鲜质量均显著高于对照;SAEW80处理能显著增加番茄幼苗叶面积,且提高壮苗指数的效果显著;微酸性电解水的有效氯浓度对番茄幼苗叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的影响较小;根施微酸性电解水可以提高番茄幼苗的净光合速率和水分利用效率;SAEW80处理下的番茄幼苗根系总表面积、总体积和平均直径最高且显著高于对照。总之,低有效氯浓度的微酸性电解水配制营养液对番茄幼苗根施不会影响植株的正常生长,而高有效氯浓度在一定程度上可以促进番茄幼苗的生长,可以使用高有效氯浓度(80 mg·L^-1)微酸性电解水进一步研究作用机理。     

接种AM真菌对不同育苗基质中甜椒苗期生长的影响

研究比较普通土、秸秆有机土和草碳蛭石3种育苗基质中接种两种丛枝菌根真菌GM、GV对甜椒苗期生长的影响,结果表明：在营养含量较高的有机土育苗基质中,接种AM真菌对甜椒苗的影响最弱,而在营养水平较低的草碳蛭石无土育苗基质中,接种AM真菌对甜椒苗有显著的促进作用,其中AM真菌在草炭蛭石中对甜椒苗根系的侵染率也最高,而GM的接种效果优于GV。     

土壤水分对甘蔗萌芽出苗的影响

试验设5个不同的土壤水分处理,观察土壤水分对甘蔗萌芽出苗的影响。试验结果表明：甘蔗种茎在土壤相对含水量60％～80％围内萌芽出苗最好,土壤干旱或水分过多均对甘蔗萌芽不利;甘蔗幼苗生长需水不多,但不能缺水,保持蔗地土壤湿度在田间持水量的60％左右即可。     

Seedling Emergence as Affected by Soil Capping

The effect of irrigating a seedbed after sowing has been compared with the effect of irrigating before the final cultivation and sowing. The total numbers emerged and rate of emergence of lettuce, spinach and beet were reduced if the soil surface was capped by post-sowing irrigation and the cap then dried out; a wet cap did not affect emergence. On the other hand, post-sowing irrigation with small drops, which caused little or no soil capping, tended to increase seedling emergence compared with presowing irrigation when the sowing depth was \ in. or i in. Moreover, when lettuce were sown at \ in. depth pre-sowing irrigation gave poor emergence because of rapid drying of the soil round the seed before it could germinate ; post-sowing irrigation with small drops again resulted in good emergence, however, as did post-sowing irrigation with large drops if the resulting cap was broken by light cultivation as soon as it dried.     

一种有机矿质复合剂对小米辣育苗效果及基质酶活性的影响

为明确蔬菜工厂化育苗中一种新型有机矿质复合材料对小米辣(Capsicum frutescens L.)幼苗生长质量及基质酶活性的影响,采用单因素试验,设置5个不同浓度并以商品育苗基质为原料进行小米辣育苗盘育苗,测定小米辣生长相关指标和基质酶活性.结果表明,15 g·L-1和30 g·L-1处理的幼苗干质量及生长函数显著...     

Emergence of Phaseolus Vulgaris Seedlings from Wet Soil

The failure of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings to emerge when irrigated after seeding was found to be caused mainly by mechanical impedance of the wet soil and not by soaking injury. Seeds sown deeper than 2-5 cm and then irrigated produced abnormal seedlings with thickened, flattened and hollow hypocotyls. In addition, such seedlings often sustained damage such as the loss of a cotyledon or the breaking of the hypocotyl. Seeds soaked in 1% hydrogen peroxide, which is known to prevent soaking injury and to promote seedling growth in germination boxes, emerged poorly in soil, presumably due to bruising of the water-saturated cotyledons while pushing through the soil. Satisfactory emergence can be obtained, however, from seeds sown 2-5 cm deep and then irrigated provided the soil is not allowed excessively either to dry out or become heated by solar radiation.     

温度和光周期对苦瓜性别表现的影响

苦瓜苗期所处的环境条件会影响其性别表现，株洲长白和英引苦瓜品种的光周期反应表现为短日效应，即短日使植株的发育提早，并促进雌性发育，长日的效果恰好相反。苦瓜苗期短日处理时期以出苗至６片真叶（苗龄２０天）为宜。低温可以增强短日效应，高温则使苦瓜的生殖生长推迟，并削弱短日效应，短日低温是苦瓜苗期最适宜的环境条件。     

Field Establishment of Some Vegetable Crops: Response to a Range of Soil Conditions

Calabrese, carrot, onion and red beet seeds were sown at approximately weekly intervals throughout the spring and early summer of 1972–4. In a situation where soil tilth and seed placement in the soil were apparently non-limiting, regression analysis showed that in eight of the twelve crop × year combinations there were no significant relationships between seedling emergence and soil moisture or temperature at sowing. In 1972 emergence levels of beet and calabrese were depressed by either excess or lack of soil moisture at sowing, and calabrese emergence was positively related to temperature; in 1973 and 1974 onion emergence was negatively related to temperature at sowing. Rainfall occurring shortly after sowing was identified as a major factor causing emergence problems, apparently through the formation of a soil cap, but its effect varied with crop type, seed vigour and soil moisture content at the time of seedling emergence. The results suggest that low plant stands often found in agricultural practice may be due not to soil temperature or moisture, factors dependent largely upon the weather, but to soil tilth, fertilizer level, seed or soil infection, seed drill performance and seed vigour, over all of which except the last there is, theoretically, some control.     

济宁地区加工型辣椒基质穴盘育苗关键技术

针对济宁地区加工型辣椒生产因幼苗质量、土传病害等问题而造成减产的现象,结合生产实际从育苗设施、种子处理、基质配比、穴盘选择与消毒、播种以及苗期管理等方面介绍了加工型辣椒基质穴盘育苗技术。与传统育苗方式相比,穴盘育苗可高效利用设施面积、提高育苗效率,种子出苗快、出苗整齐、成苗率高、节省用种量,定植后缓苗快、易成活、病害轻,设施管理方便、成苗便于运输,是一项值得推广的,同时易于规模化、集约化生产的育苗方法,可供广大菜农及辣椒种植户参考。     

潮汐灌溉营养液供应时间对番茄穴盘苗质量的影响

以番茄品种硬粉8号为试材,选用草炭和蛭石混合基质,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,研究智能温室条件下潮汐灌溉营养液供液维持时间和间隔时间对番茄穴盘苗质量的影响。结果表明:穴盘苗长至五叶一心时,幼苗全株干质量和壮苗指数均随着供液维持时间的延长呈先增加后下降的趋势,随间隔时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势;供液维持时间8~18min、间隔时间198~348min,番茄穴盘苗质量达到理想状态,是本试验条件下最佳水肥供给方案。     

Shade Effects on Growth and Development of Cacao Following Two Years of Continuous Dry Season Irrigation

ABSTRACT

The deployment of plantain shade and irrigation (5- and 10-day) intervals) for enhancing survival, field establishment, flowering and pod production of field-grown cacao seedlings in the dry season was investigated. The effects of dry season irrigation was profound on cacao growth, field establishment (over 90% seedling survival) and development, flowering and pod production. For the non-irrigated moderately shaded cacao, about 30% of the transplanted seedlings survived and the achievable percent survival from the various shade-irrigation combinations ranged from 47–90%. Open sun in combination with 5-day irrigation interval had best results in term of growth (root and shoot development and biomass accumulation) and establishment, flowering and pod production. Lower values of air and soil temperatures were obtained for combination of irrigation and shade regimes (dense and moderate) and higher soil moisture contents. The shade-irrigation combinations ameliorated microclimate and enhanced growth and development, seedling survival, root and shoot development, advanced flowering and promoted uniform fruiting/pod production and total bean yield. The effects of dry season irrigation at 5- or 10-day intervals was profound on cacao growth, field establishment (over 90% seedling survival), flowering and pod production. Irrigated unshaded (open sun) cacao had best results in term of growth (root and shoot development and biomass accumulation) and establishment, flowering and pod production. The achievable percent survival from the various shade-irrigation combinations ranged from 47–90%. The drip irrigation strategy adopted ameliorated dry season terminal drought (hydrothermal stresses) and promoted cacao growth, survival and flower/pod production.     

番茄漂浮式育苗和埂畦式育苗栽培效果对比试验

为探明漂浮育苗法与常规土壤育苗法的番茄苗在大田性状表现的差异,进行了2种育苗方法对比试验。试验结果表明,采用漂浮育苗技术可使番茄根部不与土壤接触,隔离病源和地下害虫,提高番茄苗长势、出苗率、番茄苗质量,可提高主要农艺性状和产量,取得很好的生产效益。